Larvicidal Properties of Citrus hystrix DC Fruit (Taw-Shaut-Khar-Thee) Extracts against Aedes aegypti Larvae Collected from Different Townships of Yangon

2019 ◽  
Vol 31 (1) ◽  
pp. 23-29
Keyword(s):  
Mosquito Control ◽  
Ethanol Extract ◽  
Botanical Insecticides ◽  
Fruit Extract ◽  
Aedes Mosquitoes ◽  
Ethanol Extracts ◽  
Dry Fruit ◽  
Peel Extract ◽  
Lc50 And Lc90

The present study aimed to evaluate the larvicidal and ovicidal activities of ethanol extracts of dried fruits, internal fruit materials and peels of Citrus hystrix DC against Aedes aegtpti larvae from Dagon (North) and Hlinethaya Townships in Yangon Region from May 20l5 to December 2016. The 3rd and 4th stage larvae were exposed for 24 hours to various concentrations of ethanol extracts of different parts of the Citrus hystrix fruit. The dry fruit extract resulted in significantly higher mortality of 100% and 96.4% in Aedes larvae collected from Dagon (North) and Hlinethaya, respectively (P<0.05). The mortality of Aedes larvae in peel extract was found to be 92.5% in Hlinethaya and 94.4% in Dagon (North), respectively. The extract of Citrus hystrix DC fruit was very effective to kill Aedes larvae collected from Dagon (North). When compared with each other, slightly higher mortality of larvae from Dagon (North) was observed at 0.l5 g/100 m1 concentration of all extracts than that of larvae from Hlinethaya. Ovicidal test found 100% protection to lay their eggs at 0.0l25 g/l00 ml dose and persistency test found 100% mortality of 3rd and 4th instar Aedes larvae up to 6 days at a dose of 0.2 g/100 ml fruit extract. The LC50 and LC90 values of 0.0343 g, 0.0415 g, 0.0231 g, and 0.1256 g, 0.1584 g, 0.0742 g for peel, internal material and fruit extracts, respectively, on Aedes larvae from Dagon were found to be lower than 0.0396 g, 0.0552 g, 0.0280 g and 0.1408 g, 0.2322 g, 0.1060 g, respectively, from Hlinethaya. The findings of the present study revealed that the ethanol extract of the fruit of Citrus hystrix DC has strong larvicidal, ovicidal and long-term persistency activity on Aedes mosquitoes as a good source of preparations for mosquito control. The study may contribute to a reduction in the application of synthetic insecticides, which in turnincreases the opportunity for natural control of various medically important insects by botanical insecticides.

scholarly journals Phytochemistry and GC-MS screening and biocidal potentiality of clove (Syzygium aromaticum L.) pods against mosquitos’ larvae

2021 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 083-089
Author(s):  
Dalia Mustafa M. Elbashir ◽  
Mutaman AA Kehail ◽  
Yasir Mohamed Abdelrahim ◽  
Abdelmonem Eltiyab H Ali
Keyword(s):  
Aqueous Extract ◽  
Mosquito Control ◽  
Chemical Constituents ◽  
Ethanol Extract ◽  
Control Agent ◽  
Syzygium Aromaticum ◽  
Mosquito Nets ◽  
Economic Trends ◽  
Ethanol Extracts ◽  
Phytochemical Components

Many measures have been used for mosquito control, including the elimination of breeding places, exclusion via window screens and mosquito nets in addition to natural products including clove (Syzygium aromaticum). This study was run at University of Gezira, Sudan, to run phytochemical and GC-MS screening for clove pods before used it as mosquito control agent. The standard methods, materials and devices were used to screen the phytochemical components and the chemical constituents (GC-MS). The WHO protocol for testing the susceptibility of mosquito’s larvae to insecticides was followed in bioassay. The aqueous and the ethanol extracts from clove pods were prepared and used against Anopheles, Culex and Aedes larvae. The results showed that, Aedes mosquito was relatively more susceptible (LC50= 498 mg/L) to clove aqueous extract than Anopheles (LC50= 561 mg/L) and Culex (LC50= 615 mg/L), and similar findings were observed for clove pods ethanol extract, which is relatively more potent than the aqueous extract. The biocidal activity can be attributed to the presence of the detected saponins, flavonoids, tannins and alkaloids. The GC-MS for the ethanol extract showed that, the principal compounds were Eugenol (81%) and caryophyllene (4.65%). Further studies should be run to improve knowledge about how to use this natural product in more economic trends.

scholarly journals Control effectiveness of APL formulation against dengue- and Zika-transmitting Aedes mosquitoes in Gia Lai province, Vietnam

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Phung Thi Kim Hue ◽  
Le Tri Vien ◽  
Dau Minh Nga ◽  
Le Van Truong ◽  
Hoang Ha ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mosquito Control ◽  
Mosquito Species ◽  
Larval Density ◽  
Ethanol Extract ◽  
Egg Hatching ◽  
Control Effectiveness ◽  
Cashew Nut ◽  
Aedes Mosquitoes ◽  
Cashew Nut Shell ◽  
Lime Peel

Background: Dengue fever and Zika are two of the Aedes-borne diseases. Despite being widely used, synthetic mosquitocides become abortive for the mosquito control due to growing resistance and environmental pollution. In Gia Lai province (dengue-endemic area), a huge amount of cashew nut shell waste with roughly 100,000 tons/year has been disposed of into the environment, potentiating a high risk of pollution. Methodology/Principal findings: To utilize it, anacardic acid was extracted and combined it with ethanol extract of the local lime peel, which contains limonene, to generate APL formulation. APL robustly exhibited inhibition of egg hatching, larvicidal effect, and repellent effect against female mosquitoes from oviposition sites in the laboratory and field. The results showed that, at a dose of 12.5 ppm, the APL formulation after 24 hours of treatment demonstrated oviposition deterrence against Ae. aegypti (43.6%) and Ae. albopictus (59.6%); inhibited egg hatching of Ae. aegypti (49.6%) and Ae. albopictus (59.6%); caused larval lethality in Ae. aegypti (LC 50 = 9.5 ppm, LC 90 = 21 ppm) and Ae. albopictus (LC 50 = 7.6 ppm, LC 90 = 18 ppm). Under natural field conditions, it showed a 100% reduction in larval density after 48 and 72 hours of the APL treatment at a tested concentration of 120 mg a.i./m 2 and maintained a mortality rate of 100% in the next 14 days. Conclusions/Significance: The APL formulation is promisingly to become an environmentally friendly and highly effective biological product for future management programs of dengue and Zika-transmitting vectors. Here offer prospects in controlling critical illnesses transmitted by several mosquito species in dengue-endemic areas.

Evaluation of Snake Venom’s PhospholipaseA2 Enzyme Inhibition Activity of Cyphostemma adenocoule

2020 ◽  
Vol 14 (3) ◽  
pp. 196-202
Author(s):  
Atul Kaushik ◽  
Teamrat S. Tesfai ◽  
Daniel K. Barkh ◽  
Furtuna K. Ghebremeskel ◽  
Habtom G. Zerihun ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Enzyme Inhibition ◽  
Snake Venom ◽  
Ethanol Extract ◽  
Egg Yolk ◽  
Chloroform Extract ◽  
Inhibition Activity ◽  
Traditional Use ◽  
Snake Bites ◽  
Ethanol Extracts

Background: A snake bite is fundamentally an injury often resulting in puncture wounds meted out by the animal's fangs and occasionally resulting in envenomation. Rate of snake bites around 5,400,000 bites per year leads to over 2,500,000 envenomings and around 125,000 fatal cases annually. Snake venom enzymes are rich in metalloproteinases, phospholipaseA2, proteinases, acetylcholinesterases and hyaluronidases. Objective: Cyphostemma adenocoule is traditionally being used for the treatment of snake bites in Eritrea. The present research was aimed at evaluating the snake venom enzyme inhibition activity of C. adenocoule against puff adder venom and developing a base for the traditional use of the plant against snakebites in Eritrea. Methods: The anti-venom activity of C. adenocoule was assessed in-vitro through phospholipaseA2 enzyme inhibition assay using egg yolk as a cell. The ethanol and chloroform extracts of C. adenocoule showed in vitro anti phospholipase A2 activity, whereas the water extracts of the plant showed no activity. Results: Among the extracts of C. adenocoule, the highest percentage of inhibition was obtained from chloroform extract (95.55% at 100mg/ml). The extract showed prominent activity at different concentrations (34.7% at10mg/ml, 48.8% at 20mg/ml, 54.8% at 40mg/ml, 60.9% at 60mg/ml, 80.5% at 80mg /ml). The ethanol extract also showed certain activity at various concentrations (25.22% at10mg/ml, 14.78% at 20mg/ml, 2.6% at40mg/ml). The activity of the chloroform extracts increases as concentration increases, whereas the activity of the ethanol extracts decreases as concentration increases. The aqueous extract of C. adenocoule did not show any activity at all concentrations. Conclusion: In this study, the chloroform and ethanol extracts of the plant inhibited the enzyme of interest and thus proved the efficacy of anti-snake venom activity of the plant.

scholarly journals Evaluation of Toxicity and Antioxidant Property of Cassia fistula Stem Bark Extracts in Zebrafish

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (03) ◽  
pp. 109-115
Author(s):  
Shreya Udaya ◽  
Nishith Babu ◽  
Dechamma Pandyanda Nanjappa ◽  
Krithika Kalladka ◽  
Gunimala Chakraborty ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Aqueous Extract ◽  
Antioxidant Properties ◽  
Ethanol Extract ◽  
Antioxidant Property ◽  
Stem Bark ◽  
Oxygen Species ◽  
Cassia Fistula ◽  
Potential Applications ◽  
Ethanol Extracts ◽  
Stress Models

Abstract Objective This study was aimed at evaluating the toxicity and the antioxidant property of Cassia fistula stem bark extracts in zebrafish. Materials and Methods Crude aqueous and ethanol extracts of C. fistula stem bark were obtained following a standard solvent-based extraction method. The toxicity of these extracts on zebrafish embryonic development was determined and the LC50 values were calculated. Finally, the antioxidant property of C. fistula stem bark extracts was determined in arsenic-induced oxidative stress models of zebrafish. Results The aqueous extract of C. fistula stem bark showed a slightly larger LC50 value (213.6 ppm) compared with the ethanol extract (LC50 = 63.5 ppm), suggesting a lower toxicity of the aqueous extract. A significant reduction of reactive oxygen species (ROS) signal was observed in arsenic-exposed embryos treated with the aqueous extract, but not the ethanol extract, indicating that the antioxidant activity is present only in the aqueous extract of C. fistula stem bark. Conclusion Identification of antioxidants from natural sources is desirable because of increasing safety concerns associated with synthetic antioxidants. This study demonstrated that aqueous extract from C. fistula stem bark possesses antioxidant properties, which can be further characterized for mechanism of action and potential applications.

scholarly journals Antibacterial Activity Test of Extracts and Fractions of Cassava Leaves (Manihot esculenta Crantz) against Clinical Isolates of Staphylococcus epidermidis and Propionibacterium acnes Causing Acne

2020 ◽  
Vol 2020 ◽  
pp. 1-9
Author(s):  
Resmi Mustarichie ◽  
Sulistiyaningsih Sulistyaningsih ◽  
Dudi Runadi
Keyword(s):  
Antibacterial Activity ◽  
Ethyl Acetate ◽  
Staphylococcus Epidermidis ◽  
Propionibacterium Acnes ◽  
Ethanol Extract ◽  
Ethyl Acetate Fraction ◽  
Clinical Isolates ◽  
Active Fraction ◽  
Cassava Leaves ◽  
Ethanol Extracts

This study is aimed at determining antibacterial activity from ethanol extracts and the most active fraction of cassava leaves against clinical isolates of Staphylococcus epidermidis and Propionibacterium acnes. Research carried out by the experimental method involved determination of plants, extraction with maceration method, fractionation with liquid-liquid extraction, antibacterial activity testing of extracts and fractions by agar diffusion method, determination of most active fraction from the extract, and minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) testing of most active fraction by microdilution method. The results showed that ethanol extracts of cassava leaves had antibacterial activity against both bacteria with the most active fraction indicated by ethyl acetate. MIC values of ethyl acetate fraction against S. epidermidis were in the concentration range of 2.5%–5.0% (w/v) and against P. acnes were in the concentration range of 1.25%–2.5% (w/v). The MBC value of ethyl acetate fraction against S. epidermidis was at a concentration of 5% (w/v), while P. acnes was at a concentration of 2.5% (w/v). From the results of this study, it can be concluded that the ethanol extract of cassava leaves (Manihot esculenta Crantz) has antibacterial activity against clinical isolates of Staphylococcus epidermidis as well as on Propionibacterium acnes. The fraction with the best activity from the ethanol extract of cassava leaves to the two test bacteria was shown by ethyl acetate fraction. It is suggested that cassava leaves are possible to be developed into standardized antiacne herbal.

scholarly journals Efficacy of Petiveria Alliacea (Linneaus) leaf and root bark powder in the control of filariasis vector Culex Quinquefasciatus

2021 ◽  
Vol 82 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael Olarewaju Akintan ◽  
Joseph Onaolapo Akinneye ◽  
Oluwatosin Betty Ilelakinwa
Keyword(s):  
Synergistic Effect ◽  
Culex Quinquefasciatus ◽  
Mosquito Control ◽  
Exposure Period ◽  
Botanical Insecticides ◽  
Adult Mosquito ◽  
Root Bark ◽  
Plant Powders ◽  
Petiveria Alliacea ◽  
Feeding Activities

Abstract Background Mosquitoes are vectors of parasitic diseases such as malaria, lymphatic filariasis, yellow fever, and dengue fever among others. They are well known as public enemies for their noise nuisance, biting annoyance, sleeplessness, allergic reactions, and diseases transmission during the biting and feeding activities. This then necessitate the search for insecticides of plant origin which are bio-degradable, non-toxic, and readily available for man use. Result This study, evaluated the fumigant efficacy of the powder of P. alliacea to control the adult stage of Culex mosquito. Powder of Petiveria alliacea were administered at different dose of (1 g, 2 g, 3 g, 4 g, and 5 g), respectively. Result obtained shows the fumigant effect of the powder were effective with percentage mortality of 18.33–60.00% for the leaf powder and 23.30–71.60% for the root powder within 2 h post-treatment period (P < 0.05). The synergistic effect of the leaf and root powder was also investigated. The lethal dosage (LD50) of the leaf, root, and synergistic effect of leaf and root bark powder required to kill 50% of the adult Culex quinquefasciatus was 3.76 g, 2.86 g, and 2.63 g, respectively. However, 25.06 g, 15.25 g, and 12.94 g of the leaf, root, and leaf and root powder were required to kill 90% (LD90) after a 2-h exposure period. Conclusion These finding suggested P. alliacea powder could be a good source of insecticide which may be used for the production of biopesticides. The present findings have important implications in the practical control of adult mosquito by using botanical insecticides. These plant powders are easy to prepare, inexpensive, and safe for use in mosquito control.

Phytochemical and antioxidant properties of Algerian Medicago Sativa L. Water, Ethenol and Chloroform extract

2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (3) ◽  
pp. 80-86
Author(s):  
Hanane Megdad ◽  
Samuel Chiomokhare ◽  
Ahmed M’Hamedi ◽  
Paul L Chazot
Keyword(s):  
Antioxidant Activity ◽  
Medicago Sativa ◽  
Phenolic Content ◽  
Antioxidant Properties ◽  
Ethanol Extract ◽  
Natural Antioxidants ◽  
Chloroform Extract ◽  
Total Phenolic ◽  
Medicago Sativa L ◽  
Ethanol Extracts

Plant natural products have a long history of being a rich source of neuroactive drugs.The total phenolic and flavonoid content, and antioxidant activity of ethanol, chloroform and aqueous extracts of AlgerianMedicagoSativaL, leaves were measured to discover new potential sources of Algerian natural antioxidants and neuroactives. All extracts were non-neurotoxic up to 1 mg/ ml for 24 h exposure. The total phenolcontent of M.Sativa extracts ranged between 38 and 69 mg GAE per g extracts. All of the extracts displayed antioxidant capacityassessed by two methods, but at different levels depending on the concentration and the extraction solvent used. The overall antioxidant potency was in the order water > chloroform> ethanol extracts, and the phenolic content exhibited a positive correlation with the antioxidant activity of M. Sativa extracts.Despite a weaker antioxidant activity, the ethanol extract elicited a calcium spike and suppressed the KCl-induced depolarisation response in neurons, indicating effect on ligand-and/or voltage gated calcium channels. In contrast, the chloroform and water extractsdisplayed no apparent direct functional effects. In conclusion, the antioxidant and functional properties related to phenolic content of Algerian Medicago Sativa L. in water and ethanol extracts, respectively.

Inhibition of Aflatoxin-Producing Fungi by Welsh Onion Extracts

1999 ◽  
Vol 62 (4) ◽  
pp. 414-417 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. J. FAN ◽  
J. H. CHEN
Keyword(s):  
Aspergillus Flavus ◽  
Mycelial Growth ◽  
Ethanol Extract ◽  
Aflatoxin Production ◽  
Inhibitory Effects ◽  
Welsh Onion ◽  
Extract Concentration ◽  
Ph Values ◽  
Ethanol Extracts ◽  
Yeast Extract Sucrose

Welsh onion ethanol extracts were tested for their inhibitory activity against the growth and aflatoxin production of Aspergillus flavus and A. parasiticus. The survival of spores of A. flavus and A. parasiticus depended on both the extract concentration and the exposure time of the spores to the Welsh onion extracts. The mycelial growth of two tested fungi cultured on yeast extract–sucrose broth was completely inhibited in the presence of the Welsh onion ethanol extract at a concentration of 10 mg/ml during 30 days of incubation at 25°C. The extracts added to the cultures also inhibited aflatoxin production at a concentration of 10 mg/ml or permitted only a small amount of aflatoxin production with extract concentration of 5 mg/ml after 2 weeks of incubation. Welsh onion ethanol extracts showed more pronounced inhibitory effects against the two tested aflatoxin-producing fungi than did the same added levels of the preservatives sorbate and propionate at pH values near 6.5.

scholarly journals Optimization of the Extraction Conditions and Biological Evaluation of Dendropanax morbifera H. Lev as an Anti-Hyperuricemic Source

Molecules ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 23 (12) ◽  
pp. 3313 ◽  
Author(s):  
Seung-Sik Cho ◽  
Seung-Hui Song ◽  
Chul-Yung Choi ◽  
Kyung Park ◽  
Jung-Hyun Shim ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Xanthine Oxidase ◽  
Ethanol Extract ◽  
Oxidase Inhibitor ◽  
Xanthine Oxidase Inhibitor ◽  
Dendropanax Morbifera ◽  
Hexane Extracts ◽  
Oxidase Inhibition ◽  
Xanthine Oxidase Inhibition ◽  
Ethanol Extracts

Dendropanax morbifera H. Levis a medicinal plant native to South Korea, East Asia, and South America. Among some 75 species, one species grows in Korea. In previous studies, D. morbifera extracts with anti-oxidant, anti-inflammatory, anti-complementary and anti-cancer activities were reported. The present study aims to investigate optimization of extraction and evaluation of anti-hyperuricemic effects of D. morbifera leaf and the phytochemicals contained therein. Ethanol and hexane extract were found to display the best xanthine oxidase inhibition among six types of solvent and water extract. The antioxidant effect of the ethanol extract was superior to that of the hexane extract. The DPPH radical scavenging effect of the ethanol and hexane extracts were 81.52 ± 1.57% and 2.69 ± 0.16. The reducing power of the ethanol and hexane extracts were 9.71 ± 0.15 and 0.89 ± 0.01 mg/g equivalent of gallic acid. Total phenols of the ethanol and hexane extracts were 6.53 ± 0.16 and 0.63 ± 0.001 mg/g equivalent of gallic acid. In addition, we compared the two marker compounds from D. morbifera, chlorogenic acid and rutin, which were determined in the ethanol extract at 0.80 ± 0.03% and 0.52 ± 0.01%, respectively. We found that the ethanol extracts showed better xanthine oxidase inhibition than hexane extracts. Especially, ethanol extracts showed higher antioxidant activity than hexane extracts. Based on these results, we selected the ethanol extract as an effective xanthine oxidase inhibitor and confirmed whether ethanol extracts showed xanthine oxidase inhibition in animal experiments. The in vivo mouse study demonstrated that ethanol extract of D. morbifera leaf at the dose of 300 mg/kg could inhibit blood/hepatic xanthine oxidase activity and this result shows that the xanthine oxidase inhibitory activity in vitro is reproduced in vivo. The present study showed that ethanol extract was optimal xanthine oxidase inhibitor which can be applied to prevent diseases related to hyperuricemia.

scholarly journals TRANSFERSOME GEL FORMULATION OF AN ETHANOL EXTRACT OF APPLES (MALUS DOMESTICA MILL) CONTAINING ANTIOXIDANTS AND IN VITRO PENETRATION TESTING USING FRANZ DIFFUSION CELLS

2017 ◽  
Vol 9 ◽  
pp. 32 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nurarita Fadila Zesiorani ◽  
Effionora Anwar
Keyword(s):  
Ethanol Extract ◽  
Sprague Dawley ◽  
Diffusion Cells ◽  
Sprague Dawley Rats ◽  
Apple Peel ◽  
Franz Diffusion Cells ◽  
Drug Efficiency ◽  
And Control ◽  
Peel Extract

Objective: This study aims to formulate and characterize a transfersome apple peel extract, formulate it into a gel, and compare it with a control gelmade without transfersome.Methods: Both gels were evaluated, stability tested, and penetration tested using Franz diffusion cells on the skin of female Sprague-Dawley rats. Thetransfersome preparations were formulated with different concentrations of the active substance, quercetin: 0.5% (F1); 0.7% (F2), and 1.0% (F3).Results: Based on the characterization results, F1 was selected as the optimum gel formulation because it had spherical morphology, a Dmean volume of106.44±2.70 nm, a polydispersity index of 0.078±0.01, a zeta potential of −49.96±2.05 mV, and a drug efficiency entrapment percentage of 78.78±0.46%.The cumulative amount of quercetin that was penetrated with the transfersome gel was 1514.41±26.31 μg/cm2, whereas the penetration with thecontrol gel extract was 1133.62±18.96 μg/cm2. The cumulative percentages of the penetrated gel transfersome and gel extract were 78.40±1.89%and 49.89±0.88%, respectively. The fluxes of transfersome gel and control gel extract were 52.33±0.11 μg/cm²/hrs and 40.89±0.68 μg/cm²/hrs,respectively.Conclusions: Based on these results, it can be concluded that the gel with transfersome exhibited better penetration than the gel extract alone.

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