scholarly journals Identification of the ploidy level of plants in grape breeding

2021 ◽  
pp. 322-329
Author(s):  
В.П. Клименко ◽  
Е.А. Лущай ◽  
А.С. Абдурашитова
Keyword(s):  
Flow Cytometry ◽  
Stomatal Density ◽  
Morphological Characteristics ◽  
Direct Methods ◽  
Pcr Analysis ◽  
Leaf Epidermis ◽  
Antimitotic Agent ◽  
Indirect Methods ◽  
Non Destructive ◽  
Direct And Indirect Methods

Полиплоидные формы обращают на себя внимание своими положительными свойствами, одним из которых является увеличение по сравнению с диплоидными сортами размеров хозяйственно ценных органов. Значительное количество работ по полиплоидии растений в последнее время обусловлено развитием аналитических методов, таких как современные способы приготовления цитогенетических препаратов, цифровая микроскопия, проточная цитометрия, ПЦР-анализ. В настоящее время для получения полиплоидных форм растений используют системы культуры ткани. Успех индукции полиплоидии зависит от различных факторов: состава питательной среды, антимитотического агента, типа эксплантов, времени воздействия и концентрации веществ. В программах создания полиплоидных форм растений проводят исследования с использованием прямого подсчета хромосом, проточной цитометрии, ПЦР-анализа, а также косвенных методов изучения морфологических особенностей объектов. Методы изучения структуры эпидермиса листа являются простыми, быстрыми, неразрушающими и не требующими дорогих реагентов или оборудования. В качестве морфологических индикаторов плоидности обычно используют параметры устьиц (частота устьиц, размеры замыкающих клеток и количество хлоропластов в устьицах). Предлагаются простые протоколы прямого и косвенного методов анализа плоидности винограда. Наиболее успешными работами в области изучения плоидности растений можно считать исследования комплексные. Косвенные методы анализа следует использовать для массового скрининга исходной выборки, прямые методы - для точного изучения генома отобранных растений. Изучение морфологических особенностей эпидермиса листьев может быть использовано в селекционных программах создания виноградных полиплоидов. Исследование дает рациональное обоснование дальнейшей работы по анализу цитогенетических и морфологических особенностей полиплоидных растений винограда. Polyploid forms attract attention for their positive properties, one of which is an increase in the size of economically valuable organs compared to diploid varieties. A significant number of works on plant polyploidy in recent years is due to the development of analytical methods, such as modern methods for the preparation of microslides, digital microscopy, flow cytometry, PCR- analysis. Tissue culture systems are currently used to obtain polyploid forms of plants. The success of polyploidy induction depends on various factors, such as composition of the nutrient medium, antimitotic agent, type of explants, time of exposure, and concentration of substances. In programs for creating polyploid forms of plants, the research is carried out using direct chromosome counting, flow cytometry, PCR-analysis, as well as indirect methods for studying morphological characteristics of objects. Methods for study the structure of leaf epidermis are simple, fast, non-destructive and not requiring expensive reagents or equipment. Stomatal parameters (stomatal density, guard cell size, and the number of chloroplasts in stoma) are commonly used as morphological indicators of ploidy. Simple protocols of direct and indirect methods of ploidy analysis for grapes are proposed. Complex research can be considered as the most successful in the field of plant ploidy studies. Indirect methods of analysis should be used for mass screening of the initial sample, direct methods - for precise study of the genome of selected plants. The study of morphological characteristics of leaf epidermis can be used in breeding programs for the creation of grape polyploids. The research provides a rational basis for further work on the analysis of cytogenetic and morphological features of polyploid grape plants.

scholarly journals A non-destructive method for estimating onion leaf area

2015 ◽  
Vol 54 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
J.I. Córcoles ◽  
A. Domínguez ◽  
M.A. Moreno ◽  
J.F. Ortega ◽  
J.A. de Juan
Keyword(s):  
Leaf Area ◽  
Crop Production ◽  
Biomass Accumulation ◽  
Irrigation Season ◽  
Indirect Methods ◽  
Agronomic Management ◽  
Non Destructive ◽  
Direct And Indirect Methods ◽  
Sampling Event ◽  
Experimental Plots

AbstractLeaf area is one of the most important parameters for characterizing crop growth and development, and its measurement is useful for examining the effects of agronomic management on crop production. It is related to interception of radiation, photosynthesis, biomass accumulation, transpiration and gas exchange in crop canopies. Several direct and indirect methods have been developed for determining leaf area. The aim of this study is to develop an indirect method, based on the use of a mathematical model, to compute leaf area in an onion crop using non-destructive measurements with the condition that the model must be practical and useful as a Decision Support System tool to improve crop management. A field experiment was conducted in a 4.75 ha commercial onion plot irrigated with a centre pivot system in Aguas Nuevas (Albacete, Spain), during the 2010 irrigation season. To determine onion crop leaf area in the laboratory, the crop was sampled on four occasions between 15 June and 15 September. At each sampling event, eight experimental plots of 1 m

Direct and Indirect Methods for Calculating Thermal Emission From Layered Structures With Nonuniform Temperatures

2011 ◽  
Vol 133 (7) ◽  
Author(s):  
L. P. Wang ◽  
S. Basu ◽  
Z. M. Zhang
Keyword(s):  
Temperature Distribution ◽  
Thermal Emission ◽  
Local Density ◽  
Direct Method ◽  
Direct Methods ◽  
Layered Structures ◽  
Nonuniform Temperature ◽  
Indirect Methods ◽  
Nonuniform Temperature Distribution ◽  
Direct And Indirect Methods

The determination of emissivity of layered structures is critical in many applications, such as radiation thermometry, microelectronics, radiative cooling, and energy harvesting. Two different approaches, i.e., the “indirect” and “direct” methods, are commonly used for computing the emissivity of an object. For an opaque surface at a uniform temperature, the indirect method involves calculating the spectral directional-hemispherical reflectance to deduce the spectral directional emissivity based on Kirchhoff’s law. On the other hand, a few studies have used a combination of Maxwell’s equations with the fluctuation-dissipation theorem to directly calculate the emissivity. The present study aims at unifying the direct and indirect methods for calculating the far-field thermal emission from layered structures with a nonuniform temperature distribution. Formulations for both methods are given to illustrate the equivalence between the indirect and the direct methods. Thermal emission from an asymmetric Fabry–Pérot resonance cavity with a nonuniform temperature distribution is taken as an example to show how to predict the intensity, emissivity, and the brightness temperature. The local density of states, however, can only be calculated using the direct method.

scholarly journals Methane Production in Ruminant Animals

2021 ◽  
pp. 177-211
Author(s):  
M. Zaman ◽  
K. Kleineidam ◽  
L. Bakken ◽  
J. Berendt ◽  
C. Bracken ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Volatile Fatty Acids ◽  
Direct Methods ◽  
Animal Waste ◽  
Agricultural Activities ◽  
Approximate Methods ◽  
Indirect Methods ◽  
Tracer Techniques ◽  
Ruminant Animals ◽  
Direct And Indirect Methods ◽  
Ghg Fluxes

AbstractAgriculture is a significant source of GHGsglobally and ruminant livestock animals are one of the largest contributors to these emissions, responsible for an estimated 14% of GHGs (CH4and N2O combined) worldwide. A large portion of GHG fluxes from agricultural activities is related to CH4 emissions from ruminants. Both direct and indirect methods are available. Direct methods include enclosure techniques, artificial (e.g.  SF6) or  natural  (e.g.  CO2)  tracer techniques,  and   micrometeorological methods using open-path lasers. Under the indirect methods, emission mechanisms are understood, where the CH4 emission potential is estimated based on the substrate characteristics and the digestibility (i.e. from volatile fatty acids). These approximate methods are useful if no direct measurement is possible. The different systems used to quantify these emission potentials are presented in this chapter. Also, CH4 from animal waste (slurry, urine, dung) is an important source: methods pertaining to measuring GHG potential from these sources are included.

scholarly journals Gıdalarda Bulunan 3-Monokloropropan-1,2-diol ve Glisidil Esterlerinin Analiz Yöntemleri, Azaltılmalarına Yönelik Çalışmalar ve Sağlık Üzerine Etkilerine İlişkin Güncel Gelişmeler

2017 ◽  
Vol 5 (12) ◽  
pp. 1497
Author(s):  
Aslı Yıldırım ◽  
Aslı Yorulmaz
Keyword(s):  
Direct Methods ◽  
Food Products ◽  
General Information ◽  
The Novel ◽  
Analysis Method ◽  
Food Contaminants ◽  
Indirect Methods ◽  
New Developments ◽  
Direct And Indirect Methods ◽  
Proper Analysis

Chloropropanols are known as undesired food contaminants liberated during the processing of various food products. When the adverse effects of chloropropanols, especially 3-monochloropropane-1,2-diol (3-MCPD), 2-monochloropropane-1,3-diol (2-MCPD) and glycidols along with their esters were first understood, the studies about the detection and mitigation of these compounds were accelerated. 3-MCPD, which was detected in food products in higher amounts when compared to other chloropropanols, usually occurs during refining process of vegetable oils, especially in deodorisation step. The novel methods in terms of the analysis of 3-MCPD and other chloropropanols are continuously updated. However, there are two basic methods today namely direct and indirect methods. Direct methods enable to detect all of the esters individually, yet, due to the necessity of a huge number of reference standards, indirect methods are currently more preferred. The first essential step of reducing chloropropanols in food products is to determine the proper analysis method. In this review, general information, new developments in analysis methods, mitigation studies and the toxigolocial data about various chloropropanols were summarized.

scholarly journals Leaf area estimation of medium size plants using optical metrology

2013 ◽  
Vol 17 (6) ◽  
pp. 595-601 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kleber M. Ribeiro ◽  
Roberto A. Braga ◽  
Myriane S. Scalco ◽  
Graham W. Horgan
Keyword(s):  
Leaf Area ◽  
Direct Methods ◽  
Optical Metrology ◽  
Medium Size ◽  
Coffee Plant ◽  
Indirect Methods ◽  
Area Index ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Non Destructive ◽  
Commercial Equipment

The total leaf area (TLA) estimation is an important feature of the crops and their assessment a challenge, since the direct methods of obtaining it are destructive and time consuming. Non-destructive methods have been explored to obtain the TLA by indirect approaches, in turn creating other features, as the leaf area index. The development of non-destructive technology to access the TLA of a plant has been the subject of much research, and the optical metrology is an promising approach. In this work, some indirect methods associated with optical approaches were evaluated as an alternative to obtain the TLA of the coffee plant. Commercial equipment were used, such as a camera with a fish eye lens and lux meters, associated to the sizes of the canopies were tested and compared to another non-destructive method and with methods proposed in the literature. The association between production and the TLA estimated was also evaluated. The results showed that the commercial equipment, generally used in forestry, was not the best approach in coffee plants, and that the methods related to the size and lux values of the plants were the best alternatives to estimate the TLA of the coffee plant.

Evaluating Situation Awareness: An Integrative Review

2017 ◽  
Vol 40 (3) ◽  
pp. 388-424 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sabrina B. Orique ◽  
Laurel Despins
Keyword(s):  
Situation Awareness ◽  
Direct Methods ◽  
Work Environments ◽  
Integrative Review ◽  
Clinical Settings ◽  
Indirect Methods ◽  
Performance Outcome ◽  
Instruments And Techniques ◽  
And Performance ◽  
Direct And Indirect Methods

Situation awareness (SA) refers to the conscious awareness of the current situation in relation to one’s environment. In nursing, loss or failure to achieve high levels of SA is linked with adverse patient outcomes. The purpose of this integrative review is to examine various instruments and techniques used to measure SA among nurses across academic and clinical settings. Computerized database and ancestry search strategies resulted in 40 empirical research reports. Of the reports included in the review, 24 measured SA among teams that included nurses and 16 measured SA solely in nurses. Methods used to evaluate SA included direct and indirect methods. Direct methods included the Situation Awareness Global Assessment Technique and questionnaires. Indirect methods included observer rating instruments and performance outcome measures. To have a better understanding of how nurses’ make decisions in complex work environments, reliable and valid measures of SA is crucial.

Direct and Indirect Methods for Calculating Thermal Emission From Layered Structures With Nonuniform Temperatures

2010 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. P. Wang ◽  
S. Basu ◽  
Z. M. Zhang
Keyword(s):  
Temperature Distribution ◽  
Thermal Emission ◽  
Local Density ◽  
Direct Method ◽  
Direct Methods ◽  
Layered Structures ◽  
Nonuniform Temperature ◽  
Indirect Methods ◽  
Nonuniform Temperature Distribution ◽  
Direct And Indirect Methods

The determination of emissivity of layered structures is critical in many applications, such as radiation thermometry, microelectronics, radiative cooling, and energy harvesting. Two different approaches, i.e., the “indirect” and “direct” methods, are commonly used for computing the emissivity of an object. For an opaque surface at a uniform temperature, the indirect method involves calculating the spectral directional-hemispherical reflectance to deduce the spectral directional emissivity based on Kirchhoff’s law. On the other hand, a few studies have used a combination of Maxwell’s equations with the fluctuation-dissipation theorem to directly calculate the emissivity. The present study aims at unifying the direct and indirect methods for calculating thermal emission from layered structures with a nonuniform temperature distribution. Formulations for both methods are given to illustrate the equivalence between the indirect and the direct methods. Thermal emission from an asymmetric Fabry-Perot resonance cavity with a nonuniform temperature distribution is taken as an example to show how to predict the intensity, emissivity, and the brightness temperature. The local density of states, however, can only be calculated using the direct method.

scholarly journals Review of potentials and limitations of indirect approaches for estimating reference limits/intervals of quantitative procedures in laboratory medicine

2021 ◽  
Vol 45 (2) ◽  
pp. 35-53
Author(s):  
Rainer Haeckel ◽  
Werner Wosniok ◽  
Thomas Streichert
Keyword(s):  
Direct Methods ◽  
Reference Population ◽  
Reference Intervals ◽  
Simulation Studies ◽  
Indirect Methods ◽  
Medical Laboratories ◽  
Pathological Conditions ◽  
Crucial Difference ◽  
External Sources ◽  
Direct And Indirect Methods

Abstract Reference intervals (RIs) can be determined by direct and indirect procedures. Both approaches identify a reference population from which the RIs are defined. The crucial difference between direct and indirect methods is that direct methods select particular individuals after individual anamnesis and medical examination have confirmed the absence of pathological conditions. These individuals form a reference subpopulation. Indirect methods select a reference subpopulation in which the individuals are not identified. They isolate a reference population from a mixed population of patients with pathological and non-pathological conditions by statistical reasoning. At present, the direct procedure internationally recommended is the “gold standard”. It has, however, the disadvantage of high expenses which cannot easily be afforded by most medical laboratories. Therefore, laboratories adopt RIs established by direct methods from external sources requiring a high responsibility for transference problems which are usually neglected by most laboratories. These difficulties can be overcome by indirect procedures which can easily be performed by most laboratories without causing economic problems. The present review focuses on indirect approaches. Various procedures are presented with their benefits and limitations. Preliminary simulation studies indicate that more recently developed concepts are superior to older approaches.

scholarly journals DIRECT METHOD AND INDIRECTNESS METHOD: COMMUNICATION STRATEGY IN CARTOON

2020 ◽  
Vol 2 (4) ◽  
pp. 01-12
Author(s):  
Rohaidah Mashudi ◽  
Norishamsawati Ishak ◽  
Hawa Rahmat ◽  
Faizuniza Mashhod ◽  
Isma Suhaila Ismail ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Data Analysis ◽  
Language Use ◽  
Direct Method ◽  
Direct Methods ◽  
Study Data ◽  
Communication Strategy ◽  
Indirect Methods ◽  
The Press ◽  
Descriptive Approach ◽  
Direct And Indirect Methods

Cartoons are not only seen as a media channel to provide entertainment to the community. This is because cartoons play an important role as a very effective medium of information delivery to all groups. The message in the cartoon is conveyed either through the language use and illustrations or mere illustrations from a cartoonist. The display of illustrations with the language used in cartoons in the press indirectly brings current issues in various aspects. Even though these illustrations can help stimulate one's ideas and maturity in evaluating a message. The purpose of this study is to examine language use as a communication strategy in cartoons and describe the use of direct and indirect methods in cartoons. As such, the use of language as a communication strategy is examined based on the language use used in cartoons, namely the language use through direct methods and indirectness methods. The study was conducted qualitatively through a descriptive approach. Study data were taken and collected from cartoons or illustrations produced by Maro cartoonists in the Malaysia Kita column, Mingguan Malaysia. The illustration taken as study data is an illustration that gives an overview of the current situation of the country in Mingguan Malaysia every Sunday for the July and August issues in 2019 and August 2020. Data analysis is done through an approach that presented by Asmah Hj Omar through research on the language use through indirectness methods and the language use through direct methods. The results of this study can be observed that the cartoon in the newspaper clearly shows that there is an emphasis on these two methods as a communication strategy used through language use as a way to ensure that the message conveyed can be understood by all parties. Thus, language use through this indirectness method is the main choice in the delivery of storytelling through cartoons. The study of language on cartoon illustrations needs to be given a wider focus because there are still many vacancies that need to be examined.

Offender–victim relationship and offender motivation in the context of indirect cyber abuse

2018 ◽  
Vol 24 (3) ◽  
pp. 347-366 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zarina Vakhitova ◽  
Julianne Webster ◽  
Clair Alston-Knox ◽  
Danielle Reynald ◽  
Michael Townsley
Keyword(s):  
Bayesian Model Averaging ◽  
Qualitative Interviews ◽  
Model Averaging ◽  
Direct Methods ◽  
Text Messages ◽  
Online Forums ◽  
Indirect Methods ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Direct And Indirect Methods ◽  
Cyber Abuse

Cyber abuse can be executed directly (e.g. by sending derogatory emails or text messages addressed to the victim) or indirectly (e.g. by posting derogatory, private or false information, documents, images or videos about the victim online). This exploratory, mixed-method triangulated study examines cyber abuse crime events with the goal of identifying factors associated with the increased risk of personal victimization from both direct and indirect methods of cyber abuse. First, in-depth qualitative interviews with cyber abuse victims ( n = 12) were conducted. The interviews were analysed using thematic analysis to generate hypotheses. These hypotheses were then tested using content analysis of newspaper reports ( n = 110) and victims’ posts on online forums ( n = 91) describing incidents of cyber abuse. Logistic regression using Bayesian Model Averaging analysis revealed that the combination of a prior offender–victim relationship and expressive motivation best predicts the use of indirect methods of cyber abuse, while direct methods of cyber abuse are more likely to occur when the offender does not know the victim and is motivated by instrumental ends. Implications for crime prevention are also discussed.

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