scholarly journals Optimizing content of Pyrovatex CP New and Knittex FFRC in flameretardant treatment for cotton fabric

2021 ◽  
Vol 72 (03) ◽  
pp. 315-323
Author(s):  
NGUYEN THI HUONG ◽  
VU THI HONG KHANH ◽  
NGUYEN PHAM DUY LINH
Keyword(s):  
Tensile Strength ◽  
Flame Retardant ◽  
Cotton Fabric ◽  
Treatment Process ◽  
Crosslinking Agent ◽  
Design Expert ◽  
Flammability Characteristics ◽  
Design Type ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Central Composite

In this study, the flame-retardant treatment for cotton fabric has been done by using the commercial organophosphoruscompounds labelled Pyrovatex CP New (PR). Knittex FFRC (K), a formaldehyde-free crosslinking agent, has been usedto enhance the link between Pyrovatex CP New and Cellulose molecules. The flame-retardant treatment process forcotton fabric has been done by the pad-dry-cure technique. The purpose of the study is to predict the optimal PyrovatexCP New and Knittex FFRC concentrations with the highest fire resistance efficiency, minimum loss for mechanicalproperties and minimum formaldehyde release for the treated fabric. To achieve this goal, the response surfacemethodology (RSM) was used to find the relationship between the controlled experimental factors and the observedresults. The central composite design type face centred (CCF) was applied as experimental design. According to thisexperimental design, 10 experiments were carried out. The chemical uptake rate, vertical flammability characteristics,LOI value, tensile strength and formaldehyde-free content of the untreated and treated samples were determined. Fourresponse models between the reagent concentrations and the add-on amount, LOI value, warp and weft tensile strengthof the treated fabric were obtained by the assistance of software Design-Expert V 10.0.8. The R-squared values of thesemodels were above 80% confirming their significances. The optimal conditions when combining three parameters (LOI,warp tensile strength and weft tensile strength) were selected as 450 g/l Pyrovatex CP New and 107,575 g/l KnittexFFRC with the assistance of Design-Expert software

scholarly journals Established an eco-friendly cotton fabric treating process with enhancing anti-wrinkle performance

2021 ◽  
Vol 16 ◽  
pp. 155892502110034
Author(s):  
Xiongfang Luo ◽  
Pei Cheng ◽  
Wencong Wang ◽  
Jiajia Fu ◽  
Weidong Gao
Keyword(s):  
Tensile Strength ◽  
Citric Acid ◽  
Cotton Fabric ◽  
Crosslinking Agent ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Waterborne Polyurethane ◽  
Cotton Fabrics ◽  
Wrinkle Resistance ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Strength Retention

This study establishes an eco-friendly anti-wrinkle treating process for cotton fabric. Sodium hydroxide-liquid ammonia pretreatment followed by 6% (w/w) PU100 adding citric acid pad-cure-dry finishing. In this process, citric acid (CA) was used as the fundamental crosslinking agent during finishing because it is a non-formaldehyde based, cost-effective and well wrinkle resistance agent. Environmental-friendly waterborne polyurethane (WPU) was used as an additive to add to the CA finishing solution. Six commercial WPUs were systematically investigated. Fabric properties like wrinkle resistance, tensile strength retention, whiteness, durable press, softness, and wettability were well investigated. Fourier transform infrared spectra and X-ray diffraction spectra were also measured and discussed before and after adding waterborne polyurethane. Tentative mechanism of the interaction among the WPU, CA, and modified cotton fabrics is provided. The effect of cotton fabric pretreatment on fabric performance was also investigated. After the eco-process’s treatment, the fabric wrinkle resistant angle was upgraded to 271 ± 7°, tensile strength retention was maintained at 66.77% ± 3.50% and CIE whiteness was elevated to 52.13 ± 3.21, which are much better than the traditional CA anti-wrinkle finishing based on mercerized cotton fabrics. This study provides useful information for textile researchers and engineers.

Mechanical Properties of Al 6063 Processed with Equal Channel Angular Extrusion under Varying Process Parameters

2021 ◽  
Vol 54 ◽  
pp. 23-32
Author(s):  
T.M. Azeez ◽  
Lateef O. Mudashiru ◽  
T.B. Asafa ◽  
A.A. Adeleke ◽  
Peter Pelumi Ikubanni
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Tensile Strength ◽  
Process Parameters ◽  
Equal Channel Angular Extrusion ◽  
Design Expert ◽  
Software Analysis ◽  
Angular Extrusion ◽  
Output Factors ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Optimum Input

Mechanical properties of extruded aluminum are known to significantly depend on the process parameters such as temperature, numbers of extrusion pass and extrusion load among others. This implies that these properties can be influenced by tuning the process parameters. Herein, the effects of these parameters on the tensile strength and hardness of aluminum 6063 series were investigated by using equal channel angular extrusion (ECAE). Experiments were designed using Design Expert software. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) was then used to investigate the main and interactions effects of the process parameters. An empirical mathematical model was generated that shows the relationship between the input and output variables using response surface methodology. Temperature was found to be the most significant factor while extrusion load was the least factor that influenced the hardness and tensile strength which were the output factors. There was a significant increase in tensile strength and hardness after extrusion at different mix of factors. The optimum input variable was discovered at 1020.58 kN, 489.67°C and 3 numbers of extrusion passes.

scholarly journals Application of Plasma Activation in Flame-Retardant Treatment for Cotton Fabric

Polymers ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (7) ◽  
pp. 1575
Author(s):  
Huong Nguyen Thi ◽  
Khanh Vu Thi Hong ◽  
Thanh Ngo Ha ◽  
Duy-Nam Phan
Keyword(s):  
Tensile Strength ◽  
Mechanical Strength ◽  
Flame Retardant ◽  
Cotton Fabric ◽  
Photoelectron Spectroscopy ◽  
Curing Temperature ◽  
Sem Images ◽  
Limiting Oxygen Index ◽  
Xps Spectra ◽  
Plasma Activation

Cotton fabric treated by Pyrovatex CP New (PCN) and Knittex FFRC (K-FFRC) using the Pad-dry-cure method showed an excellent fire-retardant effect. However, it needed to be cured at high temperatures for a long time leading to a high loss of mechanical strength. In this study, atmospheric-pressure dielectric barrier discharge (APDBD) plasma was applied to the cotton fabric, which then was treated by flame retardants (FRs) using the pad–dry-cure method. The purpose was to have a flame-retardant cotton fabric (limiting oxygen index (LOI) ≥ 25) and a mechanical loss of the treated fabric due to the curing step as low as possible. To achieve this goal, 10 experiments were performed. The vertical flammability characteristics, LOI value and tensile strength of the treated fabrics were measured. A response model between the LOI values of the treated fabric and two studied variables (temperature and time of the curing step) was found. It was predicted that the optimal temperature and time-to-cure to achieve LOI of 25 was at 160 °C for 90 s, while the flame-retardant treatment process without plasma pretreatment, was at 180 °C and 114 s. Although the curing temperature and the time have decreased significantly, the loss of mechanical strength of the treated fabric is still high. The tensile strength and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) images of the fabric after plasma activation show that the plasma treatment itself also damages the mechanical strength of the fabric. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) spectra of the fabric after plasma activation and energy-dispersive spectroscopy (EDS) analysis of the flame retardant-treated (FRT) fabric clarified the role of plasma activation in this study.

scholarly journals Influence of crosslinking agent on the effectiveness of flame retardant treatment for cotton fabric

2019 ◽  
Vol 70 (05) ◽  
pp. 413-420 ◽  
Author(s):  
VU THI HONG KHANH ◽  
NGUYEN THI HUONG
Keyword(s):  
Flame Retardant ◽  
Cotton Fabric ◽  
Flame Retardancy ◽  
Crosslinking Agent ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
Test Characteristics ◽  
Laundering Durability ◽  
Curing Method ◽  
Ethylene Urea ◽  
The Impact

In this study, the commercial organophosphorus compound Pyrovatex CP New was used as a flame retardant for cotton fabric. Citric acid and a modified dihydroxy ethylene urea (DHEU) labelled Knittex FFRC were used as crosslinking to increase the flame-retardant laundering durability of treated cotton fabric. There have been some studies showing that Chitosan has the potential to improve flame retardancy and laundering durability of flame retardant treated cotton fabric. Thus, Chitosan, which has the molecular weight of 2.600 (water soluble) and the deacetylation degree of approximately 75%, is added to finishing solution for flame retardant treatment of cotton fabric. The padding-drying-curing method was used in this study. After treatment, all samples were examined to determine the chemical absorption level. The 45° flammability test characteristics and LOI value of untreated and treated samples after different number of washing cycle were determined to assess the flame retardancy of the treated fabric and its laundering durability. In addition, to assess the impact of this treatment on the mechanical strength and ecology of the fabric, the tensile strength and free formaldehyde content of the treated fabric were also evaluated

Flame Retardant Finishing and Dyeing of Cotton Fabric in One Bath

2020 ◽  
Vol 7 (4) ◽  
pp. 9-14
Author(s):  
Pengshuang He ◽  
Chaohong Dong ◽  
Xiaoyan Chen ◽  
Peng Wang ◽  
Zhou Lu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Tensile Strength ◽  
Flame Retardant ◽  
Cotton Fabric ◽  
Reactive Dyes ◽  
Treatment Temperature ◽  
Color Fastness ◽  
Dye Uptake ◽  
Flame Resistance ◽  
Saving Energy ◽  
Hydrogen Phosphite

Flame resistant cotton fabric is usually dyed first, and is then treated with a flame retardant by the pad-dry-cure technique. In this research, cotton fabric was treated with 2-(2-aminoethyl hydrogen phosphite)-4,6-dichloro-1,3,5-triazine (APDCT). APDCT contains s-triazine groups, which are the same used by reactive dyes. This process allows cotton fabric dyeing and flame retardant treatment to occur simultaneously, while decreasing treatment temperature, improving efficiency, and saving energy. Optimal treatment was determined by the percent dye uptake, fixation, and fabric flame resistance. The color fastness to rubbing of the treated cotton fabric was almost unchanged. The tensile strength of the treated cotton fabric was slightly reduced.

scholarly journals Multistage artificial aging optimization for tensile properties of Duralium using Response Surface Method (RSM)

2018 ◽  
Vol 204 ◽  
pp. 00007 ◽  
Author(s):  
Poppy Puspitasari ◽  
Tsamroh Dewi Izzatus ◽  
Mochamad Achyarsyah ◽  
Beny Bandanajaya ◽  
Dewi puspitasari
Keyword(s):  
Tensile Strength ◽  
Aging Process ◽  
Artificial Aging ◽  
Optimum Parameter ◽  
Treatment Process ◽  
Design Matrix ◽  
Heat Treatment Process ◽  
Significant Parameter ◽  
Surface Method ◽  
Central Composite

This study developing mathematical model to optimize heat treatment process to obtain the most significant parameter that affected tensile strength of duralium through multistage artificial aging. The process parameters in this study were temperature of aging, holding time of aging, and artificial aging process was conducted in double stages. The experiments were conducted according to central composite design matrix. The adequacy of developed model was analysed by analysis of variance (ANOVA). The optimum parameter of multistage artificial aging was obtained for maximum tensile strength of duralium.

Preparation and application of polyaldehyde trehalose as a new hydrophilic anti-crease finishing agent for cotton fabric

2020 ◽  
pp. 004051752094296
Author(s):  
Jiangfei Lou ◽  
Jiugang Yuan ◽  
Qiang Wang ◽  
Ping Wang ◽  
Jin Xu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Tensile Strength ◽  
Cotton Fabric ◽  
Crosslinking Agent ◽  
Proton Nuclear Magnetic Resonance ◽  
Optimum Process ◽  
Process Conditions ◽  
Hydroxyl Groups ◽  
Reactive Groups ◽  
Finishing Agent ◽  
Aldehyde Groups

Polyaldehyde trehalose (OTr) was prepared and applied to cotton fabric as an anti-crease finishing agent under Lewis acid conditions. OTr contains reactive groups (aldehyde groups) and hydrophilic groups (hydroxyl groups). After the aldehyde groups crosslink with the hydroxyl groups of the fibers, the hydroxyl groups of the OTr improve the hydrophilicity of the finished fabric. The target product was characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and proton nuclear magnetic resonance. The optimum process conditions for anti-crease finishing were studied. The optimal anti-crease finishing process for OTr was 10.0%, a MgCl2 concentration of 2.0%, a pH of 3, and curing for 3 min at 150℃. The efficiency of the OTr-treated cotton fabrics was examined, and the anti-crease property, whiteness, tensile strength, hydrophilicity, and staining property of the OTr and conventional anti-crease finishing reagents were compared. The anti-crease property, whiteness, and tensile strength of the OTr-treated fabric improved significantly, but were lower than those of the butane tetracarboxylic acid and glutaraldehyde. Fabric that was treated with the new prepared agent presented a satisfactory hydrophilicity, which indicates that OTr can be used as an effective hydrophilic crosslinking agent.

Fabric Finishing with Flame Retardant Coating

2016 ◽  
Vol 721 ◽  
pp. 409-413 ◽  
Author(s):  
Arita Micule ◽  
Skaidrite Reihmane ◽  
Ilze Baltina
Keyword(s):  
Tensile Strength ◽  
Flame Retardant ◽  
Cotton Fabric ◽  
Abrasion Resistance ◽  
Mechanical Characteristics ◽  
Additional Treatment ◽  
Antimony Trioxide ◽  
Textile Materials ◽  
Flat Screen ◽  
Coating Method

Due to its wide application improvement of fire protection of materials has always been topical. Aim of the research is to render textile materials less flammable in an economically and environmentally friendly manner using modified commercial products. Plain wave cotton fabric pretreated with cyclic phosphonate flame retardant (FR) Itoflam PES was used in experiments. Printing pastes Printperfect LAC 60, Tubiscreen EX-TS and Printperfect EX-AR with additive antimony trioxide (Sb2O3) were used for additional treatment of cotton fabric via flat screen coating method. FR properties, physico – mechanical characteristics (tensile strength, elongation, stiffness, abrasion resistance) were examined. It is concluded that foamed coating increases the stiffness and abrasion resistance of material. Recommendations for material application are given.

scholarly journals OPTIMIZING CURING CONDITIONS IN FLAME RETARDANT TREATMENT FOR COTTON FABRIC

2019 ◽  
Vol 2019 ◽  
pp. 91-95
Author(s):  
Huong- Thi NGUYEN ◽  
Hong Khanh – Thi VU
Keyword(s):  
Cotton Fabric ◽  
Curing Temperature ◽  
Response Models ◽  
Curing Conditions ◽  
Flammability Characteristics ◽  
Central Composite Designs ◽  
Face Centered ◽  
Composite Designs ◽  
Central Composite ◽  
Design Experiments

The study of the influence of curing conditions on the properties of the cotton fabric treated with Pyrovatex CP New (PR) and Knittex FFRC was carried out with 10 experiments. The central composite designs type face centered (CCF) was used to design experiments. In these experiments, the curing temperature was varied from 160o C to 180o C and the curing time from 60-120 seconds. The chemical uptake rate, vertical flammability characteristics, LOI value, tensile strength of the untreated and treated samples were determined. Based on the results, 5 response models between the determined properties of the treated fabric and two studied variables were found. From these models, the optimal curing temperature and time were found with the highest fire resistance efficiency and minimum loss for the mechanical properties. They are 180o C and 113.7 seconds

PROCESS OPTIMIZATION OF ECO-FRIENDLY FLAME RETARDANT FINISH FOR COTTON FABRIC: A RESPONSE SURFACE METHODOLOGY APPROACH

2017 ◽  
Vol 24 (08) ◽  
pp. 1750114 ◽  
Author(s):  
SOHAIL YASIN ◽  
MASSIMO CURTI ◽  
NEMESHWAREE BEHARY ◽  
ANNE PERWUELZ ◽  
STEPHANE GIRAUD ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Response Surface Methodology ◽  
Flame Retardant ◽  
Response Surface ◽  
Cotton Fabric ◽  
Crosslinking Agent ◽  
Statistical Design ◽  
Sodium Hypophosphite ◽  
Regression Equations ◽  
Flame Retardant Properties

The [Formula: see text]-methylol dimethyl phosphono propionamide (MDPA) flame retardant compounds are predominantly used for cotton fabric treatments with trimethylol melamine (TMM) to obtain better crosslinking and enhanced flame retardant properties. Nevertheless, such treatments are associated with a toxic issue of cancer-causing formaldehyde release. An eco-friendly finishing was used to get formaldehyde-free fixation of flame retardant to the cotton fabric. Citric acid as a crosslinking agent along with the sodium hypophosphite as a catalyst in the treatment was utilized. The process parameters of the treatment were enhanced for optimized flame retardant properties, in addition, low mechanical loss to the fabric by response surface methodology using Box–Behnken statistical design experiment methodology was achieved. The effects of concentrations on the fabric’s properties (flame retardancy and mechanical properties) were evaluated. The regression equations for the prediction of concentrations and mechanical properties of the fabric were also obtained for the eco-friendly treatment. The R-squared values of all the responses were above 0.95 for the reagents used, indicating the degree of relationship between the predicted values by the Box–Behnken design and the actual experimental results. It was also found that the concentration parameters (crosslinking reagents and catalysts) in the treatment formulation have a prime role in the overall performance of flame retardant cotton fabrics.

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