scholarly journals SEISMICITY of the NORTHERN CAUCASUS in 2015

Author(s):  
I. Gabsatarova ◽  
L. Koroletski ◽  
L. Ivanova ◽  
A. Sayapina ◽  
S. Bagaeva ◽  
...  

Seismic monitoring in the region in 2015 was carried out by a seismic network consisting of 59 stations. Digital equipment was installed at all stations in the second half of the year. The network capability was assessed by the level of seismic noise at the stations: in most of the region, the network provided registration of an earthquake from КR7.0, in the central (including the Greater Sochi region) and eastern parts of the region – КR6.0, and in some local zones with КR5.5. 2,276 earthquakes were registered, 17 earthquakes were felt in the settlements of the Caucasus. The maximum intensity VII at MSK-64 (SSI-17) scale was noted from the earthquake in the territory of Azerbaijan. The earthquake on November 3, which occurred on the platform territory within the Stavropol arch, felt IV at MSK-64. The strongest earthquakes were recorded in the Terek-Caspian and Kura troughs and in the eastern part of the Greater Caucasus. The seismicity of the North Caucasus in 2015 in accordance with the seismicity scale "SOUS-09" was set as the "background average" for the observation period from 1962 to 2015.

Author(s):  
Irina Gabsatarova ◽  
L. Koroletski ◽  
A. Sayapina ◽  
S. Bagaeva ◽  
Z. Adilov ◽  
...  

In 2014 a seismic network consisting of 60 stations, 57 of which were equipped with digital equipment, operated in the region. 1695 earthquakes and 63 explosions in industrial quarries were recorded within the region boundaries. In the settlements of the Caucasus, 21 earthquakes were felt. The maximum intensity did not exceed Imax=4 on the MSK-64 (SIS-17) scale. Such intensity was observed from earthquakes in the territories of Ingushetia–Chechnya and Azerbaijan. The aftershock process of the strong East Black Sea earthquake on December 23, 2012 (Мw=5.8) off the coast of Abkhazia continued. In 2014 about a hundred earthquakes with KP=5.3–9.5 were recorded. In the central part of Azov sea, two earthquakes with KP=9.9 and 7.4 were recorded in January and December. The earthquakes with intermediate depths in the Tersko-Caspian trough (Tersko-Sunzhenskaya zone) with КР> 9.5 were not recorded. Two strong earthquakes with KP=12 and intermediate depths occurred in the Kurin Depression of Azerbaijan and in the Caspian Sea. A swarm of weak earthquakes with КР=5.7–8.8 was recorded on December 13–15 in the Black Sea near Tuapse. In 2014 the most part of the earthquakes were recorded in the Tersko-Caspian and Kurin troughs, in the eastern part of the Greater Caucasus. According to the level of energy released, the seismicity of the territory of the North Caucasus in 2014 was characterized in accordance with the “SOUS-09” seismicity scale as “background average” for the observation period from 1962 to 2014.


Author(s):  
Irina Gabsatarov ◽  
L. Koroletski ◽  
E. Selivanova ◽  
E. Artyomova ◽  
O. Kamenskaya

. It is reported that 59 seismic stations operated in the region in 2013. In the western and eastern parts of the region, new stations equipped with Russian digital equipment UGRA were opened: Aibga, Fisht, Karaman. The seismic network recorded 1941 earthquakes and 34 explosions in industrial quarries. 37 earthquakes were felt in the settlements of the Caucasus. The maximum shaking intensity, equal to Imax=6 on the MSK-64 scale, was felt during earthquakes on April 16 at 12h26m with КР=11.8 in the settlements of Kichi-Gamri, Mamaul, Myurego of Dagestan. Swarms of weak earthquakes with КР=4–8 were recorded in the Greater So-chi, Krasnaya Polyana areas, in Kabardino-Balkaria, and in the adjacent territory of Georgia in the area of Kazbek volcano. The area of manifestation of earthquakes with intermediate hypocenter depths, which previously belonged only to the Terek-Caspian trough (the territory of the Chechen Republic) along the diagonal Benoy-Eldarov suture zone, expanded in 2013 to the southeast and advanced under the structures of the Dagestan wedge. According to the level of seismic energy released, seismicity of the territory of the North Caucasus in 2013 characterized in accordance with the scale of the seismicity level as “background low” for the period of observations from 1962 to 2013. The strongest earthquakes occur in the connection zones of the main tectonic structures.


2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
V.A. Dmitriev

В статье исследуется связь объектной зоны этнографической науки, народной традиционной культуры и историко-культурного наследия как формы современной актуализации культуры прошлого. В качестве модели этнографического изучения культурного наследия рассматриваются последствия для региональной культуры народов Северного Кавказа деятельности местной трассы Великого шелкового пути самой крупной евразийской трассы эпохи Древности и Средневековья. Основой подхода является представление региональных участков трасс великих путей Евразии как культургеоценозов, сложение культурного наследия в которых имеет как местные корни, так и последствия их включения в большой культургеоценоз Великого шелкового пути. В пределах региональной культуры народов Северного Кавказа такими культургеоценозами признаются части ареалов шелководства и шелкоткачества на Кавказе и крупные ареалы высокогорья (область башенных памятников Большого Кавказа) и предгорий Северного Кавказа (районы, входившие в социально-политическое пространство Великой Черкесии).The article discusses the relationship between folk traditional culture and historical and cultural heritage as a form of contemporary actualization of the culture of the past. The results of the activities of the local route of the Great Silk Road for the regional culture of the peoples of the North Caucasus are regarded as a model for an ethnographic study of cultural heritage. The basis of the approach is the presentation of regional sections of the routes of the great roads of Eurasia as culture geocenoses. The formation of cultural heritage in such culture geocenoses has both local roots and consequences of their inclusion in the large culture geocenosis of the Great Silk Road. Within the regional culture of the peoples of the North Caucasus such geocenoses are parts of the silkgrowing and silkweaving areas of the Caucasus, large areas of high mountains (the area of handicraft sites of mountainous Dagestan and the area of tower monuments of the Greater Caucasus) and the foothills of the North Caucasus (areas included in the sociopolitical space of Great Circassia). Sericulture in the northern part of the Caucasus was the occupation of the population of the forested foothills of the Greater Caucasus, but at the end of the 19th century the population of West Adyg and Abkhaz lands were excluded from this occupation. From the Caspian Sea to Kabarda, inclusive, the craft of weaving womens shawls with silk threads was spread. Printed fabrics and patterned textile materials came to the North Caucasus from the South Caucasian urban centers mainly located near the Caspian Sea. At the same time, part of the population of the region of the NorthEastern Caucasus steadily specialized in the production of silkworm eggs. The internal roads of Dagestan associated with the route of the Great Silk Road have played a historic role in the promotion of stimulating cultural impulses into the economic life of the highlanders. This may explain the concentration of settlements in mountainous Dagestan, whose population specialized in various types of artistic craft. Indirect evidence of the involvement of internal Dagestan in the channels of distribution and accumulation of samples of imported silk in the Caucasus is the socalled phenomenon Kaytag embroidery. The formation of the area of North Caucasian towers is associated with climatic and political changes in the region, characteristic of the final period of its inclusion in the section of the Great Silk Road. The article makes an assumption about the dependence of the genesis of the socioeconomic specifics of Great Circassia on the need to preserve the previous trade relations in the era that followed the cessation of the functioning of the Great Silk Road in the Caucasus.


Author(s):  
В.Б. Свалова ◽  
В.Б. Заалишвили ◽  
Г.П. Ганапати ◽  
А.В. Николаев

Горные и прибрежные районы являются регионами наиболее подверженным стихийным бедствиям. Некоторые горные районы, которые уязвимы для оползней, также подвергались воздействию землетрясений. Когда в таких районах происходит землетрясение, риск возникновения оползня значительно возрастает. Природные опасности наносят огромный урон в мире и ежегодно их жертвами становятся множество людей. Концепция естественного риска может быть успешно использована для анализа природных опасностей и смягчения риска. Горные и предгорные районы Северного Кавказа расположены в зоне альпийской тектономагматической активации Большого Кавказа и характеризуются интенсивными геодинамическими процессами, наличием активных вулканов, высокой сейсмичностью (9-10 баллов) пульсирующими ледниками и самым широким развитием геологических опасностей различных генетических типов. Проблема сейсмической опасности и оценки риска Северного Кавказа генетически связана с активностью Большого Кавказа, самые сильные сейсмические события которого играют определяющую роль для некоторых регионов Северного Кавказа. Mountainous and coastal areas are the most affected regions for natural hazards. Certain mountainous areas are vulnerable to landslides but have also been affected by earthquakes. When an earthquake occurs in such areas, the risks for a landslide to occur grow tremendously. Natural hazards cause huge damage in the world and kill many people each year. The concept of natural risk can be successfully used for natural hazards analysis and reduction. Mountain and foothill areas of Northern Caucasus are located in the zone of alpine tectonomagmatic activation of Greater Caucasus and they characterized by intense geodynamic processes, the presence of active volcanoes, pulsating glaciers high seismicity (9-10 points) and broadest development of geohazards with different genetic types. The problem of seismic hazard and risk assessment of the North Caucasus is genetically related to the activity of the Greater Caucasus, the strongest seismic events of which play a determining role for some regions of the North Caucasus.


2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ruslan Shangaraev ◽  
Aidamir Valiev

Turkey offers itself to be a regional leader for the Middle East, North Africa, partly for the Balkans and the Caucasus, while pursuing its own interests, not least economic ones. Turkey's foreign policy activation, and not only in the South, but also in the North Caucasus, is probably intended to create an additional platform for foreign policy bargaining with Moscow on issues of interest to Ankara. When analyzing the foreign policy of Turkey during the rule of the ruling Justice and Development Party, of course, you need to pay special attention to the foreign policy concept of neo-Ottomanism, the architect of which is Ahmet Davutoglu. The developed new approach "strategic depth" means that for Turkish diplomacy, Turkey's deep historical and cultural roots in the Balkans, the Middle East, the Greater Caucasus and Central Asia (former territories of the Ottoman Empire) are more important than the existing state borders. The pragmatism of Ankara's foreign policy is also manifested in a sober assessment of the popularity in the Caucasus of such ideas as Great Turan (a pan-Turkic project of a single state for all ethnic Turks) and neo-Ottomanism. For Caucasians, the times of the rule of the Ottoman Empire are the golden age of prosperity. Turanism is more aimed at awakening "kindred feelings" based on the common Turkic heritage. "They are implementing practical humanitarian projects, identifying leaders of public opinion who are ready to cooperate. Ankara is pursuing a policy of small steps in order to change the social and cultural image of the region in the long term. In general, Turkish leader is confident that due to historical reasons and the realities of modern politics The Caucasus is a zone of direct strategic interests of Turkey. Ankara, relying on the support of the United States and NATO, takes an active part in most regional political and economic projects, actively intervenes in the affairs of the Middle East, South Caucasus, Central Asian and North African regions, tries to strengthen its role beyond their borders, which often overlaps with the national interests of Russia.


2020 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 123-151
Author(s):  
Denis Sokolov

In the 2000s, Al-Qaeda, represented by the Caucasus Emirate, took over the first Chechen resistance, as well as local Islamist armed groups in Dagestan and other republics of the North Caucasus. However, a decade later, the Islamic State won the competition with Al-Qaeda, by including the involvement of women in its project. Hundreds of Russian-speaking Muslim women followed men to live by the rules of Islam. Some joined their husbands or children. Others travelled to the Islamic State in pursuit of love and romance with future husbands they had met on the internet. Based on exclusive interviews done with women detained in the Roj detention camp in the Kurdish territories in northeastern Syria near the Iraqi border, this article analyzes some of the trajectories that has pushed young North Caucasian women to the Syrian war theater in the name of love.


2018 ◽  
Vol 52 (2) ◽  
pp. 455-462 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. Ya. Doroshina ◽  
I. A. Nikolajev

Sphagnum mires on the Greater Caucasus are rare, characterized by the presence of relict plant communities of glacial age and are in a stage of degradation. The study of Sphagnum of Chefandzar and Masota mires is carried out for the first time. Seven species of Sphagnum are recorded. Their distribution and frequency within the North Caucasus are analyzed. Sphagnum contortum, S. platyphyllum, S. russowii, S. squarrosum are recorded for the first time for the study area and for the flora of North Ossetia. The other mosses found in the study area are listed.


2018 ◽  
Vol 52 (2) ◽  
pp. 397-406
Author(s):  
A. B. Ismailov ◽  
G. P. Urbanavichus

The lichens and lichenicolous fungi of high mountainous landscapes of Samurskiy Ridge were studied in altitudinal range 2400–3770 m a. s. l. for the first time and 112 species are recorded. Among them 33 species, 10 genera (Arthrorhaphis, Baeomyces, Calvitimela, Epilichen, Lambiella, Psorinia, Rufoplaca, Sagedia, Sporastatia, Tremolecia) and 4 families (Anamylopsoraceae, Arthrorhaphidaceae, Baeomycetaceae, Hymeneliaceae) are new for Dagestan, six species (Buellia uberior, Carbonea atronivea, Lecanora atrosulphurea, Lecidea fuliginosa, L. swartzioidea, Rhizoplaca subdiscrepans) are reported for the first time for the Greater Caucasus and two species (Acarospora subpruinata and Rhizocarpon postumum) — for the North Caucasus. Most of the new findings were collected from 3500–3770 m a. s. l.


2020 ◽  
Vol 61 ◽  
pp. 69-76
Author(s):  
A. E. Dedova

This paper presents the results of two years of research (2018-2019) of the most important phonological phases of seasonal growth and development, biometric parameters, productivity and economic efficiency of new varieties of Chinese plum (P. salicina Lindl.) grown in the foothill zone of the North Caucasus in the Krymsk district of Krasnodar territory on a plot of the Krymsk experimental breeding station – branch of VIR. As a result of research, the varieties Angeleno, Black Star, Byron Gold, Black Amber, Larry Ann and Sun Gold were recommended for cultivation using intensive technologies.


Author(s):  
Х.М. Хетагуров

Кленовники Северного Кавказа – особый тип лесных формаций. Особенность проявляется не только в структуре фитоценозов, но и в способах самовозобновления. Объект исследования – чистые и смешанные кленовники в нескольких урочищах РСО-Алания. Объекты расположены в различных условиях горного рельефа и на разной высоте над уровнем моря, от 1100 до 1900 м. Целью исследования является установление особенностей семенного возобновления кленовников, произрастающих в верхнем поясе распространения лесов на Северном Кавказе. Для достижения поставленной цели устанавливали время цветения и созревания семян по вертикальным поясам распространения кленовников. Обилие цветения и средний балл плодоношения устанавливали по В.Г. Капперу. Биометрические характеристики семян определяли по урочищам в трех повторностях. Учет подроста проводили на круговых учетных площадках по 10 м2, в соответствии с методикой А.В. Грязькина. Установлено, что цветение клена Траутфеттера начинается 10–14 мая и заканчивается в третьей декаде мая. Семена начинают созревать к концу августа – к началу сентября. Сроки опадения семян растянуты. Часть семян попадает на почву до начала листопада, поэтому они оказываются погребенными под опадом. Такие семена быстро теряют всхожесть, выпревают. Другая часть опадает вместе с листьями. Третья категория семян (самые легкие) держатся на деревьях до декабря и даже до весны. Естественное возобновление клена семенами под пологом материнского древостоя сильно затруднено из-за мощного травяного покрова. В древостое с сомкнутым пологом доля цветущих и плодоносящих деревьев составляет 2–3%, а средний балл плодоношения составляет 1,3. Освещенность на поверхности почвы не превышает 100 люкс, т. е. составляет 0,2–0,3% от освещенности на открытом месте; на высоте 1,3 м (над травостоем) освещенность несколько выше – от 1,2 до 1,6 тыс. люкс. Под пологом древостоя преобладает подрост вегетативного происхождения. У верхней границы кленового леса подрост семенного происхождения встречается в окнах, прогалинах и на открытых местах в количестве 430–630 экз./га. По высоте преобладает крупный подрост 50–60%, доля мелкого – 10–20%. The maple stands of the North Caucasus – a special type of forest formations. The peculiarity is manifested not only in the structure of phytocoenoses, but also in the ways of self-renewing. Object of research – pure and mixed maple stands in some areas of North Ossetia-Alania. The properties are located in various mountainous terrain and at different heights above sea level from 1100 to 1900 m. The aim of the study is to establish the characteristics of the seed the resumption of the maple stands growing in the upper belt of forests spread in the Northern Caucasus. To achieve this goal setting time of flowering and ripening of seeds on vertical zones distribution dominated. The abundance of flowering and the average score of fruiting was established by V.G. Capper. Biometric characteristics of the seeds was determined by the tracts in three replicates. Accounting for the undergrowth was carried out on a circular experimental plots at 10 m2, in accordance with the method of A.V. Grashkin. It is established that the flowering maple Trautvetter begins may 10–14 and ends in the third week of may. Seeds begin to ripen by late August – early September. The timing of subsidence of the stretched seed. Some of the seeds falls to the ground before the leaves, so they are trapped under the litter. These seeds quickly lose their germination, vypivaet. The other part falls along with the leaves. The third category of seeds (the light) stay on the trees until December and even till spring. Natural regeneration of maple seeds under the canopy of parent stand is very difficult due to the strong grass cover. In forest stands with dense canopy, proportion of flowering and fruit-bearing trees is 2–3%, and the average score of fruiting is 1.3. The illumination on the surface of the soil does not exceed 100 Lux, i. e. 0.2–0.3% of the light in the open, at a height of 1.3 m (on grass) the lighting is slightly higher, from 1.2 to 1.6 thousand Suite. Under the canopy of the forest the undergrowth is dominated by vegetative origin. At the upper boundary of the maple forest, saplings of seed origin occurs in Windows, clearings and open places in the number 430–630 ind./ha. In height dominated by large undergrowth of 50–60%, the share of small – 10–20%.


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