scholarly journals Denboratik kausara: -nez gero kausazko lokailuaren garapenaz

2019 ◽  
pp. 59-84
Author(s):  
José Ignacio Hualde ◽  
Manuel Pérez
Keyword(s):  
Speech Acts ◽  
Main Clause ◽  
Subordinate Clause ◽  
The Right ◽  
Actos De Habla ◽  
Sobre Todo

LABURPENA Lan honetan -nez gero atzizki multzoaren garapena dugu aztergai, lehen testuetatik hasi eta gaurdaino. Denbora lokailuetatik sortu diren beste kausazko lokailu asko bezala, -nez gero batez ere mintza-ekintzak eta antzekoak justifikatzeko erabiltzen da. Hala ere, kausa neutroagoak adierazteko ere erabiltzen da. Gaztelaniaz ez bezala, menpeko perpausaren kokagunea ez da aldatu azken mendeotan eta funtzio informatiboan ere ez dugu aldakuntza handirik ikusten. Sumatzen dugun garapen nagusia da beharbada edukizko kausazko neutroetan maizago erabiltzeko joera. Oro har, -nez gero kausazko menderagailuak, gazt. ya que-rekin baino, antz handiagoa du fr. puisque eta ing. since lokailuekin. RESUMEN Examinamos la evolución de -nez gero como nexo causal. Como es esperable en las causales de origen temporal, las cláusulas con ‑nez gero se usan sobre todo en causales que justifican actos de habla o similares. Sin embargo, también las encontramos en causales más neutras. La principal evolución observable en estos cinco siglos ha sido quizá un uso más frecuente en este segundo tipo de causales. La conjunción vasca se asemeja más a la conjunción puisque del francés o a since del inglés que a las causales castellanas de origen temporal. Al contrario que en castellano, no hay una tendencia diacrónica a cambiar de función informativa y de posición en relación a la cláusula principal. ABSTRACT We examine the evolution of -nez gero as a causal connector. As expected of causal connectors of temporal origin, -nez gero clauses are mostly used to justify speech acts and similar situations. However, they are also used in more neutral thematic causal clauses. The most noticeable evolution in the last five centuries has been an increase in the frequency of its use in the latter type of causal clauses. Also contrary to the evolution of ya que in Spanish, we do not observe any diachronic tendency for the subordinate clause to move from the left to the right of the main clause or, regarding informative function, from non-assertive to assertive. In all this, the Basque subordinator resembles more Fr puisque and Eng since than the Spanish causal conjunctions of temporal origin.

scholarly journals The Functions of Danish Causal Conjunctions

Nordlyd ◽  
10.7557/12.14 ◽  
2004 ◽  
Vol 31 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Rita Therkelsen
Keyword(s):  
Causal Relationship ◽  
Speech Acts ◽  
Speech Act ◽  
Contextual Factors ◽  
Main Clause ◽  
Subordinate Clause ◽  
Functional Grammar ◽  
Distributional Properties

In the article I propose an analysis of the Danish causal conjunctions <em>fordi, siden</em> and <em>for</em> based on the framework of Danish Functional Grammar. As conjunctions they relate two clauses, and their semantics have in common that it indicates a causal relationship between the clauses. The causal conjunctions are different as far as their distribution is concerned; <em>siden</em> conjoins a subordinate clause and a main clause, <em>for</em> conjoins two main clauses, and <em>fordi</em> is able to do both. Methodologically I have based my analysis on these distributional properties comparing <em>siden</em> and <em>fordi</em> conjoining a subordinate and a main clause, and comparing <em>for</em> and <em>fordi</em> conjoining two main clauses, following the thesis that they would establish a causal relationship between different kinds of content. My main findings are that <em>fordi</em> establishes a causal relationship between the events referred to by the two clauses, and the whole utterance functions as a statement of this causal relationship. <em>Siden</em> presupposes such a general causal relationship between the two events and puts forward the causing event as a reason for assuming or wishing or ordering the caused event, <em>siden</em> thus establishes a causal relationship between an event and a speech act. <em>For</em> equally presupposes a general causal relationship between two events and it establishes a causal relationship between speech acts, and <em>fordi</em> conjoining two main clauses is able to do this too, but in this position it also maintains its event-relating ability, the interpretation depending on contextual factors.

scholarly journals Actos ilocutivos y unidades discursivas en el «Plan Curricular del Instituto Cervantes»

2020 ◽  
Vol 22 ◽  
pp. 199-220
Author(s):  
Agustín Vera Luján ◽  
Inmaculada Martínez Martínez
Keyword(s):  
Speech Acts ◽  
Methodological Basis ◽  
Points Of View ◽  
Theory Of Discourse ◽  
Actos De Habla ◽  
Sobre Todo

La adopción de los planteamientos metodológicos de una teoría del discurso permite abordar en forma descriptiva y explicativamente adecuadas la complejidad del funcionamiento y la estructura de los actos de habla. El análisis de cuatro tipos de actos de habla en el Plan Curricular del Instituto Cervantes realizado en este artículo permite comprobar que los planteamientos explicativos del documento curricular están anclados, sobre todo, en una perspectiva gramatical que lleva a tratar en forma insatisfactoria la mayoría de las tácticas discursivas. Estas últimas se sirven de unidades no gramaticalizadas, que son una parte esencial de los recursos disponibles para la construcción de los actos de habla. The adoption of the methodological basis of a theory of discourse makes it possible to analyze the complexity of the functioning and the structure of speech acts in a adecuate descriptive and explanatory manner. The analysis of four types of speech acts in the PCIC carried out in this article shows that the explanatory points of view of the Instituto Cervantes curriculum are anchored, above all, in a grammatical perspective that leads to the unsatisfactory treatment of most of the discursive tactics, based on ungrammaticalized units, which are an essential part of the resources available for the construction of speech acts.

scholarly journals Reanalysis processes in non-native sentence comprehension

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-14
Author(s):  
Hiroki Fujita ◽  
Ian Cunnings
Keyword(s):  
Eye Movement ◽  
Sentence Processing ◽  
Noun Phrase ◽  
Sentence Comprehension ◽  
Memory Trace ◽  
Main Clause ◽  
Direct Object ◽  
Subordinate Clause

Abstract We report two offline and two eye-movement experiments examining non-native (L2) sentence processing during and after reanalysis of temporarily ambiguous sentences like “While Mary dressed the baby laughed happily”. Such sentences cause reanalysis at the main clause verb (“laughed”), as the temporarily ambiguous noun phrase (“the baby”) may initially be misanalysed as the direct object of the subordinate clause verb (“dressed”). The offline experiments revealed that L2ers have difficulty reanalysing temporarily ambiguous sentences with a greater persistence of the initially assigned misinterpretation than native (L1) speakers. In the eye-movement experiments, we found that L2ers complete reanalysis similarly to L1ers but fail to fully erase the memory trace of the initially assigned interpretation. Our results suggested that the source of L2 reanalysis difficulty is a failure to erase the initially assigned misinterpretation from memory rather than a failure to conduct syntactic reanalysis.

scholarly journals Lying, speech acts, and commitment

Synthese ◽  
2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Neri Marsili
Keyword(s):  
Speech Acts ◽  
Speech Act ◽  
Good Definition ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
The Right ◽  
Adequate Analysis

AbstractNot every speech act can be a lie. A good definition of lying should be able to draw the right distinctions between speech acts (like promises, assertions, and oaths) that can be lies and speech acts (like commands, suggestions, or assumptions) that under no circumstances are lies. This paper shows that no extant account of lying is able to draw the required distinctions. It argues that a definition of lying based on the notion of ‘assertoric commitment’ can succeed where other accounts have failed. Assertoric commitment is analysed in terms of two normative components: ‘accountability’ and ‘discursive responsibility’. The resulting definition of lying draws all the desired distinctions, providing an intensionally adequate analysis of the concept of lying.

scholarly journals A taxonomy of antonymy in Arabic: Egyptian and Saudi proverbs in comparison

2021 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 200-222
Author(s):  
Hamada Hassanein ◽  
Mohammad Mahzari
Keyword(s):  
Main Clause ◽  
The Other ◽  
Subordinate Clause ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Case Marking ◽  
News Discourse ◽  
Discourse Functions ◽  
Syntactic Frames

Abstract This study has set out to identify, quantify, typify, and exemplify the discourse functions of canonical antonymy in Arabic paremiography by comparing two manually collected datasets from Egyptian and Saudi (Najdi) dialects. Building upon Jones’s (2002) most extensive and often-cited classification of the discourse functions of antonyms as they co-occur within syntactic frames in news discourse, the study has substantially revised this classification and developed a provisional and dynamic typology thereof. Two major textual functions are found to be quantitatively significant and qualitatively preponderant: ancillarity (wherein an A-pair of canonical antonyms project their antonymicity onto a more important B-pair) and coordination (wherein one antonym holds an inclusive or exhaustive relation to another antonym). Three new functions have been developed and added to the retrieved classification: subordination (wherein one antonym occurs in a subordinate clause while the other occurs in a main clause), case-marking (wherein two opposite cases are served by two antonyms), and replacement (wherein one antonym is substituted with another). Semicanonical and noncanonical guises of antonymy are left and recommended for future research.

Examining individual variation in learner production data: A few programmatic pointers for corpus-based analyses using the example of adverbial clause ordering

2020 ◽  
pp. 1-21
Author(s):  
Stefan Th. Gries ◽  
Stefanie Wulff
Keyword(s):  
Native Speakers ◽  
First Language ◽  
Main Clause ◽  
Subordinate Clause ◽  
Production Data ◽  
Subordinate Clauses ◽  
Chinese Learners ◽  
Adverbial Clauses ◽  
Adverbial Clause ◽  
Temporal Adverbial

ABSTRACT This study examines the variable positioning of a finite adverbial subordinate clause and its main clause with the subordinate clause either preceding or following the main clause in native versus nonnative English. Specifically, we contrast causal, concessive, conditional, and temporal adverbial clauses produced by German and Chinese learners of English with those produced by native speakers. We examined 2,362 attestations from the Chinese and German subsections of the International Corpus of Learner English (Granger, Dagneaux, Meunier, & Paquot, 2009) and from the Louvain Corpus of Native English Essays (Granger, 1998). All instances were annotated for the ordering, the subordinate clause type, the lengths of the main and subordinate clauses, the first language of the speakers, the conjunction used, and the file it originated from (as a proxy for the speaker producing the sentence so as to be able to study individual and lexical variation). The results of a two-step regression modeling protocol suggest that learners behave most nativelike with causal clauses and struggle most with conditional and concessive clauses; in addition, learners make more non-nativelike choices when the main and subordinate clause are of about equal length.

scholarly journals La construcción de los sujetos en el discurso del expresidente Uribe Vélez: un análisis desde las tonalidades valorativas y los actos de habla

2013 ◽  
pp. 103
Author(s):  
Lil Martha Arrieta Arvilla
Keyword(s):  
Key Words ◽  
Speech Acts ◽  
Research Study ◽  
Social Orientation ◽  
Control Mechanisms ◽  
Palabras Clave ◽  
The Social ◽  
Political Speeches ◽  
Actos De Habla ◽  
Methodological Aspects

ResumenEl objetivo de este artículo es presentar los aspectos teórico-metodológicos y los resultados de una investigación sobre la construcción de los sujetos en el discurso del presidente de ColombiaÁlvaro Uribe Vélez (2002-2010). En esta se propone evidenciar la orientación social del discurso y el uso de procedimientos que instauran un ethos de credibilidad en la sociedad, y que seconstituyen en mecanismos de control y de legitimación del poder. Lo anterior a partir de la descripción de las tonalidades valorativas y los actos de habla, categorías inscritas en la propuesta de dinámica enunciativa de Martínez, María Cristina (2002, 2005).Palabras clave: Análisis del discurso político, ethos, representación, poder, tonalidadesAbstractThe aim of this paper is to present the theoretical-methodological aspects and results of a research study about the construction of subjects in the speeches of President Alvaro Uribe of Colombia(2002-2010). The purpose is to evidence the social orientation of speech and the use of procedures that establish an ethos of credibility in the society, constituted by control mechanisms and legitimationof power. This is done through the description of the appreciative tonalities and speech acts, categories, defined in the declarative dynamic proposal of Martinez, Maria Cristina (2002, 2005).Key words: Analysis of political speeches, ethos, representation, power, appreciative tonalitie 

scholarly journals Stadi Derby and the Securitization of Urban Public Space

2021 ◽  
Vol 48 (1) ◽  
pp. 31-55
Author(s):  
Miira Kuvaja ◽  
Pia Olsson
Keyword(s):  
Public Space ◽  
Speech Acts ◽  
Media Coverage ◽  
Fan Culture ◽  
Urban Public Space ◽  
Football Match ◽  
Securitization Theory ◽  
The Media ◽  
The Right ◽  
The Relationship

Stadi Derby is a local football match played in Helsinki, Finland appreciated for its atmosphere and excitement. Simultaneously, the negative characteristics connected to the international football fan culture have become familiar also to those living in the capital area and especially in the surroundings of the stadium. The threat of violence is visible e.g. in the media coverage reporting about the derby. All this has also effect on the way the city dwellers experience the urban public space. In our article, we ask what kind of discourses can be found concerning the relationship between Stadi Derby and the right to public space and what kind of consequences i.e. reactions these discourses create among those city dwellers not involved in the football culture. In order to understand the ways these events and the media coverage over them have effect on urban dwellers we apply securitization theory. We look for speech acts from the media coverage and analyse the ways people respond to these speech acts through material produced via Facebook and a focus group interview. The division between insiders and outsiders to the football culture is clear: The outsiders feel distress, even fear, in consequence of media materials.

scholarly journals La atenuación lingüística en el Corpus PRESEEA de Santiago de Chile

2021 ◽  
Vol 1 (52) ◽  
pp. 53-76
Author(s):  
Silvana Guerrero González
Keyword(s):  
Santiago De Chile ◽  
Actos De Habla ◽  
Sobre Todo

En este trabajo se presentan los principales resultados del estudio del fenómeno de la atenuación desde la perspectiva sociopragmática en el corpus PRESEEA de Santiago de Chile. Para cumplir este objetivo, se sigue la metodología de análisis propuesta en Cestero y Albelda (2012), Briz y Albelda (2013), Cestero y Rodríguez Alfano (2014) y Albelda et al. (2014), entre otros. De esta manera, se integran tres tipos de factores: lingüísticos, pragmático-discursivos y sociales. A partir de la revisión de nueve horas de grabación de la variedad chilena del español, registradas en 18 entrevistas semiestructuradas, se concluye que los hablantes presentan 750 actos de habla atenuados con 1731 recursos atenuadores. Se comprueba, asimismo, que la autoprotección es la principal función que cumplen los recursos de atenuación en el español chileno y que suele emplearse más la atenuación del modus, sobre todo mediante justificaciones y excusas. Finalmente, se concluye que la mayor variabilidad se produce en relación con los factores edad y nivel de instrucción de los informantes.

scholarly journals Right-dislocation in Catalan: Its discourse function and counterparts in English

2007 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 203-219 ◽  
Author(s):  
Laia Mayol
Keyword(s):  
Emotional Content ◽  
Main Clause ◽  
English Text ◽  
Corpus Study ◽  
Discourse Function ◽  
Structure Information ◽  
Information Packaging ◽  
Canonical Order ◽  
The Right ◽  
Previous Sentence

This paper presents a corpus study of right dislocation (RD) in Catalan and discusses crosslinguistic differences of information packaging between English and Catalan. The Catalan corpus consists of 93 RDs which have been coded according to three parameters: (1) the point where the entity in the right-dislocated constituent had appeared in the discourse, (2) consequences of eliminating the right-dislocated constituent and (3) consequences of restoring the canonical order. I argue that RD in Catalan is a means to structure information in a coherent way by displacing old information from the main clause. Three main types of RDs can be found: (1) RDs which activate an entity which was no longer accessible in the discourse and make it highly salient, while still marking its discourse-old status; (2) RDs which make explicit an implicit, never textually mentioned, referent and places it in a discourse-old information position. (3) RDs referring to entities mentioned in the previous sentence. Such RDs convey an additional meaning, some ‘emotional content’, having to do with the expression of opposition or emphasis. In order to analyse crosslinguistic differences, an English text and its Catalan translation have been used. The Catalan translation contained 42 instances of RD, while the English text contained none, which shows that the two languages use different strategies to encode information packaging. The Catalan translation uses RDs mostly in cases in which the English original repeats the same phrase in two consecutive utterances and in utterances which convey contrast or opposition.

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