scholarly journals Artisanal-small Scale Mining in Myanmar

2014 ◽  
pp. 19-23
Author(s):  
Aung Kyin
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Mining Operation ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Mining Activities ◽  
Mining Equipment ◽  
Access To Finance ◽  
Mineral Commodity ◽  
Women And Children ◽  
Artisanal Miners

In many parts of the world, artisanal or small-scale mining activities are at least as important as large-scale mining activities. The numbers of people employed are actually considerably greater than in large companies. In 2002, an estimated 13 million people a large percentage of those are women and children are artisanal and small scale miners operating mainly in developing countries. Although the numbers of small-scale miners and their dependents are estimated at up to 80-100 million people, governments are frequently reluctant to give legal recognition to artisanal miners [1].This paper discusses approaches to developthe Artisanal–Small Scale Mining (ASM) sector in developing countries. This includes choice of mineral commodity, available technologies and economic/geological criteria. Other considerations include access to finance, area selection, and personnel. The parameters of mineral economic analysis are also essential for asuccessful ASM mining operation. Finally, choice of mining equipment is critical to success.

Managing the impacts of mining on Ghana’s water resources from a legal perspective

2018 ◽  
Vol 1 (3) ◽  
pp. 156-165 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nasirudeen Abdul Fatawu
Keyword(s):  
Surface Water ◽  
Water Resources ◽  
Environmental Protection Agency ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Mining Activities ◽  
Protection Agency ◽  
Environmental Laws ◽  
Mining Areas ◽  
Legal Perspective

Recent floods in Ghana are largely blamed on mining activities. Not only are lives lost through these floods, farms andproperties are destroyed as a result. Water resources are diverted, polluted and impounded upon by both large-scale minersand small-scale miners. Although these activities are largely blamed on behavioural attitudes that need to be changed, thereare legal dimensions that should be addressed as well. Coincidentally, a great proportion of the water resources of Ghana arewithin these mining areas thus the continual pollution of these surface water sources is a serious threat to the environmentand the development of the country as a whole. The environmental laws need to be oriented properly with adequate sanctionsto tackle the impacts mining has on water resources. The Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) procedure needs to bestreamlined and undertaken by the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) and not the company itself.

Impact of simulated deep-sea polymetallic nodule mining on sediment and pore-water geochemistry in prospective mining areas in the NE Pacific Ocean

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jessica Volz ◽  
Laura Haffert ◽  
Matthias Haeckel ◽  
Andrea Koschinsky ◽  
Sabine Kasten
Keyword(s):  
Steady State ◽  
Pacific Ocean ◽  
Deep Sea ◽  
Surface Sediments ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Mining Activities ◽  
Mining Equipment ◽  
Geochemical Conditions ◽  
Polymetallic Nodules ◽  
Ne Pacific

<p>Industrial-scale harvesting of deep-sea mineral resources, such as polymetallic nodules, is likely to have severe consequences for the natural environment. However, the effects of mining activities on deep‑sea ecosystems, sediment geochemistry and element fluxes are still poorly understood. Predicting the environmental impact is challenging due to the scarcity of environmental baseline studies and the lack of mining trials with industrial mining equipment in the deep sea. Thus, currently we have to rely on small-scale disturbances simulating deep-sea mining activities as a first-order approximation to study the expected impacts on the abyssal environment and ecosystem.</p><p>We have investigated surface sediments in disturbance tracks of seven small-scale benthic impact experiments, which have been performed in four European contract areas for the exploration of polymetallic nodules in the Clarion-Clipperton Zone (CCZ) in the NE Pacific Ocean. These small-scale disturbance experiments were performed 1 day to 37 years prior to our sampling program in the German, Polish, Belgian and French contract areas using different disturbance devices, such as dredges and epibenthic sledges. We show that the depth distribution of solid-phase Mn in the upper 20 cm of the sediments in the CCZ provides a reliable tool for the determination of the disturbance depth. We found that the upper 5–15 cm of the sediments were removed during various small‑scale disturbance experiments in the different contract areas. Transient transport‑reaction modelling for the Polish and German contract areas reveals that the removal of the surface sediments is associated with the loss of reactive labile organic carbon. As a result, oxygen consumption rates decrease significantly after the removal of the surface sediments, and consequently, oxygen penetrates up to tenfold deeper into the sediments inhibiting denitrification and Mn(IV) reduction. Our model results show that the return to steady state geochemical conditions after the disturbance is controlled by diffusion until the reactive labile TOC fraction in the surface sediments is partly re‑established and the biogeochemical processes commence. While the re-establishment of bioturbation is essential, steady state geochemical conditions are ultimately controlled by the burial rate of organic matter. Hence, under current depositional conditions, new steady state geochemical conditions in the sediments of the CCZ are reached only on a millennium-scale even for these small-scale disturbances simulating deep-sea mining activities.</p>

scholarly journals Review Of The Small Scale Gold Mining Practices At Cineam, Tasikmalaya Regency, West Java, Indonesia

1970 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 4-11
Author(s):  
Hutamadi Hutamadi ◽  
Bambang Nugroho Widi ◽  
Sabtanto Joko Suprapto
Keyword(s):  
Gold Deposit ◽  
Gold Mining ◽  
Mining Operation ◽  
Gold Deposits ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Mountain Range ◽  
Gold Content ◽  
Mining Activities ◽  
West Java ◽  
Gold Miners

Gold deposit at Cineam area is an epithermal gold deposit of low sulphidation type which lies about 180 km southeast of Bandung at an elevation of 400 meter above the mean sea level. The Cineam deposit is administratively belongs to Cineam Subdistrict , Tasikmalaya Regency, West Java Province, which dominantly occurred within volcanic rocks unit of Jampang Formation. Alterations developed in this area namely propylite, argillic, sericitation, and silisification, occurred in andesitic lava, volcanic breccia, and andesitic to dacitic tuff. The thickness of gold bearing quartz veins are commonly from few cm up to > 20 cm, while for the veins of higher grade of gold content the thickness are about 5 cm or less. The average grade of gold content is around 6 - 10 gr/t Au. Although Cineam gold deposits can not be classified as a big scale deposit, itsmineral genesis has an interesting characteristic to be further studied. The Cineam area representing one of the most prospect areas of gold found in the eastern part of West Java Southern Mountain Range. As the Cineam gold deposit is proportionally suitable for a small scale gold mine, the local government had already gave a mining license to a Family Firm in the form of a Village Unit Cooperation or “KUD” such as KUD Mekarjaya which had also been updated to become a B class of Exploitation License category that permitted for the realization of metallic exploitation. This action was in line with the implementation of Autonomy Policy since the year of 2001.Although KUD Mekarjaya’s mining production is relatively so small but in fact the mining activity is still being maintained to be daily earnings for the local gold miners to rely on. Within the long run of the local gold miners activity at Cineam which has been working since 1968, this condition can give rise to many well skilled and experienced labors in seeking for gold ores, in handling small scale gold mining works, and in obtaining for the bullions. In other side, on thecontrary, there are some negative actions must be kept under control such as the disposal of the waste or tailing directly into the river and the unsafely process of heating the amalgam to obtain the bullion including other improper ways done during the handling of their mining activities. Since the whole mining operation so far generally financed by individual investors it is very likely that small scale gold mining lacks of the capital needed for the mining operation. This condition is what the KUD always facing with so that management and financial matters can be a very serious problem affecting the progress of the KUD Mekarjaya From some presentation given by the CCOP-CASM Meeting in Bandung we can compare the condition of small scale mining in Indonesia. and that from other countries which have conducted good management in mining regulation and policy in relation with licensing, mining workers, tax payment and awareness of environment live in the vicinity of mining areas On account of that event this can be expected to motivate and encourage the policy anddecision makers either locally or centrally throughout Indonesia in giving more attention related to the guidance, monitoring and inspection of the implementation of small scale mining activities which is actually growing in numbers.

Spatiality, Clustering, and the Agglomeration Economies of Scale

2018 ◽  
pp. 224-247
Author(s):  
Simbarashe Show Mazongonda ◽  
Innocent Chirisa
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Informal Sector ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Economies Of Scale ◽  
Agglomeration Economies ◽  
Manufacturing Firms ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Employment Creation ◽  
Strong Ties ◽  
Knowledge Economies

This chapter is based on a study that tests the realities of agglomeration economies of scale due to clustering of small-scale manufacturing firms of the informal type in Zimbabwe. Little has been studied on how the informal sector thrives on agglomeration economies of scale in developing countries. Despite this lack of research, this chapter acknowledges the existence of strong networks among small-scale manufacturers in urban Zimbabwe. These linkages, contrary to practices within large-scale manufacturers, are cemented by strong ties of entrepreneurialism. With big manufacturers, the ties are usually worker-based and less defined along entrepreneurial lines. Using spatial statistical approach, the test revealed that tool sharing, output-input relationship, employment creation, and sharing of knowledge economies of scale are also evident in developing countries.

scholarly journals Impact of small-scale disturbances on geochemical conditions, biogeochemical processes and element fluxes in surface sediments of the eastern Clarion-Clipperton Zone, Pacific Ocean

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jessica B. Volz ◽  
Laura Haffert ◽  
Matthias Haeckel ◽  
Andrea Koschinsky ◽  
Sabine Kasten
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Impact ◽  
Deep Sea ◽  
Surface Sediments ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Mining Activities ◽  
Biogeochemical Processes ◽  
Mining Equipment ◽  
Transport Reaction ◽  
Element Fluxes ◽  
Polymetallic Nodules

Abstract. The thriving interest in harvesting deep-sea mineral resources, such as polymetallic nodules, calls for environmental impact studies, and ultimately, for regulations for environmental protection. Industrial-scale deep-sea mining of polymetallic nodules most likely has severe consequences for the natural environment. However, the effects of mining activities on deep-sea ecosystems, sediment geochemistry and element fluxes are still poorly conceived. Predicting the environmental impact is challenging due to the scarcity of environmental baseline studies as well as the lack of mining trials with industrial mining equipment in the deep sea. Thus, currently we have to rely on small-scale disturbances simulating deep-sea mining activities as a first-order approximation to study the expected impacts on the abyssal environment. Here, we investigate surface sediments in disturbance tracks of seven small-scale benthic impact experiments, which have been performed in four European contract areas for the exploration of polymetallic nodules in the Clarion-Clipperton Zone (CCZ). These small-scale disturbance experiments were performed 1 day to 37 years prior to our sampling program in the German, Polish, Belgian and French contract areas using different disturbance devices. We show that the depth distribution of solid-phase Mn in the upper 20 cm of the sediments in the CCZ provides a reliable tool for the determination of the disturbance depth, which has been proposed in a previous study (Paul et al., 2018). We found that the upper 5–15 cm of the sediments were removed during various small-scale disturbance experiments in the different exploration contract areas. Transient transport-reaction modelling for the Polish and German contract areas reveals that the removal of the surface sediments is associated with the loss of reactive labile organic carbon. As a result, oxygen consumption rates decrease significantly after the removal of the surface sediments, and consequently, oxygen penetrates up to tenfold deeper into the sediments inhibiting denitrification and Mn(IV) reduction. Our model results show that the post-disturbance geochemical re-equilibration is controlled by diffusion until the reactive labile TOC fraction in the surface sediments is partly re-established and the biogeochemical processes commence. While the re-establishment of bioturbation is essential, the geochemical re-equilibration of the sediments is ultimately controlled by the burial rates of organic matter. Hence, under current depositional conditions, the new geochemical equilibrium in the sediments of the CCZ is reached only on a millennia scale even for these small-scale disturbances simulating deep-sea mining activities.

The Transition From Small-Scale to Large-Scale Industry

1973 ◽  
Vol 30 (12) ◽  
pp. 2159-2165
Author(s):  
G. Campleman
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Distribution Systems ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Western Europe ◽  
Rapid Development ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Fishing Industry ◽  
New Processing ◽  
New Industry ◽  
Capital Intensive

The transition in fisheries from small-scale to large-scale industry has traditionally evolved in the technically advanced countries over a period covering several generations. The present sophisticated, capital-intensive, highly mechanized fishing industry of Western Europe is a good example of this process.However, the developing countries of today are not content to wait through the evolutionary period. They want to establish a modern fishing industry — all aspects from catching the fish to processing and consumption — in the shortest time. Some have done so, at least in part, despite difficulties such as lack of trained personnel at all levels, lack of or inadequate infrastructure and marketing and distribution systems, inadequate capital resources, and so on.The author examines the main problems and challenges of the situation and provides various proposals and guidelines for such rapid development. He points out that the characteristic artisanal fisheries of the developing countries cannot be so transformed into modernized fisheries. They need a separate, slowly developing program for their upgrading. However, they are likely to be stimulated by and benefit from the establishment of a modern capital-intensive industry with which they must coexist. In particular, the artisanal fishermen should benefit from expansion of markets, introduction of new processing facilities, improvements in infrastructure, establishment of higher standards in handling, storage, and processing of fish, perhaps even by injection of capital and being given a specific share of the new industry, such as supplying it with high-priced prime fish, etc.

scholarly journals Small industries in developing countries

1980 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-4
Author(s):  
Jan H. Lange
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Development Strategy ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Retail Trade ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Development Agency ◽  
Job Opportunities ◽  
Small Industry ◽  
Small Industries

A regional development programme is set out for a developing country, using Bophuthatswana as an example. A stable society with an increasing quality of life, and creation of enough job opportunities in the country are assumed as the primary objectives. Of the various alternative approaches to creating employment opportunities - agriculture, wholesale and retail trade, construction of infrastructure, and large scale and small industry - it appears that labour-intensive small industries can achieve employment objectives at the lowest cost to the economy. This approach, which also develops entrepreneurship and organizational talent, is recommended as having economic, social and political advantages. The roles of small scale industrial entrepreneurs in developed and in developing countries are contrasted, the major problems in the latter being the ability to identify potentially profitable projects for export, and the ability to market in neighbouring countries. The proposed development strategy would require a new specialized development agency in South Africa, collaborating closely with the developing states's own development agency, and both of them assisting entrepreneurs to identify projects with potential.'n Streeksontwikkelingsprogram vir 'n ontwikkelende land word beskryf met Bophuthatswana as voorbeeld. 'n Stabiele gemeenskap met toenemende lewensgehalte, en skepping van genoeg werksgeleenthede in die land word as die primere doelwitte aanvaar. Van verskeie alternatiewe benaderings tot werkgeleentheidskepping - landbou, klein- en groothandel, konstruksie van infrastruktuur, en groot en klein nywerhede - blyk dit dat klein nywerhede werkverskaffingsdoelwitte teen die laagste koste aan die ekonomie kan bereik. Die benadering, wat ook entrepreneurskap en bestuurstalent ontwikkel, word aanbeveel omdat dlt naas ekonomiese, ook sosiale en politiese voordele het. Die rolle van klein nyweraars in ontwikkelde en ontwikkelende lande word gekontrasteer, en die belangrikste probleme vlr laasgenoemde is die vermoe om potensieel winsgewende projekte vir uitvoer te identifiseer, en die vermoe om in buurlande te bemark. Die voorgestelde ontwikkelingstrategie sou 'n nuwe gespesialiseerde ontwikkelingsagentskap in Suid-Afrika vereis, wat nou saamwerk met die ontwikkelende staat se ontwlkkelingskorporasie, terwyl beide entrepreneurs help om projekte met potensiaal te identifiseer.

The Quotidian Labour of High Tech: Innovation and Ordinary Work in Shenzhen

2019 ◽  
Vol 24 (2) ◽  
pp. 218-236
Author(s):  
Hallam Stevens
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Middle Class ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
High Tech ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Small Enterprises ◽  
Lower Middle Class ◽  
Start Ups ◽  
Human Networks

The literature on the production of high-tech electronics in China—following a Silicon Valley model—focuses on either large-scale manufacturing or the role of start-ups and ‘makers’. The aim of this article is to turn to other kinds of spaces and work in the production of high-tech electronics. I focus here on three kinds of spaces in Shenzhen: the Huaqiangbei electronics market, small-scale factories and industrial design workshops. The electronics economy depends critically not just on ‘makers’ but on all kinds of other labour. In particular, it depends on lower middle-class and low-class work—devices made by small factories and shops, sold by small enterprises and designed for the less wealthy, especially in developing countries. The human networks that connect these individuals are critical to the size, speed and density of the markets, allowing devices to be built and shipped rapidly, for parts and customers to be available.

scholarly journals The Impact of Entrepreneurship on Economic Performance in Indonesia

2020 ◽  
Vol 66 (1) ◽  
pp. 1
Author(s):  
Yohanes B. Kadarusman
Keyword(s):  
Economic Growth ◽  
Developing Countries ◽  
Economic Performance ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Gdp Per Capita ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Entrepreneurial Ventures ◽  
Micro Scale ◽  
Per Capita ◽  
The Impact

Entrepreneurship is claimed to have a positive and significant effect on economic growth in developed countries, but less so in developing countries. Using the growth model, this study examines the impact of entrepreneurship on economic performance in Indonesia as indicated by economic growth and income per-capita from 1985 to 2017. The estimation result confirms the non-significant effect of the growth of entrepreneurial ventures on the growth of GDP per-capita. However, the accumulation of the ventures has a positive and significant effect on the level of GDP per capita. The different typology of entrepreneurial ventures in Indonesia provides some insight to explain the finding, namely: scale does matter. Indonesia already has abundant micro-scale entrepreneurs, but it has only a limited amount of small-scale entrepreneurs, and even fewer medium or large-scale entrepreneurs. This finding contributes to a better understanding of the statistically non-significant impact of entrepreneurship on economic growth in developing countries. This study also suggests that entrepreneurship policy in Indonesia should focus more on facilitating micro-scale ventures to continuously develop toward small, medium, and ultimately large-scale enterprises rather than on creating start-ups.

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