scholarly journals Comparison of sand burial-dependent growth responses of two Tragopogon species from different habitats

Botanica ◽  
2021 ◽  
pp. 13-22
Author(s):  
Gederts Ievinsh ◽  
Kristīne K. Lejniece
Keyword(s):  
Sand Dunes ◽  
Coastal Dunes ◽  
Growth Responses ◽  
Natural Habitats ◽  
Physiological Factors ◽  
Sand Burial ◽  
Shoot Height ◽  
Grassland Species ◽  
Efficient Resource ◽  
Burial Tolerance

Wind-driven sand movement leading to sand burial is an essential environmental factor in coastal sand dunes; therefore, plants native to sand dunes need to possess specific adaptations. The present study aimed to compare responses to variable sand burial intensity of Tragopogon heterospermus, rare plant species native to coastal dunes, and Tragopogon pratensis taxonomically related grassland species. Plants in culture were established from seeds collected in natural habitats, cultivated in an automated greenhouse, and individuals of different age were buried by sand in the different depths. Both plants had basic sand burial tolerance, seen as an elongation of adult plants’ leaf bases under moderate sand burial conditions. However, only dune-adapted T. heterospermus plants exhibited efficient resource allocation from roots to shoots with increased sand accretion intensity. T. heterospermus plants had pronounced age dependence of burial tolerance, with higher sensitivity to sand burial at an earlier stage due to small shoot height and, possibly, certain physiological factors.

Coastal sand dunes as biological systems

1989 ◽  
Vol 96 ◽  
pp. 17-36 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. J. Willis
Keyword(s):  
Sand Dunes ◽  
Coastal Dunes ◽  
Nutrient Status ◽  
Large Animal ◽  
Ammophila Arenaria ◽  
Physiological Level ◽  
Tyria Jacobaeae ◽  
Ecological Importance ◽  
Dune Plants ◽  
Stress Metabolites

SynopsisWith the gradation of intensities of environmental factors from the strand-line to stable inland areas, coastal dunes show many ecological phenomena especially clearly. These are reviewed broadly, with some emphasis on topics on which important advances are being made. The nutrient status of dune soil and changes with time are shown with reference to several dune systems. Changes in major nutrients are given for Braunton Burrows, north Devon, where the influence of nitrogen fixation by Lotus corniculatus is illustrated. The effects of sand burial on plants are considered, and details given of the root systems of vigorous and relict marram; factors which may affect its decline in vigour are reviewed. Also discussed is the likely significance of nematodes in the decline of Hippophaë rhamnoides. Reasons for the richness of the dune flora are considered and also some autecological studies. At the physiological level, reference is made to the water relations of plants and at the biochemical level to the occurrence and possible ecological importance of stress metabolites. Life strategies, phenology, survivorship, competition and the population ecology of dune plants are reviewed and also the interaction of ragwort (Senecio jacobaea) and cinnabar moth (Tyria jacobaeae). The population genetics of dune plants is illustrated by reference to Festuca rubra and Ammophila arenaria and of animals to Cepaea nemoralis.The abundance and ecological relationships of the invertebrate fauna are exemplified by surveys at Spurn Point, extensive investigations on spiders and the influence of marram on arthropod communities. The ecology of the natterjack load is considered in relation to conservation and the effects of large animal grazers in relation to the diversity of vegetation.

Pans in humus podzols (Humods and Aquods) in coastal southern Queensland

Soil Research ◽  
1996 ◽  
Vol 34 (1) ◽  
pp. 161 ◽  
Author(s):  
CH Thompson ◽  
EM Bridges ◽  
DA Jenkins
Keyword(s):  
Soil Depth ◽  
Sand Dunes ◽  
Coastal Dunes ◽  
Particle Packing ◽  
Sand Mining ◽  
Coastal Sand Dunes ◽  
Organic Complex ◽  
Coastal Sand ◽  
Coastal Lowlands

An exploratory examination has been made of three different kinds of hardpans found in humus podzols (Humods and Aquods) of the coastal lowlands of southern Queensland, by means of slaking tests, a reactive aluminium test, acid oxalate and pyrophosphate extractions and electron microscopy. Samples from three indurated layers exposed by erosion or sand-mining in large coastal dunes were included for comparison. The investigation confirmed that, a pan in a bleached A2 (albic E) horizon is most likely caused by particle packing and that a pan in a black B2h (spodic) horizon is cemented by an aluminium-organic complex. Yellow-brown pans underlying black organic pans (spodic horizons) were found to be cemented by both a proto-imogolite/allophane complex and an organic substance. An inorganic reactive Al complex differing from the proto-imogolite allophane recorded in the overlying giant podzols appeared to be main cement of three indurated layers in the nearby coastal sand dunes. Mechanical disturbance of the pans, e.g. ripping, is unlikely to improve drainage and effective soil depth in the long term, because the disturbed zones are expected to be re-sealed by packed particles or by the aluminium-organic complex cement.

Hormone growth responses of roots of shoot height mutants of pea

2007 ◽  
Vol 129 (4) ◽  
pp. 813-821 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thomas Silva ◽  
Peter J. Davies
Keyword(s):  
Growth Responses ◽  
Shoot Height

Growth responses of Urtica dioica to nutrient supply

1995 ◽  
Vol 73 (6) ◽  
pp. 843-851 ◽  
Author(s):  
Miroslav Šrůtek
Keyword(s):  
Biomass Allocation ◽  
Clonal Plant ◽  
Reproductive Organs ◽  
Nutrient Supply ◽  
Urtica Dioica ◽  
Growth Responses ◽  
Shoot Height ◽  
Key Words Allometry ◽  
P 16 ◽  
Lateral Branches

This study examines the effects of nutrient supply (three N–P–K treatments: 75, 225, and 375 kg∙ha−1; 12.5% N, 8.5% P, 16% K) on growth, allometry, and architecture of Urtica dioica L., an expansive clonal plant found throughout Central Europe. Biomass allocation was significantly affected by nutrient supply: higher nutrient doses resulted in less biomass allocation to belowground organs, whereas the period of intensive production of aboveground biomass was prolonged. Shoot height increases with nutrient supply. The height ratios were constant over time. Within each treatment and each harvest, inflorescence biomass was positively correlated with shoot height. Branching of the main shoots (number of lateral branches) was positively correlated with plant height and changed with time. The number of new rhizomes was affected by both treatment and harvest, especially in older plants. The results suggest that high nutrient supply increased the allocation of biomass both to reproductive organs and to vegetative organs. Key words: allometry, biomass allocation, clonal plant, nutrients, plant architecture, Urtica dioica.

The Holland Paleosol: an informal pedostratigraphic unit in the coastal dunes of southeastern Lake Michigan

2004 ◽  
Vol 41 (11) ◽  
pp. 1385-1400 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alan F Arbogast ◽  
Randall J Schaetzl ◽  
Joseph P Hupy ◽  
Edward C Hansen
Keyword(s):  
Lake Michigan ◽  
Sand Dunes ◽  
Coastal Dunes ◽  
Buried Soils ◽  
Coastal Sand Dunes ◽  
Radiocarbon Dates ◽  
Long Period ◽  
Sand Supply ◽  
Buried Soil ◽  
Coastal Sand

A very prominent buried soil crops out in coastal sand dunes along an ~200 km section of the southeastern shore of Lake Michigan. This study is the first to investigate the character of this soil — informally described here as the Holland Paleosol — by focusing on six sites from Indiana Dunes National Lakeshore north to Montague, Michigan. Most dunes in this region are large (>40 m high) and contain numerous buried soils that indicate periods of reduced sand supply and comcomitant stabilization. Most of these soils are buried in the lower part of the dunes and are thin Entisols. The soil described here, in contrast, is relatively well developed, is buried in the upper part of many dunes, and formed by podzolization under forest vegetation. Radiocarbon dates indicate that this soil formed between ~3000 and 300 calibrated years BP. Pedons of the Holland Paleosol range in development from thick Entisols (Regosols) with A–Bw–BC–C horizonation to weakly developed Spodosols (Podzols) with A–E–Bs–Bw–BC–C profiles. Many profiles have overthickened and (or) stratified A horizons, indicative of slow and episodic burial. Differences in development are mainly due to paleolandscape position and variations in paleoclimate among the sites. The Holland Paleosol is significant because it represents a relatively long period of landscape stability in coastal dunes over a broad (200 km) area. This period of stability was concurrent with numerous fluctuations in Lake Michigan. Given the general sensitivity of coastal dunes to prehistoric lake-level fluctuations, the soil may reflect a time when the lake shore was farther west than it is today. The Holland Paleosol would probably qualify as a formal pedostratigraphic unit if it were buried by a formal lithostratgraphic or allostratigraphic unit.

scholarly journals Extreme Growth Increments Reveal Local and Regional Climatic Signals in Two Pinus pinaster Populations

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joana Vieira ◽  
Cristina Nabais ◽  
Filipe Campelo
Keyword(s):  
Tree Growth ◽  
Pinus Pinaster ◽  
Sand Dunes ◽  
Management Strategies ◽  
Climatic Conditions ◽  
Growth Patterns ◽  
Growth Responses ◽  
Growth Increments ◽  
Average Precipitation ◽  
Serra Da Estrela

Tree rings are valuable proxies of past climate that allow inferring past growth responses to climate variability and extreme events, which is only possible considering that the relationship between tree growth and environmental conditions is linear and stable over time. However, in the last decades, divergent growth patterns have been observed in trees from the same forest stand, while unprecedented growth convergence was observed between trees from distant locations. Here, we use a new approach that considers convergent and divergent event years in two populations of Pinus pinaster Aiton in an altitudinal and oceanic-continental gradient to investigate what is triggering divergence and convergence in tree growth. The two study sites are Tocha (TCH), a plantation on sand dunes at low altitude near the ocean, and Serra da Estrela (SdE), a mountain plantation located at 1,100 m altitude, 100 km away from the ocean. The analysis of the climatic conditions in convergent growth years revealed that positive convergent growth was related to above average precipitation in previous winter and that negative convergent growth was related to below average precipitation during the growing season. Divergent growth revealed a temperature signal with warmer temperatures in spring promoting growth in SdE and growth reduction in TCH. Convergent growth was associated with a regional climatic signal, reinforcing the importance of precipitation in the Mediterranean region, and divergent growth to site conditions, revealing local adaptation. The information gathered in this study gives valuable insights on the response of P. pinaster to extreme climatic events, allowing for more adjusted management strategies of Mediterranean pine forests.

scholarly journals Growth of `Cunningham's White' Rhododendron in Plastic and Fiber Pots Treated With Copper Hydroxide

2002 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 134-137 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sven E. Svenson
Keyword(s):  
Root Growth ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Growth Responses ◽  
Copper Hydroxide ◽  
Shoot Height ◽  
Copper Treatment ◽  
Average Maximum ◽  
Growing Block ◽  
Black Plastic ◽  
Maximum Temperatures

Shoot and root growth responses of `Cunningham's White' rhododendron (Rhododendron x) was studied when grown in black plastic or molded fiber pots treated with copper hydroxide, or not treated. Containers of two sizes were studied, and the influence of pot type on substrate temperature was recorded. Rhododendron shoot height and dry weight was not influenced by pot volume, pot type, or copper treatment at 49, 131, or 362 d after potting. Rhododendron shoots were larger when grown in 3.8-L (trade 2-gal) pots compared to 2.8-L (trade 1-gal) pots, or when grown in 3.8-L fiber pots compared to 3.8-L plastic pots, both 131 and 362 d after potting. Copper treatment did not influence shoot size. Copper treatment reduced the amount of circling or matted roots at the container-substrate interface for both plastic and fiber pots, but there was better control of root growth in 3.8-L pots compared to 2.8-L pots. Substrate average minimum temperatures were warmer, and average maximum temperatures were cooler when pots were located near the center of the growing block compared to the southwest corner ofthe growing block. Substrate average maximum temperatures were cooler in fiber pots compared to plastic pots, but only when pots were located on the southwest corner of the growing block.

scholarly journals Uso da subirrigação para imposição de estresse hídrico em sistema semi-contínuo para medição de CO2

2015 ◽  
Vol 21 (2) ◽  
pp. 235 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rhuanito Soranz Ferrarezi ◽  
Marc W. Van Iersel ◽  
Roberto Testezlaf
Keyword(s):  
Soil Moisture ◽  
Water Stress ◽  
Plant Growth ◽  
Net Photosynthesis ◽  
Dry Mass ◽  
Co2 Exchange ◽  
Carbon Gain ◽  
Growth Responses ◽  
Shoot Height ◽  
Soil Moisture Sensors

The objectives of this work were to evaluate the effects of distinct moisture contents to trigger subirrigation on salvia photosynthesis and plant growth, and to verify the feasibility of subirrigation use in water stress imposition research in this crop. We evaluated two substrate volumetric water contents (VWC) as treatments (0.2 and 0.4 m3 m-3) to trigger subirrigation, with 4 replications. Each replication was composed of 10 plants. An automated semi-continuous multi-chamber crop CO2-exchange system was used, with capacitance soil moisture sensors for continuous moisture monitoring. Manual subirrigation with nutrient solution was performed when VWC dropped below the thresholds. In both treatments, the values of net photosynthesis, daily carbon gain and carbon use efficiency reduced over time, from 2 to 1.1 μmol s-1 from 2.2 to 1 μmol d-1 from 0.7 to 0.45 mol mol-1, respectively, in both soil moisture treatments. Total shoot dry mass (p=0.0129), shoot height in the tip of the highest flower (p<0.0001) and total leaf area (p=0.0007) were statistically higher at 0.4 m3 m-3 treatment. The subirrigation system was not efficient to impose water stress, due to excessive variation on VWC values after each irrigation event in both treatments. Higher soil moisture promoted positive plant growth responses in salvia cultivated by subirrigation.

Comparison of the Californian Desert Dunes With the Mediterranean Coastal Dunes at the Sea Shores

2004 ◽  
Author(s):  
Levent Yilmaz
Keyword(s):  
Fluid Flow ◽  
Flow Structure ◽  
Sand Dunes ◽  
Computational Simulation ◽  
Coastal Dunes ◽  
Sand Transport ◽  
Fluid Properties ◽  
Dune Morphology ◽  
Desert Dunes ◽  
Mixed Fluid

The development of the dunes is governed by the effects of turbulence. Turbulence is a type of fluid flow that is strongly rotational and apparently chaotic. Turbulence separates nearby parcels of air and thus mixed fluid properties. The evolution of sand dunes is determined by the interactions between the atmosphere, the surface and the transport and deposition of sand. We are concerned with this physical process and its computational simulation from three perspectives; namely, (1) flow structure; (2) sand transport and deposition and (3) interactions between flow structure and sand transport-deposition, which determine the dune morphology.

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