scholarly journals ETHICAL CONSIDERATIONS FOR COMPULSORY CHILDHOOD VACCINATION IN MALAYSIA

2021 ◽  
Vol 6 (22) ◽  
pp. 197-205
Author(s):  
Khairun Nisaa Asari ◽  
Yuhanif Yusof ◽  
Rohizan Halim
Keyword(s):  
Ethical Issues ◽  
Secondary Data ◽  
The United States ◽  
Legal Framework ◽  
Childhood Vaccination ◽  
Ethical Considerations ◽  
Compulsory Vaccination ◽  
Ethical Implications ◽  
Online Databases ◽  
Life Threatening

Childhood vaccination is an important tool for controlling and eliminating life-threatening infectious diseases among infants, who are most vulnerable due to their weaker immune systems. Due to this, certain countries resorted to enforcing compulsory childhood vaccination laws. Yet despite the proven effectiveness of childhood vaccination, it is also outweighed by numerous ethical implications. This paper focuses on the discussion of ethical considerations surrounding compulsory childhood vaccination in Malaysia. Focusing on the topic of compulsory vaccination of children, this paper discusses ethical issues related to parental autonomy, medical paternalism, compulsory childhood vaccination, and related legal issues. For the purpose of this article, the vaccination practices as implemented in the United States will be referred. At the end of this article, some recommendations are proposed in relation to the drafting of the legal framework on compulsory childhood vaccination in Malaysia. This article employs a doctrinal analysis and secondary data from academic journals and online databases.

scholarly journals Epistemic and ethical considerations in the direct-to-consumer health and ancestry genetic testing process

2021 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Katherine Huerne
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Testing ◽  
Quantitative Methods ◽  
Ethical Issues ◽  
Social Issues ◽  
Clear Understanding ◽  
Feminist Ethics ◽  
Ethical Considerations ◽  
Ethical Implications ◽  
Direct To Consumer ◽  
The Cost

Background: Direct-to-consumer genetic testing (DTC-GT) is a popular and fast-growing field within the healthcare industry. Consumers often pursue DTC-GT without a clear understanding of its epistemic and medical limitations. This report will present the current state of DTC-GT technology, and highlight the ethical, legal and social issues of DTC-GT. Methods: Quantitative methods such as systematic reviews were used to evaluate the field of DTC-GT. Experimental data was taken from randomized control trials and case studies of 23andMe. Qualitative methods such as newspaper articles and surveys were also used. Relevant policies and regulatory information were analyzed in the context of 23andMe. Broader ethical issues are analyzed from the social disability model and feminist ethics frameworks. Results: Several aspects of direct-to-consumer genetic testing are outlined: (i) regulatory and legal distinctions of DTC-GT that separate its use from conventional genetic testing, (ii) epistemic issues of the genetic testing process within the direct-to-consumer context, and (iii) ethical considerations of DTC-GT in regard to genetic health and genetic ancestry. Conclusion: This report does not take a position for or against the use of DTC-GT; rather, it highlights the key ethical issues often missed in the DTC-GT process. There is no perfect method for understanding genetic health and race. DTC-GT offer consumers the ease and power of taking genetic data ‘in their own hands’, at the cost of exacerbating geneticization and race essentialism. Until further work is done to address the epistemic, regulatory and legal issues, ethical implications of DTC-GT usage will continue to exist.

Legal and Ethical Implications of Website Accessibility

2018 ◽  
Vol 81 (4) ◽  
pp. 399-420 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zsuzsanna Bacsa Palmer ◽  
Ralph Henry Palmer
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Digital Communication ◽  
The United States ◽  
Professional Communication ◽  
Ethical Considerations ◽  
Legal Cases ◽  
Detailed Review ◽  
Ethical Implications ◽  
Legal Context ◽  
The Disabled

This article argues that business and professional communication practitioners, instructors, and students, besides becoming better informed about the legal context of website accessibility, should also become more aware of the ethical considerations of creating digital communication products that are inherently accessible for people with disabilities. Through a detailed review of the most important legal cases in the United States and discussion of ethical considerations concerning website accessibility for the disabled, we provide possible entrance points that will help instructors bring ethical considerations into the discussion of website accessibility. We urge instructors to regularly include disability in discussions of accessibility cases.

scholarly journals Copyright Concerns for Educators: Online Learning Post Pandemic Effect

2021 ◽  
Vol 6 (10) ◽  
pp. 456-462
Author(s):  
Mardiah Hayati Abu Bakar ◽  
Syazni Nadzirah Ya'cob ◽  
Mimi Sintia Mohd Bajury ◽  
Wan Rosalili Wan Rosli
Keyword(s):  
Online Learning ◽  
Secondary Data ◽  
Legal Framework ◽  
Copyright Owner ◽  
Fair Dealing ◽  
Tertiary Institutions ◽  
Online Distance Education ◽  
Online Databases ◽  
The Law ◽  
Online Distance

Online distance education was once a process that was not easily been accepted by students, even by the educators, but when the pandemic strikes, they had to adopt and adapt the process in order to gain knowledge. The COVID-19 has resulted in shutting down schools, including tertiary institutions, all across the world. Consequently, education changed dramatically, and the mode of teaching was done remotely and on a digital platform. One of the adoptions of online learning involves using numerous online platforms and inserting interactive programs, music, animated graphics, photos in the teaching material to attract the interest of students. These types of works are, more often than not, copyrighted works that belong to someone. Generally, a license or permission must be sought before these works can be used by anyone. The permission or license, once granted, would involve a licensing fee or royalty payments to the copyright owner. However, this article looks at the law relating to the copyright exploitation awareness in the context of the law of intellectual property and the exceptions to this law, in particular, the scope of the hybrid fair dealing defence for education. This paper employs a doctrinal analysis using secondary data from academic journals, books, and online databases. The findings will respond to the legal framework for the understanding of copyright exploitation and its exception in the post-pandemic era.

Public Health in the Context of Migration: Ethics Issues Related to Immigrants and Refugees

2019 ◽  
pp. 244-256
Author(s):  
Rachel E. Fabi
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Ethical Issues ◽  
The United States ◽  
Health Issues ◽  
Publicly Funded ◽  
The Public ◽  
Freedom Of Movement ◽  
Ethical Implications ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Immigrant And Refugee

This chapter explores the ethics and public health issues associated with immigrant and refugee populations, both in the United States and globally. People move across borders for a variety of reasons, including the pursuit of economic opportunities, family reunification, or safety from violence. In order to engage with the public health ethics questions related to different types of migration, this chapter delves into the normative positions of cosmopolitanism, nationalism, and communitarianism. These positions are then applied to ethical issues in migration, including human rights, freedom of movement, open borders, and obligations to noncitizens. Finally, this chapter examines the ethical implications of three public health issues: immigrant health screening, immigration detention, and the provision of publicly funded health care to undocumented immigrants.

Empowerment or exposure? Ethical dilemmas of visual methods with vulnerable migrants

2020 ◽  
Vol 20 (3) ◽  
pp. 329-340
Author(s):  
Melissa Hauber-Özer ◽  
Meagan Call-Cummings
Keyword(s):  
Ethical Issues ◽  
Visual Methods ◽  
Participatory Methods ◽  
Ethical Guidelines ◽  
Ethical Considerations ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Migrant Populations ◽  
Methodological Choices ◽  
Ethical Implications ◽  
Participatory Inquiry

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to present a typology of the treatment of ethical issues in recent studies using visual participatory methods with immigrants and refugees and provide insights for researchers into how these issues can be more adequately addressed.Design/methodology/approachThe paper presents the results of a scoping study as a typology of ethical considerations, from standard IRB approval to complete ethical guidelines/frameworks for research with refugee/migrant populations.FindingsThe review reveals that there is a broad spectrum of ethical considerations in the use of visual participatory methods with migrants, with the majority only giving cursory or minimal attention to the particular vulnerabilities of these populations.Originality/valueThis paper encourages university-based researchers conducting participatory inquiry with migrant populations to engage in deeper critical reflection on the ethical implications of these methods in keeping with PAR's ethico-onto-epistemological roots, to make intentional methodological choices that are congruent with those roots and to be explicit in their description of how they did this as they disseminate their work.

scholarly journals ‘Sham Surgery’ Control Groups: Ethics and Context

2011 ◽  
Vol 7 (4) ◽  
pp. 148-155 ◽  
Author(s):  
Teresa Swift
Keyword(s):  
Patient Autonomy ◽  
Ethical Issues ◽  
Best Interests ◽  
Surgical Research ◽  
Ethical Considerations ◽  
Control Groups ◽  
Ethical Implications ◽  
Sham Surgery ◽  
Surgical Trial ◽  
Ethical Acceptability

The use of placebo controls in surgical research, or ‘sham surgery’ as it sometimes described, raises a number of ethical issues. Despite such issues, sham surgery is presently being employed, albeit very rarely, in surgical research. In this paper, the ethical implications of such control groups are discussed in the context of research into various conditions, including Parkinson's Disease and arthritis. Conflicting ethical considerations include: i) patients' best interests in relation to the harms and risks involved; ii) the need for more rigorous methods in surgical research, and iii) the question of patient autonomy. Contextual features which may influence the ethical acceptability of a specific sham-controlled surgical trial are discussed.

scholarly journals Ethical Implications For Attorneys Involved In Extraterritorial Application Of The Civil Rights Acts

2009 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 13-22
Author(s):  
Howard E. McNier
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Civil Rights ◽  
Ethical Issues ◽  
Equal Employment Opportunity Commission ◽  
The United States ◽  
Disciplinary Action ◽  
Employment Practices ◽  
Current Case ◽  
Ethical Implications ◽  
American Law

Globalization of business has increasingly involved American attorneys in an ethical dilemma which is not just academic, but may result in disciplinary action against the attorney. What is counsel to do when it is discovered that overseas employment practices (legal in the foreign country) violate American law? May counsel, citing current case law, ethically advise management that discharge of a troublesome employee may be effected "legally" by simply transferring the employee overseas, then firing her? These ethical issues can be put in sharp focus by reviewing a provision of the 1991 Civil Rights Act (CRA) that extends application of the 1964 CRA to cover American citizens working overseas for American owned or controlled firms. Expansive interpretation of this by the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (EEOC) has ensnarled over 21,000 overseas businesses with the threat of being sued, in the United States, for employment practices committed outside of the United States.

scholarly journals Neuroethics and Animals: Report and Recommendations From the University of Pennsylvania Animal Research Neuroethics Workshop

ILAR Journal ◽  
2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Adam J Shriver ◽  
Tyler M John
Keyword(s):  
Animal Models ◽  
Ethical Issues ◽  
The United States ◽  
Animal Research ◽  
Early Years ◽  
University Of Pennsylvania ◽  
Ethical Implications ◽  
Neuroscience Research ◽  
Nonhuman Animals ◽  
The University

Abstract Growing awareness of the ethical implications of neuroscience in the early years of the 21st century led to the emergence of the new academic field of “neuroethics,” which studies the ethical implications of developments in the neurosciences. However, despite the acceleration and evolution of neuroscience research on nonhuman animals, the unique ethical issues connected with neuroscience research involving nonhuman animals remain underdiscussed. This is a significant oversight given the central place of animal models in neuroscience. To respond to these concerns, the Center for Neuroscience and Society and the Center for the Interaction of Animals and Society at the University of Pennsylvania hosted a workshop on the “Neuroethics of Animal Research” in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. At the workshop, expert speakers and attendees discussed ethical issues arising from neuroscience research involving nonhuman animals, including the use of animal models in the study of pain and psychiatric conditions, animal brain-machine interfaces, animal–animal chimeras, cerebral organoids, and the relevance of neuroscience to debates about personhood. This paper highlights important emerging ethical issues based on the discussions at the workshop. This paper includes recommendations for research in the United States from the authors based on the discussions at the workshop, loosely following the format of the 2 Gray Matters reports on neuroethics published by the Presidential Commission for the Study of Bioethical Issues.

scholarly journals COMPULSORY VACCINATION FOR CHILDREN IN MALAYSIA: LEGISLATION AND REALISATION

Yuridika ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 33 (3) ◽  
pp. 402 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nurul Jannah Binti Mustafa Khan ◽  
Zuhaira Nadiah Binti Zulkipli
Keyword(s):  
Immunization Coverage ◽  
Secondary Data ◽  
Human Beings ◽  
Ministry Of Health ◽  
Vaccine Preventable Diseases ◽  
The Public ◽  
Compulsory Vaccination ◽  
Online Databases ◽  
The Government ◽  
The Right

For ages, it has been proven that vaccines are among the most effective tools in preventing infectious diseases from spreading in the population of human beings. The result of high immunization coverage is the drastic deteriorations in vaccine-preventable diseases. Hence, it is indeed disturbing to see the report by Ministry of Health that the number of cases of parents refusing vaccination for their children is escalating, for an example, measles and pertussis cases to rise. Whether these parents realized it or not, they had denied the right of their children to be vaccinated against preventable diseases that had been in control all this while because of vaccines, and more, jeopardizing the public health as well. For this reason, the Ministry of Health has contemplated making vaccination compulsory for children as to protect them against preventable diseases and for the benefit of the society as a whole. This article discusses the extent of the regulations that may be implemented. Therefore for the purpose of this article, the scrutinization of vaccination law as implemented in California will be referred. At the end of this article, some recommendations are proposed in relation to the realization of legislation of vaccination regulations that may be implemented by the government, hopefully soon. This article employs a doctrinal analysis and secondary data from academic journals and online databases.

Ethical Issues in Internet Research

2018 ◽  
pp. 597-616
Author(s):  
Bo Mai ◽  
Maria Repnikova
Keyword(s):  
Content Analysis ◽  
Privacy Protection ◽  
Ethical Issues ◽  
Legal Framework ◽  
Internet Research ◽  
Ethical Framework ◽  
Sociocultural Context ◽  
Political Repression ◽  
Ethical Implications ◽  
Methodological Approaches

This chapter examines ethical issues in Internet research by considering the case of China. Drawing on the notion that an Internet ethical framework should be flexible enough to allow for “ethical self-direction and (in case of error) correction,” it explores the ethical implications of China’s own unique sociocultural context for Internet research. The chapter begins with a discussion of the important sociocultural variables that must be taken into account in the application of the Chinese Internet for research purposes, including the pervasive censorship, political repression, and a weak legal framework for privacy protection. It then reviews existing methodological approaches to Chinese Internet research and their ethical ramifications, such as online experiments and surveys, content analysis, and digital ethnography. It also proposes some strategies for ethical navigation of the Chinese Internet space, including the use of virtual names for participants and hiding the original websites of sensitive blogs.

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