scholarly journals SHELL WORDS IN ANATOMY A CONTRASTIVE STUDY OF BULGARIAN AND ENGLISH ANATOMICAL SYSTEMS

2018 ◽  
Vol 28 (7) ◽  
pp. 2283-2287
Author(s):  
Ivaylo Dagnev ◽  
Mariya Saykova ◽  
Maya Yaneva
Keyword(s):  
Point Of View ◽  
Semantic Features ◽  
Theoretical Point ◽  
Contrastive Study ◽  
Anatomical Terminology ◽  
General Terms ◽  
Reference Potential ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Anatomical Objects ◽  
Shell Nouns

Shell words are a particular category of lexemes that make up an open-ended functionally defined class of abstract nouns having the potential to be as conceptual shells for complex, proposition-like pieces of information. Examples include: “fact”, “case”, “idea”, “problem”, “position”, “cause”, “situation”, “something”, etc. The idea of a particular class of words that group semantic features, but are not related to a referent is also found in many authors. Such words have greater reference potential and thus become useful for naming different referents (onomasiological salience). From a theoretical point of view, the need for a context to determine the meaning of a single lexeme is in fact equivalent to deleting the difference between polysemy and vagueness. Shell nouns are indexical words or "hollow words, envelopes" because their meaning is incomplete; they only point to what can fill the envelope, but still give it some structure. Thus, the meaning associated with these shell units is both context-related and in turn generates a linguistic context. At first glance it seems strange that generalized words such as shells are not hyperonimic, but in connection with the nature of the anatomical terms (physically perceived) it is important to note that it is precisely words from the basic level that are conceptualized as sensory and functional gestalts. The eventual clash between the specificity of the object and the abstract nature of terms causes the conflict in terminology. Once again, the choice of a linguistic rather than a terminological approach to the names of the anatomical objects is argued. The current research assumes that shell function may be applicable to specific nouns, i.e. anatomical terms, the so-called termini generales. In both Bulgarian and English anatomical terminologies, there are about 190 such terms that are head words in anatomical expressions and occur in all parts of anatomy, e.g. terms such as: glava (en – head), greben (en – crest), gynka (en –fold), klon (en – branch), list (en – leaf), plocha (en – plate), sloy (en – layer), tyalo (en – body), vryzka (en – “link”, “connection”), etc. What is special about them is that with their help are formed the names of organs in the different systems. Their semantic value is contextually defined. They "mark” large branches in the anatomical terminology system and are expressions of terminological multiplicity. Obtained through specialization of commonly used nouns, general terms are a manifestation of re-terminologization through metaphorical projection. In our view, termini generales have lost their metaphorical status (if they have one) and some of them serve as shell nouns. We also perform a cross-linguistic Bulgarian – English analysis of shells in both anatomical systems.

scholarly journals SHELL WORDS IN ANATOMY A CONTRASTIVE STUDY OF BULGARIAN AND ENGLISH ANATOMICAL SYSTEMS

2018 ◽  
Vol 28 (7) ◽  
pp. 2283-2287
Author(s):  
Ivaylo Dagnev ◽  
Mariya Saykova ◽  
Maya Yaneva
Keyword(s):  
Point Of View ◽  
Semantic Features ◽  
Theoretical Point ◽  
Contrastive Study ◽  
Anatomical Terminology ◽  
General Terms ◽  
Reference Potential ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Anatomical Objects ◽  
Shell Nouns

Shell words are a particular category of lexemes that make up an open-ended functionally defined class of abstract nouns having the potential to be as conceptual shells for complex, proposition-like pieces of information. Examples include: “fact”, “case”, “idea”, “problem”, “position”, “cause”, “situation”, “something”, etc. The idea of a particular class of words that group semantic features, but are not related to a referent is also found in many authors. Such words have greater reference potential and thus become useful for naming different referents (onomasiological salience). From a theoretical point of view, the need for a context to determine the meaning of a single lexeme is in fact equivalent to deleting the difference between polysemy and vagueness. Shell nouns are indexical words or "hollow words, envelopes" because their meaning is incomplete; they only point to what can fill the envelope, but still give it some structure. Thus, the meaning associated with these shell units is both context-related and in turn generates a linguistic context. At first glance it seems strange that generalized words such as shells are not hyperonimic, but in connection with the nature of the anatomical terms (physically perceived) it is important to note that it is precisely words from the basic level that are conceptualized as sensory and functional gestalts. The eventual clash between the specificity of the object and the abstract nature of terms causes the conflict in terminology. Once again, the choice of a linguistic rather than a terminological approach to the names of the anatomical objects is argued. The current research assumes that shell function may be applicable to specific nouns, i.e. anatomical terms, the so-called termini generales. In both Bulgarian and English anatomical terminologies, there are about 190 such terms that are head words in anatomical expressions and occur in all parts of anatomy, e.g. terms such as: glava (en – head), greben (en – crest), gynka (en –fold), klon (en – branch), list (en – leaf), plocha (en – plate), sloy (en – layer), tyalo (en – body), vryzka (en – “link”, “connection”), etc. What is special about them is that with their help are formed the names of organs in the different systems. Their semantic value is contextually defined. They "mark” large branches in the anatomical terminology system and are expressions of terminological multiplicity. Obtained through specialization of commonly used nouns, general terms are a manifestation of re-terminologization through metaphorical projection. In our view, termini generales have lost their metaphorical status (if they have one) and some of them serve as shell nouns. We also perform a cross-linguistic Bulgarian – English analysis of shells in both anatomical systems.

Agents and their Actions

Philosophy ◽  
1998 ◽  
Vol 73 (2) ◽  
pp. 219-245 ◽  
Author(s):  
MARIA ALVAREZ ◽  
JOHN HYMAN
Keyword(s):  
Philosophy Of Mind ◽  
Human Action ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Philosophy Of Action ◽  
Theoretical Point ◽  
Reference Guide ◽  
The Past ◽  
General Terms ◽  
Significant Events ◽  
The Difference

In the past thirty years or so, the doctrine that actions are events has become an essential, and sometimes unargued, part of the received view in the philosophy of action, despite the efforts of a few philosophers to undermine the consensus. For example, the entry for Agency in a recently published reference guide to the philosophy of mind begins with the following sentence:A central task in the philosophy of action is that of spelling out the differences between events in general and those events that fall squarely into the category of human action.There is no consensus about what events are. But it is generally agreed that, whatever events may prove to be, actions are a species or a class of events. We believe that the received view is mistaken: actions are not events. We concede that for most purposes, the kind of categorial refinement which is involved in either affirming or denying that actions are events is frankly otiose. Our common idiom does not stress the difference between actions and events, at least not in general terms, because it has no need to. Perhaps it sounds a little odd to say that some events are performed; but if we balked at describing, say, the abdication of Edward VIII as one of the politically significant events in Britain in 1936, it could not be for metaphysical reasons. And since actions, like events, are datable — though often, as we shall see, only imprecisely — actions are said to take place and to occur. But an important class of actions consist in moving something; indeed, according to many philosophers, every action consists in moving something. And when we consider actions of this sort from a theoretical point of view it becomes imperative to distinguish between actions and events. Or so we shall argue.

A Statically Balanced Gough/Stewart-Type Platform: Conception, Design, and Simulation

2009 ◽  
Vol 1 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Marco Carricato ◽  
Clément Gosselin
Keyword(s):  
Sufficient Conditions ◽  
Parallel Manipulators ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Theoretical Point ◽  
Constant Force ◽  
Parallel Mechanisms ◽  
End Effector ◽  
Neutral Equilibrium ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Elastic Elements

Gravity compensation of spatial parallel manipulators is a relatively recent topic of investigation. Perfect balancing has been accomplished, so far, only for parallel mechanisms in which the weight of the moving platform is sustained by legs comprising purely rotational joints. Indeed, balancing of parallel mechanisms with translational actuators, which are among the most common ones, has been traditionally thought possible only by resorting to additional legs containing no prismatic joints between the base and the end-effector. This paper presents the conceptual and mechanical designs of a balanced Gough/Stewart-type manipulator, in which the weight of the platform is entirely sustained by the legs comprising the extensible jacks. By the integrated action of both elastic elements and counterweights, each leg is statically balanced and it generates, at its tip, a constant force contributing to maintaining the end-effector in equilibrium in any admissible configuration. If no elastic elements are used, the resulting manipulator is balanced with respect to the shaking force too. The performance of a study prototype is simulated via a model in both static and dynamic conditions, in order to prove the feasibility of the proposed design. The effects of imperfect balancing, due to the difference between the payload inertial characteristics and the theoretical/nominal ones, are investigated. Under a theoretical point of view, formal and novel derivations are provided of the necessary and sufficient conditions allowing (i) a body arbitrarily rotating in space to rest in neutral equilibrium under the action of general constant-force generators, (ii) a body pivoting about a universal joint and acted upon by a number of zero-free-length springs to exhibit constant potential energy, and (iii) a leg of a Gough/Stewart-type manipulator to operate as a constant-force generator.

Sequential decisions in the control of a space-ship (finite fuel)

1967 ◽  
Vol 4 (3) ◽  
pp. 584-604 ◽  
Author(s):  
John Bather ◽  
Herman Chernoff
Keyword(s):  
Optimal Policy ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Control Procedure ◽  
Theoretical Point ◽  
New Approach ◽  
Final Approach ◽  
The Mean ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Miss Distance ◽  
Quadratic Case

This paper is a sequel to [1] and considers a more realistic formulation of the same question: that of finding an optimal policy for controlling the path of a space-ship as it moves towards its target. The difference here is that we no longer suppose there is an infinite quantity of fuel, always available at a fixed price, for modifying the current direction of motion. This complicates the problem of reducing the final miss distance, by introducing an extra variable. As before, we shall be particularly concerned to find a control procedure which always minimizes the mean square terminal miss. From the theoretical point of view we are also interested to see whether the techniques used to approximate the optimal policy can be extended, and how far we shall be forced to adopt a new approach. Results are derived which provide bounds on the form of the optimal policy. The derivation depends on a comparison technique whose validity is intuitively obvious, but which is still only a conjecture. However, further confirmation is obtained in the quadratic case from asymptotic expansions giving the form of the solution both when the space-ship is far away from its target and during its final approach.

scholarly journals Instagram como herramienta de relaciones públicas para los deportistas de élite españoles

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (19) ◽  
pp. 91-110
Author(s):  
Javier Abuin-Penas ◽  
Maria-Isabel Miguez-Gonzalez ◽  
Maria-Jose Martinez-Patino
Keyword(s):  
Social Networks ◽  
High Capacity ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Academic Field ◽  
Sports Clubs ◽  
The Public ◽  
Use Of Resources ◽  
General Terms ◽  
Complementary Resources ◽  
The Difference

Social networks are a fundamental tool that organizations use for promotional, informative and relational purposes. From this last point of view, social networks allow organizations to gain visibility and generate interaction with audiences, thus contributing to maintaining mutually beneficial relationships with them. In the sports field, as in others, the use of social networks is widespread not only by sports clubs or entities, but also by individual athletes. Instagram in particular is one of the networks that has experienced the greatest growth in recent years and that is why, from the international academic field, attention has been paid to the use of this network in the sports field. Based on this approach, this research analyzes the use of Instagram by Spanish athletes of recognized prestige, with the aim of evaluating its effectiveness as a mechanism to generate interaction and promote relations with the public. From this perspective, questions such as the effectiveness of Instagram to generate visibility or the influence of various elements, such as the type of post or the complementary resources used in the text, in the generation or increase of interaction are raised. The study focuses on a sample of 17 Spanish adult athletes who received a “Premio Nacional del Deporte” (Rey Felipe, Reina Letizia, Rey Juan Carlos and Reina Sofía) between 2013 and 2017. For each of the selected athletes a compilation of all their Instagram posts for the year 2018, using the Instagram Scraper tool, was made and an analysis of emission and reception was carried out. Regarding the emission, aspects such as the number of published posts, the type of post (image or video) and the use of resources such as hashtags, mentions and emoticons were taken into account, while from the point of view of reception they were collected data of number of followers, likes and comments. The results show a high diversity both in the number of published posts, which range between 39 and 348 entries per year, and in the number of followers, which varies notably depending on the notoriety of the athlete, from the little more from 16,000 by Ruth Beithia to over 27 million Andrés Iniesta. There is a majority preference for the use of images (82% of posts) compared to the use of videos, although the use of complementary resources such as hashtags, mentions and emoticons is highly variable depending on the athlete and does not seem to significantly influence in generating interaction. It is also verified that the members of the sample are not very active in following other accounts, since the number of followers is barely over 1,200 at best. The total of the publications accumulates almost 230 million likes and more than a million and a half comments, although the difference in results per athlete in these indicators is highly variable. In general terms, more followers generate more likes and more comments, although this increase is not proportional and no significant increase in interaction is generated from very high numbers of followers. These results corroborate the interest of Instagram as a network with high capacity to generate visibility and interaction with audiences, although the popularity of the athlete influences, in the first place, the number of followers and, therefore, the possibilities of interaction.

scholarly journals Ship waves: The relative efficiency of bow and stern

1935 ◽  
Vol 149 (868) ◽  
pp. 417-426 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Wave Resistance ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Experimental Results ◽  
Theoretical Point ◽  
Surrounding Water ◽  
Fluid Friction ◽  
Simple Modification ◽  
Ship Waves ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Asymmetrical Model

It seems fairly certain that one of the main causes of difference between theoretical and experimental results is the neglect of fluid friction in the calculation of ship wave, and further that the influence of fluid friction may be regarded chiefly as one which makes the rear portion of the ship less effective in generating wave than the front portion. The process may be pictured, possibly, in terms of a friction belt or boundary layer whose more important effect is equivalent to smoothing the lines of the model towards the rear. Some calculations were made from this point of view in a previous paper, the purpose then being to show how such an asymmetry, fore and aft, reduced the magnitude of interference effects between how and stern waves. We may also describe the frictional effect as a diminution in the effective relative velocity of the model and the surrounding water as we pass from how to stern. This is not very satisfactory from a theoretical point of view; but, on the other hand, it leads to a comparatively simple modification of expressions for the waves produced by the model. From a formal point of view, we may regard the modification as an empirical introduction of a reducing factor to allow for decrease in efficiency of the element of the ship's surface as we pass from how to stern. There are now available experimental results, for wave profiles as well as for wave resistance, which made it possible to attempt such a comparison. The following work is limited to a few simple cases, and the assumptions are made in as simple a form as possible for the purpose of the calculations; these deal with the wave profile and wave resistance of a model of symmetrical form, and also with the difference between motion how first and motion stern first for a simple asymmetrical model.

Sequential decisions in the control of a space-ship (finite fuel)

1967 ◽  
Vol 4 (03) ◽  
pp. 584-604 ◽  
Author(s):  
John Bather ◽  
Herman Chernoff
Keyword(s):  
Optimal Policy ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Control Procedure ◽  
Theoretical Point ◽  
New Approach ◽  
Final Approach ◽  
The Mean ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Miss Distance ◽  
Quadratic Case

This paper is a sequel to [1] and considers a more realistic formulation of the same question: that of finding an optimal policy for controlling the path of a space-ship as it moves towards its target. The difference here is that we no longer suppose there is an infinite quantity of fuel, always available at a fixed price, for modifying the current direction of motion. This complicates the problem of reducing the final miss distance, by introducing an extra variable. As before, we shall be particularly concerned to find a control procedure which always minimizes the mean square terminal miss. From the theoretical point of view we are also interested to see whether the techniques used to approximate the optimal policy can be extended, and how far we shall be forced to adopt a new approach. Results are derived which provide bounds on the form of the optimal policy. The derivation depends on a comparison technique whose validity is intuitively obvious, but which is still only a conjecture. However, further confirmation is obtained in the quadratic case from asymptotic expansions giving the form of the solution both when the space-ship is far away from its target and during its final approach.

scholarly journals Superconductivity of thin films. I. Mercury

1939 ◽  
Vol 172 (951) ◽  
pp. 540-558 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Thin Films ◽  
Finite Size ◽  
Threshold Value ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Theoretical Point ◽  
Pure Lead ◽  
Bulk Metal ◽  
Uncertain Structure ◽  
Series Of Experiments ◽  
The Difference

This paper describes the results of measurements of the superconductive properties of thin films of mercury prepared according to the method described in a previous publication (Appleyard and Bristow 1939). Previous workers on the superconductivity of thin films (Sizoo and Onnes 1925; Burton, Wilhelm and Misener 1934; Misener, Smith and Wilhelm 1935; Misener 1936; and Shalnikov 1938) have not been able to distinguish definitely between the effect of the finite size of their specimens (which is the feature primarily interesting from the theoretical point of view), and effects due to their uncertain structure which is often profoundly affected by the methods of preparation of the films. In particular they have not been able to show that the magnetic threshold value of their films approaches the value for the bulk metal when the thickness of the films is sufficiently increased except at very great thicknesses. Shalnikov (1938), for example, has performed a series of experiments on superconducting thin films of lead and tin. But his thickest films seem to have had a critical field 2-3 times in excess of the bulk metal, and his results seem not to have been very reproducible (Shoenberg 1938). Pontius (1937) also obtained definite indications of a size effect with fine wires of very pure lead, but the difference in behaviour from that of the bulk metal was small. Results from wires are certainly reliable for the dimensions obtainable, but the difficulty of drawing a wire thinner than about 10 -4 cm. sets a limit to the scope of the method.

scholarly journals Attributive Characterization Sentences in Russian and German

2019 ◽  
Vol 17 (4) ◽  
pp. 49-62
Author(s):  
Igor I. Bakaytis
Keyword(s):  
Russian Language ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Semantic Approach ◽  
Continuous Sampling ◽  
Contrastive Study ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Static Character ◽  
Comparative Examination ◽  
The Russian Language ◽  
National Corpus

One of the reasons for changes in translation of such sentences, as it seems to us, is the fact that standard characterization schemes in Russian and German have different semantic potentials, that is, meanings that can be implicitly represented in the characterization structure of one language cannot be rendered by a similar structure in another. The purpose of this contrastive study is therefore to find out how identical the characterization structures in Russian and German are from the point of view of semantic potential. To achieve this goal, we analyze the causes of changes in rendering attributive characterization in translation. We apply a structural-semantic approach in a comparative examination of Russian and German proposals for qualitative characterization. The novelty of the study is that we trace the process of this semantics’ formation in their non-standard structures, as well as in how expressivity is realized or maintained in the reviewed sentences. In the study, we used the method of continuous sampling of sentences and their translations from the Russian Language National Corpus. The structural-semiotic method allowed us to trace the process of characterization semantics formation in structures, which are usually used to express other meanings. Contextual and comparative methods allowed us to identify the causes of changes in the translation, and the method of quantitative analysis – the frequency of translation transformations. Using interlinear and reverse translations, differences in the structure and semantics of the original and translated sentences were shown. We found that the proposition of attributive characterization is expressed in a non-standard way in translations only in a small percentage of instances, which is mainly due to the difference in the stylistic norms of languages, and in some cases, to the difference in the semantic potential of the characterization structure. In particular cases, the Russian structure is capable of implicitly expressing the metaphor of the feature presented in it, which in the German translation requires explication, and, accordingly, a change in the way of its rendering. Along with the semantic changes accompanying the substitution of the structure, we revealed a decrease in the categorization of the attribute, creation of a more “lively” image, intensification of an attribute, strengthening of its static character, putting the reader closer to the point of view of the narrator.

scholarly journals TRANSLATION OF CLASSICS OF GERMAN POETRY IN UKRAINIAN

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Petro Osipov ◽  
◽  
Nataliia Bulyk ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Point Of View ◽  
Target Language ◽  
Communication Process ◽  
Semantic Features ◽  
Translation Process ◽  
Translation Strategies ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
And Behavior

Translation issues have long been in the field of view of translators and philologists-researchers. The focus was on the definition of the translation process in view of its psychological and lexical-semantic features and its perception as a certain creative action. The translation process is always functionally and thematically defined and controlled. Its main purpose is to provide the necessary information and establish communication between people of different languages and cultures. Considering translation as an interlingual communication process, we address the question of what language operations should be performed to ensure the integration of source and target texts and at the same time eliminate their interlinguistic structural differences at the conceptual and stylistic levels. The dominant of any translation is its goal (skopos), because differences in the definition of translation goals cause, in turn, differences in interlingual translation strategies. The translator's understanding of the text presupposes his knowledge of the history of society, institutions, social conditions, religious beliefs, culturally and situationally determined patterns of speech activity and behavior of the "source culture", as well as knowledge of the syntax and semantics of the "source text" and their structures. Each translation creates a dynamic connection and is an intercultural transfer of the text insofar as it takes into account the culturally specific comparison of language, situation and object in question. From the standpoint of hermeneutics and from the point of view of translation, the difference of cultures means the difference between "source culture" and thus – the culture of "source language" and "target culture" and thus - the culture of "target language". The analysis focuses on the translation of the most famous poems of German classics. In J. Goethe, along with the ballad "Erlkönig" ("The Forest King"), it is his popular excerpts from the tragedy "Faust". The translation was made by famous writers B. Hrinchenko and M. Rylsky. F. Schiller's poetry is represented by his ballads "Pirnach" ("DerTaucher") and "Glove" ("DerHandschuh"). The latter was translated by the famous poet and translator M. Orest. Heine's works were translated into Ukrainian by such well-known writers as I. Franko, L. Pervomaisky and others.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document