scholarly journals Sex professionals in Latin America: Observing stakeholder participation through the form of legal/illegal/non-legal differentiation

Author(s):  
Artur Stamford da Silva ◽  
Mariana Farias Silva

We researched political and legal communications about the sex profession through the Inclusion/Exclusion Form. The theoretical content is based on Niklas Luhmann's theory of society as a social communication system and Luis Antônio Marcuschi's theory of language as a social work. In this research we explored dates of Argentina, Brazil and Uruguay. The corpora were made up of data catalogued on institutional websites, documents obtained from directors of associations and unions of sex workers, in addition to e-mail exchanges and online conversations with directors and sex professionals via virtual meetings. In the area of political communications, we observe inclusions and exclusions at the same time, as regulation has promoted several exclusions. The participation of workers in the discussions, when that had happened, was not reflected a posteriori either in public policies or in the implementation of regulations. As for legal communications, we observe that those who practice the profession experience inclusions and exclusions at the same time, since the profession is criminalized at the same time that it is recognized as a profession. The conclusion is that the inclusion/exclusion form broadens the spectrum of observation by allowing inclusion to be observed at the same time as exclusion.

2021 ◽  
pp. sextrans-2021-054972
Author(s):  
Manale Harfouche ◽  
Haifa Maalmi ◽  
Laith J Abu-Raddad

ObjectiveTo characterise epidemiology of herpes simplex virus type 2 (HSV-2) in Latin America and the Caribbean.MethodsHSV-2 reports were systematically reviewed and synthesised, and findings were reported following Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses guidelines. Meta-analyses and metaregressions were conducted.Finding102 relevant reports were identified including 13 overall incidence measures, 163 overall (and 402 stratified) seroprevalence measures, and 7 and 10 proportions of virus detection in genital ulcer disease and in genital herpes, respectively. Pooled mean seroprevalence was 20.6% (95% CI 18.7% to 22.5%) in general populations, 33.3% (95% CI 26.0% to 41.0%) in intermediate-risk populations, 74.8% (95% CI 70.6% to 78.8%) in female sex workers, and 54.6% (95% CI 47.4% to 61.7%) in male sex workers, men who have sex with men and transgender people. In general populations, seroprevalence increased from 9.6% (95% CI 7.1% to 12.4%) in those aged <20 years to 17.9% (95% CI 13.6% to 22.5%) in those aged 20–30, 27.6% (95% CI 21.4% to 34.2%) in those aged 30–40 and 38.4% (95% CI 32.8% to 44.2%) in those aged >40. Compared with women, men had lower seroprevalence with an adjusted risk ratio (ARR) of 0.68 (95% CI 0.60 to 0.76). Seroprevalence declined by 2% per year over the last three decades (ARR of 0.98, 95% CI 0.97 to 0.99). Pooled mean proportions of HSV-2 detection in GUD and genital herpes were 41.4% (95% CI 18.9% to 67.0%) and 91.1% (95% CI 82.7% to 97.2%), respectively.ConclusionsOne in five adults is HSV-2 infected, a higher level than other world regions, but seroprevalence is declining. Despite this decline, HSV-2 persists as the aetiological cause of nearly half of GUD cases and almost all of genital herpes cases.


2020 ◽  
pp. 3-30
Author(s):  
Andy Baker ◽  
Barry Ames ◽  
Lúcio Rennó

This chapter provides an overview of the nature of voting behavior and election outcomes in Latin America. Armed only with vertical understandings of political intermediation, research on Latin American voters “conceives the citizen as an independently self-contained decision-maker,” ignoring voters' embeddedness in peer networks. For this reason, even when referring to groups and so-called social factors, research on Latin American voting behavior is dominated by economistic and psychological approaches that see voters as social isolates. The chapter explains that the book illuminates the influence of horizontal social networks and political discussion on a central political act, voting behavior, in Latin America. Beneath all the elite-level strategizing, messaging, and maneuvering that plays out through vertical intermediaries lies a world of social communication and peer effects that scholars of Latin American politics have roundly ignored.


2017 ◽  
Vol 3 (3) ◽  
pp. 00005-2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Juan Calderón ◽  
Annia Cherrez ◽  
Germán Darío Ramón ◽  
Orlando Lopez Jove ◽  
Alan Baptist ◽  
...  

Rapid diffusion, low cost and broad availability of information and communication technologies (ICTs) make them an attractive platform for managing care, communication and interventions in asthma. There is little information in Latin America about usage frequency of ICTs in asthmatic patients.The analysis undertaken consisted of an observational, cross-sectional study that aimed to identify the frequency and type of ICTs most often used by asthmatics. The Spanish version of the Michigan questionnaire was employed in five Latin American countries. Age and educational level was categorised. Logistic regression was performed among these groups concerning the frequency of ICT usage and the level of interest shown in seeking and receiving information about asthma.In total, 673 asthma patients were surveyed. The mean age was 43.44 years. Over two-thirds of the participants were female (68.4%). The most used ICT was the short message service (SMS) (69.9%). SMS and E-mail are useful tools for communicating (i.e.receiving and seeking information) with all asthma patients, irrespective of their age. WhatsApp (61.5%) and Facebook (32.0%) were rated as being the most interesting channels of communication for receiving information. Regression analysis showed that younger asthmatics and asthmatics with higher educational levels were most likely to use almost all forms of ICTs.ICTs are generally an attractive platform for managing care, communication and interventions to improve asthma care. SMS and E-mail were found to be the preferred ICT forms among users. However, social media forms such as WhatsApp and Facebook may also be appropriate for certain types of patient.


2010 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 131
Author(s):  
Mónica Alonso ◽  
Yaiza Rivero Montesdeoca

The authors make a careful review of available information on the HIV/aids epidemics in Latin America. 4 ey start from the characteristics of the epidemic in the región, which is restricted to certain groups of population, and they describe the situation among those groups, some of them de' ned by their behavior (MSM,IDU, commercial sex workers), or special situations (incarcerated men, migrants), reaching a more open population (women, youth). Descriptions are illustrated with results of seroprevalence studies. Also they report the decline in the condom use prevalence among CSW as they become older, but these prevalences are higher than the obtained among men who have comercial sex with other men (less than 50% have safe sex).


2010 ◽  
Vol 45 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marisa Liebenberg ◽  
Hugo Lotriet

This paper presents the results of an exploratory investigation into telecommunications practices and challenges among the Deaf in South Africa. Telecommunication products like cell phones, TTY’s, sMessage terminals, e-mail, fax messaging, instant messaging (IM) were some of the technologies investigated. The research shows that the Deaf considers IM as the most successful technology for both business and social communication. E-mail was rated most often used for business communication, where as e-mail and SMS were rated most used for social communication. The main drawbacks experienced by deaf users of telecommunications technologies related to connecting with and understanding of people. The research findings indicate that the Deaf would like to see heightened public awareness of deafness and its challenges in telecommunication.


2020 ◽  
Vol 17 (3) ◽  
pp. 527
Author(s):  
Vanina Belén Canavire

Resumen En un contexto de medicalización de la vida cotidiana y disciplinamiento de los cuerpos, se torna apremiante preguntarnos qué ocurre con las percepciones colectivas y las prácticas en salud, particularmente en las poblaciones latinoamericanas con culturas sanitarias ancestrales. En este marco, aquí proponemos el análisis de las representaciones sociales sobre los “itinerarios terapéuticos locales”, desde la mirada disciplinar de la Comunicación Social, en tanto espacio simbólico donde se generan los procesos de producción y circulación de significaciones sociales. Para ello, ponemos a consideración tres argumentos. El primero presenta al subcampo de la Comunicación y Salud, y las problemáticas que allí convergen. Bajo ese arco teórico, abordamos a la Salud intercultural y a la Comunicación para el cambio social como posibles herramientas intelectuales para reflexionar sobre las distintas “maneras de curar”. El segundo argumento refiere a la posibilidad de pensar a los discursos en torno a los conocimientos y recursos terapéuticos tradicionales, como parte del patrimonio cultural intangible de una población. Atendiendo a los conflictos que conllevan los procesos de patrimonialización, es central que se busque abordar los patrimonios locales en toda su complejidad, lejos de miradas escencializantes que hacen de la diversidad una exotización. El tercero plantea la necesidad de indagar en las formas particulares –convivencia, mixtura, invisibilización– que adopta la articulación entre los saberes locales ancestrales y los saberes vinculados a prácticas terapéuticas funcionales a la globalización cultural. Sin dudas, el estudio de los discursos, narrativas y procesos de construcción social de la salud puede revelar uno de los tantos rostros mestizos que delinea la interacción entre lo local y lo global. Mestizo faces: a communication proposal for the study of ancestral therapeutic itineraries in Latin America Abstract In a context of medicalization of daily life and the disciplining of bodies, it becomes urgent to ask what happens with collective perceptions and practices in health, particularly in Latin American populations with ancestral health cultures. In this framework, here we propose the analysis of social representations about "local therapeutic itineraries", from the disciplinary perspective of social communication, as a symbolic space where the processes of production and circulation of social meanings are generated. For this, we put three arguments into consideration. The first presents the subfield of Communication and Health, and the problems that converge there. Under this theoretical framework, we approach Intercultural Health and Communication for social change as possible intellectual tools to reflect on the different "ways of healing". The second argument refers to the possibility of thinking about discourses around traditional knowledge and therapeutic resources, as part of the intangible cultural heritage of a population. Attending to the conflicts that involve the processes of patrimonialization, it is essential to seek to address the local heritage in all its complexity, far from essential looks that make diversity an exoticism. The third raises the need to investigate particular forms –convival, mixture, invisibility– that the articulation between ancestral local knowledge and knowledge linked to functional therapeutic practices to cultural globalization. Undoubtedly, the study of discourses, narratives and processes of social construction of health, can reveal one of the many mestizo faces that delineates the interaction between the local and the global. Rostos mestiços: uma proposta de comunicação para o estudo de itinerários terapêuticos ancestrais na América Latina Em um contexto de medicalização do cotidiano e de disciplinamento dos corpos, torna-se urgente perguntar o que acontece com as percepções e práticas coletivas em saúde, particularmente nas populações latino-americanas com culturas ancestrais de saúde. Nesse contexto, aqui propomos a análise das representações sociais sobre "itinerários terapêuticos locais", a partir da perspectiva disciplinar da Comunicação Social, como um espaço simbólico onde são gerados os processos de produção e circulação de significados sociais. Para isso, colocamos três argumentos em consideração. A primeira apresenta o subcampo de Comunicação e Saúde e os problemas que convergem para lá. Sob este referencial teórico, abordamos a Saúde Intercultural e a Comunicação para a mudança social como possíveis ferramentas intelectuais para refletir sobre as diferentes "formas de cura". O segundo argumento refere-se à possibilidade de se pensar discursos em torno de conhecimentos tradicionais e recursos terapêuticos, como parte do patrimônio cultural intangível de uma população. Atendendo aos conflitos que envolvem os processos de patrimonialização, é essencial buscar abordar o patrimônio local em toda a sua complexidade, longe de olhares essenciais que fazem da diversidade um exotismo. A terceira suscita a necessidade de investigar formas particulares - conciliação, mistura, invisibilidade - que adota a articulação entre conhecimento local ancestral e conhecimento vinculado às práticas terapêuticas funcionais à globalização cultural. Sem dúvida, o estudo de discursos, narrativas e processos de construção social da saúde pode revelar uma das muitas faces mestiças que delineiam a interação entre o local e o global.


2019 ◽  
Vol 31 (6) ◽  
pp. 567-583
Author(s):  
Angela M. Bayer ◽  
Patricia Mallma ◽  
César P. Cárcamo ◽  
David A. Díaz ◽  
Miguel Chirre ◽  
...  

HIV disproportionately affects men who have sex with men and transwomen in Latin America. Globally, efforts to map, enumerate, and describe male and transwomen sex workers (MTSWs) are limited. We mapped and described venue- and non-venue–based MTSWs and enumerated venuebased MTSWs in Lima, Peru's capital. With venue-based MTSWs, we identified and described the venues, SWs, and clients and enumerated the SWs. With non-venue–based MTSWs, we described SW offerings and SWs. Male SWs (MSWs) are concentrated downtown, with many moving online. Transwomen SWs (TSWs) are spread across metropolitan Lima, with fewer online. At venues, there are more TSWs than MSWs, TSWs reported more HIV and sexual risk behaviors, and MSWs had more female partners. Non-venue–based MSWs used condoms less than venue-based MSWs. Results support systematic efforts to describe hard-to-reach MTSWs and their different types of partners, all of whom have unique, differing needs for HIV/ STI education, prevention, testing, and care services.


Matrizes ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 189
Author(s):  
Pedro Gilberto Gomes

This text, a mixture of essay and memory, seeks to situate Jesús Martín-Barbero and his influence in the teaching of communication theory in the courses of social communication in Brazil, based on the work developed at Center of Communication Sciences of the University of Vale do Rio dos Sinos (UNISINOS). The thinking of Martín-Barbero is put together with other seminal thinkers of the area in Latin America: Beltran, Kaplún and Pasquali. It reflects the course taken before the book, De las medios a las mediaciones, emphasizing Jesús Martín-Barbero’s fundamental contribution to teaching and communication research.


2013 ◽  
Vol 55 ◽  
pp. 65 ◽  
Author(s):  
William Meihack Miller ◽  
Lindsay Buckingham ◽  
Mario Salvador Sánchez-Domínguez ◽  
Sonia Morales-Miranda ◽  
Gabriela Paz-Bailey

Objective. This systematic review aims to synthesize articles, abstracts and reports of HIV prevalence studies conducted among men who have sex with men (MSM) and female sex workers (FSW) in Latin America and the Caribbean (LAC). Materials and methods. Authors searched online databases and collected gray literature on HIV prevalence among MSM and FSW from LAC. Year, location, sampling methodology, study design, sample size, HIV prevalence and confidence intervals were abstracted. Results. A total of 73 studies, dating from 1986 to 2010 were included. The median prevalences for MSM and FSW were 10.6% (interquartile range: 7.4-17.4) and 2.6% (IQR: 0.6-4.2), respectively. Variability was high, especially for MSM. The majority of studies recruited participants using convenience methods. Conclusion. HIV prevalence among MSM was higher than that among FSW. Sampling techniques should be standardized for future studies, prioritizing probability methods.


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