scholarly journals DIAGNOSTICS OF PHARYNX MYCOSIS

2018 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 22-25
Author(s):  
V P Reshetnikova ◽  
L A Baryshevskaya ◽  
O V Zeleva ◽  
M N Popov
Keyword(s):  
Medical Practice ◽  
Upper Airway ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Blood Film ◽  
Laboratory Diagnostics ◽  
Complex Method ◽  
Thick Blood Film ◽  
The One ◽  
Opportunistic Pathogenic ◽  
Staphylococcus Spp

Aim - to characterize different methods for diagnosis of mycotic lesions of the pharynx used in medical practice. Materials and methods. This article describes various methods of laboratory diagnostics of tonsillopharyngeal mycosis and their indications; and presents the analysis of 117 adult cases of tonsillopharyngeal mycosis confirmed by the analysis of thick blood film after the incubation in thermoregulator combined with blood agar inoculation. In addition, this method includes a microflora test which in most chronical cases accompanies pharyngeal mycosis. Results. The study revealed relevant advantages of the presented methods of pharynx mycosis diagnostics, which not only detect the presence of mycelium and its morphology, but also evaluate its role in the inflammatory process. In addition, this method includes bacterial culture test that in most chronical cases accompanies pharynx mycosis. Out of 100% only 17.9% of observations (21 patients) showed Candida fungus in parasitic phase as mono-infection, the other 82.1% of cases proved bacterial presence. The most frequent combination was Candida and Streptococcus spp (including pneumococcus) that made up 41.9% of total observations. In 10.3% of cases Staphylococcus spp was detected. Other patients had more than two kinds of microorganisms. The following combinations were revealed: fungi, streptococci and staphylococci in 17.9% cases; fungi and streptococci with Klebsiella and\or Moraxella catarrhalis or other opportunistic pathogenic microflora in 12% cases. Conclusions. The most effective method of research of upper airway mycosis is the one that enables to reveal Candida fungi presence and concentration as well as to identify their status (saprophitic or parasitic) in the patient's body using thick blood microscopy. The value of this method increases with simultaneous evaluation of associated microflora and its relation to macroorganism. Being simple, cost-effective and highly informative, complex method of diagnostics of upper airway mycosis can be widely used in medical practice.

scholarly journals Sprouting of Sorghum (Sorghum bicolor [L.] Moench): Effect of Drying Treatment on Protein and Starch Features

Foods ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 407 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mia Marchini ◽  
Alessandra Marti ◽  
Claudia Folli ◽  
Barbara Prandi ◽  
Tommaso Ganino ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Food Production ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
High Exposure ◽  
Effective Technology ◽  
Drying Treatment ◽  
Higher Temperature ◽  
Lower Temperature ◽  
The One ◽  
Drying Conditions ◽  
Sorghum Bicolor L

The nutritional and physicochemical properties of sorghum proteins and starch make the use of this cereal for food production challenging. Sprouting is a cost-effective technology to improve the nutritional and functional profile of grains. Two drying treatments were used after sorghum sprouting to investigate whether the drying phase could improve the protein and starch functionalities. Results showed that the drying treatment at lower temperature/longer time (40 °C for 12 h) extended the enzymatic activity that started during sprouting compared to the one performed at higher temperature/shorter time (50 °C for 6 h). An increased protein hydrolysis and water- and oil-holding capacity were found in the flour obtained by the former treatment. Higher protein matrix hydrolysis caused high exposure of starch to enzymes, thus increasing its digestibility, while worsening the technological functionality. Overall, modulating drying conditions could represent a further way, in addition to sprouting, to improve sorghum flour’s nutritional profile.

scholarly journals Inverse association of falciparum positivity with endemic Burkitt lymphoma is robust in analyses adjusting for pre-enrollment malaria in the EMBLEM case-control study

2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Sally Peprah ◽  
Martin D. Ogwang ◽  
Patrick Kerchan ◽  
Steven J. Reynolds ◽  
Constance N. Tenge ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Burkitt Lymphoma ◽  
Blood Film ◽  
Malaria Treatment ◽  
Inverse Association ◽  
Recent Infection ◽  
Thick Blood Film ◽  
Study Results ◽  
Community Controls ◽  
Stratified Analysis ◽  
Enrollment Factors

Abstract Background Falciparum and endemic Burkitt lymphoma (eBL) are co-endemic in Africa, but the malaria experience in eBL patients is unknown. A lower prevalence of falciparum has been reported in eBL patients, but those results are anecdotally attributed to pre-enrollment anti-malaria treatment. Methods We studied 677 eBL patients and 2920 community controls aged 0–15 years enrolled in six regions in Uganda, Tanzania, and Kenya during 2010–2016. Falciparum was diagnosed using thick blood film microscopy (TFM) and antigen-capture rapid diagnostic tests (RDTs). Guardians of the children answered a 40-item structured questionnaire about their child’s pre-enrollment lifetime malaria history and treatment, demographics, socioeconomics, animal exposures, fevers, and hospitalizations. We utilized exploratory factor analysis to reduce the 40 questionnaire variables into six factors, including Inpatient malaria and Outpatient malaria factors that were surrogates of pre-enrollment anti-malaria treatment. The six factors accounted for 83–90% of the variance in the questionnaire data. We calculated odds ratios and 95% confidence intervals (OR 95% CI) of association of eBL with falciparum positivity, defined as positive both on TFM or RDTs, or only RDTs (indicative of recent infection) or TFM (indicative of current falciparum infection) versus no infection, using multivariable logistic regression, controlling for group of age (0–2, 3–5, 6–8, 9–11 and 12–15 years), sex, and study site and the afore-mentioned pre-enrollment factors. Results The prevalence of falciparum infection was 25.6% in the eBL cases and 45.7% in community controls (aOR = 0.43, 95% CI: 0.40, 0.47; P < 0.0001). The results were similar for recent falciparum infection (6.9% versus 13.5%, aOR = 0.44, 95% CI: 0.38, 0.50; P < 0.0001) and current falciparum infection (18.7% versus 32.1%, aOR = 0.47, 95% CI: 0.43, 0.51; P < 0.0001). These aORs for any, recent and current falciparum infection did not change when we adjusted for pre-enrollment factors (aORs = 0.46, =0.44, and = 0.51, respectively) were significantly lower in stratified analysis for any infection in children < 5 years (aOR = 0.46; 95% CI: 0.29, 0.75) or ≥ 10 years (aOR = 0.47; 95% CI: 0.32, 0.71). Conclusion Our study results reduce support for pre-enrollment antimalaria treatment as a sole explanation for the observed lower falciparum prevalence in eBL cases and open a space to consider alternative immunology-based hypotheses.

scholarly journals Simple and Visible Detection of Novel Astroviruses Causing Fatal Gout in Goslings Using One-Step Reverse Transcription Polymerase Spiral Reaction Method

2020 ◽  
Vol 7 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jun Ji ◽  
Qinxi Chen ◽  
Zhengli Yu ◽  
Xin Xu ◽  
Xinhao Mu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Reverse Transcription ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Pcr Primers ◽  
Probit Regression ◽  
Conventional Pcr ◽  
Specific Detection ◽  
Isothermal Method ◽  
Naked Eye ◽  
One Step ◽  
The One

In this study, a one-step isothermal method combining polymerase spiral reaction (PSR) with reverse transcription (RT-PSR) was established for rapid and specific detection of novel astroviruses causing fatal gout in goslings (N-GoAstV). The one-step RT-PSR was accomplished at the optimal temperature of 62°C and time of 40 min and used primers simply designed as conventional PCR primers, and the results of detection were visible to the naked eye. The detection limit of PSR was above 34.7 copies/μL at a 95% probability level according to probit regression analysis. The assay specifically detected N-GoAstV, and no other reference viruses were detected. These results suggest that the newly established RT-PSR assay could, in one step, accomplish reverse-transcription, amplification, and result determination providing a visible, convenient, rapid, and cost-effective test that can be carried out onsite, in order to ensure timely quarantine of N-GoAstV-infected birds, leading to effective disease control.

scholarly journals Evaluation of distilled water as buffered water replacement during 3% Giemsa’s solution preparation in Malaria diagnosis

2019 ◽  
Vol 10 (SPL1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Lai Yan Xia ◽  
Hamidah Abu Bakar
Keyword(s):  
Standard Method ◽  
Gold Standard ◽  
Malaria Diagnosis ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Peripheral Blood Smear ◽  
Blood Film ◽  
Distilled Water ◽  
Malaria Parasites ◽  
Gold Standard Method ◽  
Modified Method

Malaria is a life-threatening disease which has claimed many lives. Giemsa's stain is the gold standard method in malaria diagnosis. Generally, Giemsa's stain is diluted with buffered water. However, sometimes, it produces poor staining of the blood smears, in which can create a major challenge in detecting and identifying positive malaria parasites in a peripheral blood smear. This can lead to misdiagnosis and mistreatment to a patient. The present study examined the effect of replacing the buffered water to distilled water during the preparation of 3% Giemsa's solution. Blood specimens were collected from selected positive (n=80) and negative (n=300) malaria cases in EDTA tube. The modified method employed distilled water and different concentrations of buffered water for diluting Giemsa’s solution stock. The microscopy observation was performed on each set of blood film stained by both modified and standard Giemsa staining methods by two WHO’s qualified technicians. All Giemsa solutions with different diluents were comparable in detecting malaria parasites in the blood films. There was no difference between distilled water and different concentrations of buffered water. Furthermore, distilled water produced homogeneous staining and clearer background of the blood films, which enables different species of malaria to be identified. The present study demonstrates that the modified staining using distilled water in malaria parasites identification is comparable to the gold standard method. In addition, the modified method is rapid, easily available, cost-effective, and reliable.

scholarly journals Risk Factors and Microbiological Control of Soils, Surfaces and Medical-technical Equipment at the Abomey-Calavi / So-Ava University Hospital Center, Benin

2019 ◽  
pp. 1-9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Akim Socohou ◽  
Haziz Sina ◽  
Cyriaque C. Degbey ◽  
Helène Ahouandjinou ◽  
Houssenatou Gounou-Kora ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Microbiological Quality ◽  
University Hospital ◽  
Technical Equipment ◽  
Structured Interviews ◽  
Hospital Environments ◽  
Microbiological Control ◽  
Biochemical Analyses ◽  
The One ◽  
Staphylococcus Spp

Aims: The aim of our work was, on the one hand, to evaluate the risk factors for infectious contamination in hospital environments and, on the other hand, to carry out a microbiological control of surfaces at the Abomey-Calavi / So-Ava hospital in Benin. Methodology: The risk factors were evaluated using structured interviews based on the questionnaire. Fifty-five health care workers were surveyed and the questionnaire focused on: i) knowledge of care-associated infections and risk factors, ii) services most affected by care-associated infections and iii) origin of care-associated infections. For the microbial quality control of medical surfaces and materials, samples were collected by the dry swab method and the microbial isolation was carried out on Chapman and EMB agar plates. The biochemical analyses were carried out for the confirmations. Results: Out of 55 respondents, the 93% think that bacterial germs are often involved in care-associated infections. In addition, 80% of respondents believe that the healthcare environment may be the source of care-associated infections. Regarding the microbiological quality of the surfaces, out of 96 samples collected, 77% were contaminated with Staphylococcus spp and 30% with Enterobacteria. Concerning units’ contamination, the highest prevalence was observed in paediatrics with 92% of samples contaminated with Staphylococcus spp followed by the operating theatre (87%). Conclusion: It is clear from our work that hygiene managers must carry out preventive and corrective actions for the respect of the principles of hygiene. It would also be important to conduct regular microbiological monitoring of surfaces to identify any contamination.

A computer simulation model of forest fire suppression with air tankers

1979 ◽  
Vol 9 (3) ◽  
pp. 390-398 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. J. Simard
Keyword(s):  
Computer Simulation ◽  
Simulation Model ◽  
Historical Data ◽  
Fire Suppression ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Computer Simulation Model ◽  
Fire Dynamics ◽  
Data Output ◽  
The One ◽  
Fire Ground

A computer simulation model which evaluates air tanker productivity and effectiveness is described. Three hundred equations are required to define the model, which consists of five components: administration, the environment, the fire, ground suppression, and air tanker utilization. AIRPRO, a computer program based on the model, tests various combinations of air tanker resources and tactics and selects the one which minimizes suppression cost plus damage caused by fire. The program contains four loops: the fire, the tactic, the event, and fire dynamics (growth and suppression). The environmental, fire, and ground suppression components were validated by comparing model output with historical data. Output of the air tanker component was examined for reasonableness, compared with previous research, and a sensitivity analysis was performed. It is concluded that an assumption of model validity is reasonable. In applying the model in New Brunswick, it was found that medium sized land-based air tankers were the most cost effective, followed by small land-based air tankers. It was also found that a fleet of three or four aircraft would be optimum.

Better regulation, administrative sanctions and constitutional values

Legal Studies ◽  
2013 ◽  
Vol 33 (2) ◽  
pp. 312-339
Author(s):  
Karen Yeung
Keyword(s):  
Due Process ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
The Other ◽  
Regulatory Enforcement ◽  
The Rule Of Law ◽  
Enforcement Action ◽  
Better Regulation ◽  
The One ◽  
The Uk ◽  
Administrative Sanctions

This paper interrogates the predisposition in favour of informal, low-intervention control styles of enforcement advocated by the ‘better regulation’ movement, and which resonates throughout the Hampton Report recommendations which are currently being implemented in the UK. It focuses on three practices that reflect the trend towards diverting regulatory enforcement action away from the courts in favour of reliance on formal administrative sanctioning powers ranging from ‘hard’ to ‘soft’: the use of negotiated penalty settlements, the acceptance of administrative undertakings (‘enforcement undertakings’) and the provision of firm-specific compliance advice by regulators. Each practice is explored through various analytical lenses which enable the underlying constitutional tensions to be identified and interrogated. In so doing, it demonstrates how the emphasis on bargaining, negotiation and discussions between regulators and those they are responsible for regulating advocated by the UK better regulation movement may antagonise several constitutional values, including transparency, accountability, due process and participation, as well as several values associated with formal conceptions of the rule of law. On the other hand, resort to negotiation and discussion in regulatory enforcement can generate important benefits, largely in facilitating the timely, creative and cost-effective resolution of enforcement disputes while avoiding the formality, delay and hostility associated with formal court adjudication. This ‘clash of logics’ can be traced to inherent differences between bargaining, on the one hand, and adjudication on the other. Bargaining and adjudication represent two quite different and distinct forms of ordering through which disputes can be resolved, and it is these differences that lie at the foundation of their respective virtues and shortcomings when employed to resolve disputes concerning regulatory violations.

scholarly journals Using Google Earth™ and Geographical Information System data as method to delineate sample domains for an urban household surveys: the case of Maroua (Far North Region-Cameroon)

2019 ◽  
Vol 18 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ronald R. B. Ngom Vougat ◽  
Steven Chouto ◽  
Sylvain Aoudou Doua ◽  
Rebecca Garabed ◽  
André Zoli Pagnah ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Low Cost ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Google Earth ◽  
Geographical Information ◽  
Gps Tracking ◽  
Low Incomes ◽  
Global Positioning ◽  
System Data ◽  
The One ◽  
Time Required

Abstract Background Getting a random household sample during a survey can be expensive and very difficult especially in urban area and non-specialist. This study aimed to test an alternative method using freely available aerial imagery. Methods A gridded map and random selection method was used to select households for interviews. A hundred numbered of points were put along the edges of an updated map of Maroua. Then two numbers were randomly draw at a time and a line was drawn between those two numbers. A lot of different kinds of shapes of different sizes obtained were numbered. Ten shapes were randomly draw and the one selected were considered as ‘neighbourhoods’. A grid of 30 m × 30 m was drawn over each and then numbered. 202 grids considered here as households were randomly selected from the ten neighbourhoods for interviews. Results Out of 202 households visited, only 4 were found to be something other than a house. In addition, 30 sampled households (14.85%) were abandoned or the occupants had relocated elsewhere. This method resulted in an accuracy level of 72%, its advantage is the ability to generate efficient random sample at relatively low cost as well the time required. Conclusions The method proposed in this study was efficient and cost-effective when compared to the infield generation of a household inventory or Global Positioning System (GPS) tracking of households. It can then be used by researchers in low-incomes countries where funding for research is a challenge. However, this method needs to train the investigators on how to use the GPS.

On operation termination for degrading systems with two types of failures

2018 ◽  
Vol 233 (3) ◽  
pp. 419-426 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maxim Finkelstein ◽  
Gregory Levitin ◽  
Oleg A Stepanov
Keyword(s):  
Failure Rate ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
System Failure ◽  
Minimal Repair ◽  
System Operation ◽  
Numerical Examples ◽  
Relevant Case ◽  
The One ◽  
Combined Strategy

When a failure occurring during a system operation can result in considerable penalties, it can be more cost-effective to terminate the operation at some time avoiding the risk of future failures. This strategy can be relevant for aging systems, for example, when the system failure rate is increasing. The paper analyzes three strategies of termination for systems with major and minor failures. A major failure automatically terminates the operation, whereas the minor failures are minimally repaired. We show that the age-based strategy outperforms the one with termination after the mth minimal repair. The combined strategy when the termination is performed at time t or upon the mth minimal repair, whichever comes first, is also considered. The emphasis for the latter setting is on the practically relevant case when the number of possible minimal repairs is limited. Numerical examples illustrating the findings are presented.

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