scholarly journals Analogie historyczne w sytuacji postkolonialnej

2021 ◽  
Vol 74 (4) ◽  
pp. 129-150
Author(s):  
Bartłomiej Krzysztan
Keyword(s):  
Geographical Location ◽  
Asia Minor ◽  
The South ◽  
South Caucasus ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Historical Experience ◽  
Early Modernity ◽  
Ancient Times ◽  
Political Economic

The historical experience of the region on the frontier of civilizations that is the South Caucasus is marked by alternating periods of short-term independence and long-term subordination. The geographical location at the meeting point of the Great Steppe, Asia Minor and Mesopotamia invariably means that political and strategic interests intersect in the region. Thus, since ancient times, the subjugation of the South Caucasus has been a goal within the imperial policies of the powers located south of the Arax River and north of the Great Caucasus range (the most commonly accepted borders of the region). Short-lived periods of formal independence usually did not entail full internal sovereignty and subjectivity in external actions. Different forms of dependency - political, economic, military or cultural and social - defined the internal situation in the region. Historically, the South Caucasus has been stuck between Rome and Persia, Arab caliphates and Byzantium, Turkish states and Persia, being also the object of destructive Mongol and Tamerlan invasions. Since early modernity, the region has been a space of clashing influences and attempts to gain dominance of three imperial ideologies and, at the same time, civilizational visions - Persian (Iranian), Turkish (Ottoman) and Russian (including a somewhat different form of Soviet).

The problematic role of EU democracy promotion in Armenia, Azerbaijan and Nagorno-Karabakh

2012 ◽  
Vol 45 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 193-200 ◽  
Author(s):  
Licínia Simão
Keyword(s):  
Foreign Policy ◽  
Democracy Promotion ◽  
The South ◽  
South Caucasus ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Promotion Policies ◽  
The Eu

This article looks at the interdependences between the democratisation processes in Armenia, Azerbaijan and Nagorno-Karabakh and the management of the Karabakh conflict, focussing on the EU’s democracy promotion policies. The article argues that the EU’s normative foreign policy in the South Caucasus has been limited by the permanence of the protracted conflicts, in two interrelated ways. First, by not addressing the conflicts the EU focused on long-term goals but failed to provide short-term incentives towards peace. Second, by allowing only a limited involvement in the protracted conflicts, especially inside Karabakh, the EU was perceived as a reluctant partner, undermining its normative credentials.

Rational Behavior in Politics: Evidence from a Three Person Game

1970 ◽  
Vol 64 (1) ◽  
pp. 48-60 ◽  
Author(s):  
William H. Riker ◽  
William James Zavoina
Keyword(s):  
Political Theory ◽  
Rational Behavior ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Party Leaders ◽  
Political Actors ◽  
Party Loyalty ◽  
Ancient Times ◽  
Independent Variable ◽  
Person Game

A fundamental controversy in political theory from ancient times until the present concerns the rationality of political actors, what it is, if it exists at all, and whether or not humans display it in politics. Many political scientists are impatient with this controversy because it remains open after so much (apparently futile) discussion. But they ought not be. The problem of rationality is necessarily imbedded in even the simplest kinds of political research, where, if overlooked, it can occasion misinterpretation and even outright error.Suppose, for example, in an investigation of legislators one uses the notion of party loyalty as an independent variable to explain behavior. This notion seems simple and straightforward enough and not, therefore, likely to involve one in philosophical controversy. But in fact party loyalty can be interpreted in a variety of ways and the choice among them necessarily involves a choice on one side of the controversy over rationality. Loyalty can be thought of, for example, as a truly independent variable, as a product of political socialization, as an expression of affect, and hence as an essentially irrational motive. On the other hand, it may be thought of as itself dependent on bargains rationally satisfying the preferences of legislators. Such bargains may be either short term or long term so that a legislator's manifest party loyalty may result from a series of advantageous bargains with party leaders on particular bills or from an implied bargain with them on career advantage.

Interests of Russia and US in Central Asia: Prospects of Possible Cooperation

2011 ◽  
pp. 90-99
Author(s):  
S. Dorofeev
Keyword(s):  
Central Asia ◽  
Main Idea ◽  
The United States ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Historical Experience ◽  
The Public ◽  
The Will ◽  
Broad Meaning ◽  
Strategic Interest

The main idea of this article is to identify the strategic interests of Russia and the United States and their feasibility taking into account the operational institutions and historical experience of development in the Central Asia. Using in this analysis the concept of strategic interest the author comes to the following conclusions. Firstly, realization of the long-term interests is prevented by the will to obtain short-term benefits. Secondly, a discrepancy between the strategic interest and the “national interest” should be underlined since the latter has a too broad meaning and is often perceived only in the context of the public interest.

Conflict Irresolution in the South China Sea

Asian Survey ◽  
2012 ◽  
Vol 52 (6) ◽  
pp. 1019-1042 ◽  
Author(s):  
David Scott
Keyword(s):  
Conflict Resolution ◽  
South China Sea ◽  
Conflict Management ◽  
South China ◽  
The South China Sea ◽  
The South ◽  
Short Term ◽  
China Sea ◽  
And Control

Abstract In the South China Sea dispute, some Track-2 settings, along with Track-1 efforts by ASEAN and China, have facilitated some conflict “management.” But they have not brought about conflict “resolution” of the basic sovereignty and control issues. Conflict “irresolution” has ensued instead. Short-term balancing may perhaps generate long-term socialization convergence.

scholarly journals Jalal ad-Din Mankburny’s Anti-Mongol Coalition and Its Fate

2020 ◽  
pp. 47-60
Author(s):  
D. M. Timokhin ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Middle East ◽  
Asia Minor ◽  
Important Goal ◽  
The South ◽  
South Caucasus ◽  
Asian Studies ◽  
Political Leaders ◽  
Northern India ◽  
History Of

After the defeat of the Khorezm state in the war with the Mongols in 1219–1221, its last ruler, Jalal ad-Din Mankburny tried to gain a foothold in Northern India, but then left the region. The beginnings of his own state within Iran and the South Caucasus is accompanied by active diplomatic activity, in order to, among other things, create the coalition of various states of the Middle East and Asia Minor. Besides fighting Caliph al-Nasir for dominance in the lands of Iraq Persian, Khorezmshah was actively looking for allies to fight the Mongol threat. The author traces the fate of the anti-Mongol coalition, actively forged by Jalal ad-Din Mankburny until his death in 1231. Besides the history of this Alliance and various political leaders of the Middle East and Asia Minor participation in , the author also focuses on the confrontation with the Mongol conquerors and, as the apogee of this struggle, on the battle of Isfahan in 1227. Another important goal of this study is to identify the causes of this coalition’s collapse, the defeat of the Khorezm state after the battle of Yassa-Chamana and the death of Jalal al-Din Mankburny himself. This study is the first research, focusing on this topic in Russian Asian studies.

scholarly journals Cooperation as a Foreign Policy Instrument

2019 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
pp. 67
Author(s):  
Rodrigo Contreras
Keyword(s):  
Foreign Policy ◽  
International Cooperation ◽  
Policy Instrument ◽  
Evaluation Methodology ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
The South ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Leading Role ◽  
Bilateral Relations

Cooperation is undoubtedly a great tool to deploy Chilean foreign policy, since it creates long-term ties with the beneficiary countries. This generates small-scale retributions in bilateral relations and in specific technical areas, as well at the multilateral level. Chile's cooperation flows have undergone important changes since the creation of the International Cooperation Agency in the 90s, to the present, since Chile has gone from being a net recipient, to being a participant in international cooperation through the South-South modality or horizontal. In spite of this, it is not possible to clearly establish the benefits that cooperation generates for the country because there is no clear evaluation methodology. Finally, Chilean cooperation does not have a priority budget, and its programs are affected by short-term issues in the absence of a more leading role in the formulation of Chilean foreign policy.

Three Types of South Pacific Subtropical Mode Waters: Their Relation to the Large-Scale Circulation of the South Pacific Subtropical Gyre and Their Temporal Variability

2007 ◽  
Vol 37 (10) ◽  
pp. 2478-2490 ◽  
Author(s):  
Takamasa Tsubouchi ◽  
Toshio Suga ◽  
Kimio Hanawa
Keyword(s):  
World Ocean ◽  
South Pacific ◽  
Recirculation Region ◽  
The South ◽  
Short Term ◽  
The West ◽  
The North ◽  
Term Variation ◽  
North And South

Abstract A detailed spatial distribution of South Pacific Subtropical Mode Water (SPSTMW) and its temporal variation were investigated using the World Ocean Atlas (WOA) 2001 climatology and high-resolution expendable bathythermograph (HRX) line data. In the WOA 2001 climatology, SPSTMW can be classified into western and eastern parts. A detailed examination of spatial distributions using HRX-PX06 line data revealed that the eastern part can be further divided into two types by the Tasman Front (TF) extension. Consequently, SPSTMW can be classified into three types, referred to in the present study as the West, North, and South types. The West type, situated in the recirculation region of the East Australia Current (EAC), has a core layer temperature (CLT) of about 19.1°C; the North type, in the region north of the TF extension, has a CLT of about 17.6°C; and the South type, in the region south of the TF extension, has a CLT of about 16.0°C. The long-term (>6 yr) variations in the inventories of the three types were dissimilar to each other. The short-term (<6 yr) and long-term variations in the mean CLT of the North and South types were greater than that of the West type. Winter cooling in the previous year may have influenced the short-term variation in the South-type CLT. Moreover, the strength of the EAC may have influenced long-term variation in the West-type inventory and thickness and in the North-type thickness and CLT.

scholarly journals Press Coverage of AIDS/HIV in the South Pacific: Short-term View of a Long-term Problem

2003 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 138-147
Author(s):  
Trevor Cullen
Keyword(s):  
Public Opinion ◽  
South Pacific ◽  
Press Coverage ◽  
Pacific Region ◽  
The South ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Aids Epidemic ◽  
Newspaper Editors ◽  
Hiv Aids

Newspaper editors need to play their part in tackling the emerging HIV/AIDS epidemic in the South Pacific region as they have enormous influence and can make a difference. They can help challenge public opinion on HIV/AIDS that is often based on ignorance, fear and prejudice, and also step up coverage and allocate more space for information about prevention.  

scholarly journals ON THE QUESTION OF IRANIAN LEXICAL ELEMENTS IN THE LANGUAGES OF THE SOUTH CAUCASUS.

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Э.Б. Сатцаев
Keyword(s):  
Political Communication ◽  
Close Contact ◽  
North Caucasus ◽  
The South ◽  
South Caucasus ◽  
The Caucasus ◽  
Organic Part ◽  
The North ◽  
Persian Language

Кавказ является одной из сложных в этническом отношении областей в мире. Большинство национальных групп проживает на территории Северного Кавказа. Южный же Кавказ (Закавказье) не отличается разнообразием национального состава. Азербайджанцы, грузины, армяне, осетины, абхазы и талыши являются коренными народами Южного Кавказа и тысячелетиями живут на его территории. Язык азербайджанцев относится к тюркской группе алтайской семьи. Армянский язык составляет отдельную группу в индоевропейской семье. Грузинский язык входит в картвельскую семью. Осетины и талыши являются ирано-язычными народами. Язык абхазов относится к адыго-абхазской языковой семье. В результате длительного культурно-исторического и политического общения с иранскими народами в языки Южного Кавказа вошло большое число иранских элементов. В грузинском языке лексика иранского происхождения соотносится со всеми иранскими языковыми эпохами – древней, средней и новой. Она составляет органическую часть грузинского языка, входя в основное ядро его лексики. По причине значительной близости древнеиранских языков затруднительно установить, какой именно из них стал источником того или иного заимствования. В последние столетия грузинский вобрал в себя значительное количество слов из новоперсидского и осетинского языков. Армянский этнос тысячелетиями находился в тесном контакте с иранскими народами. Эти связи нашли свое отражение в армянском языке. Армянский, как и грузинский, заимствовал большое количество иранской лексики. Азербайджанский язык сформировался сравнительно недавно и испытал огромное влияние новоперсидского языка. Через посредство персидского языка в языки Южного Кавказа проникла также арабская лексика. Характер лексической смешанности языков Южного Кавказа значительно сложнее чисто количественных или только цифровых сопоставлений. Этот вопрос может быть решен путем конкретных исследований в различных областях словарного состава, прежде всего в историческом плане. The Caucasus is one of the most ethnically complex regions in the world. The majority of national groups live in the North Caucasus. The Southern Caucasus (Transcaucasia) does not differ in the diversity of its national composition. Azerbaijanis, Georgians, Armenians, Ossetians, Abkhazians and Talyshians are indigenous peoples of the South Caucasus and have lived on this territory for thousands of years. The Azerbaijanian language belongs to the Turkic group of the Altai family. Armenian language is a separate group in the Indo-European family. The Georgian language belongs to the Kartvelian family. Ossetians and Talyshians are Iranian-speaking peoples. The Abkhazian language belongs to the Adygo-Abkhazian language family. As a result of long-term cultural, historical and political communication with the Iranian peoples, a large number of Iranian elements have entered the languages of the South Caucasus. In the Georgian language, the vocabulary of Iranian origin corresponds to all the Iranian language epochs – ancient, middle and new. It forms an organic part of the Georgian language, forming the main core of its vocabulary. Due to the significant proximity of the ancient Iranian languages, it is difficult to determine which of them could have been the source of a particular loan. In recent centuries, Georgian has absorbed a significant number of words from the new Persian and Ossetian languages. The Armenian ethnic group has been in close contact with the Iranian peoples for thousands of years. These connections are reflected in the Armenian language. Armenian, like Georgian, borrowed a large amount of Iranian vocabulary. The Azerbaijanian language was formed relatively recently and was greatly influenced by the new Persian language. Through the medium of the Persian language, Arabic vocabulary also penetrated into the languages of the South Caucasus. The character of lexical mixing of the languages of the South Caucasus is much more complex than purely quantitative or only digital comparisons. This issue can be resolved through specific research in various areas of vocabulary, primarily in historical terms.

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