scholarly journals PEMBUATAN BAHAN BAKAR CAMPURAN BIODIESEL, DIESEL, ETANOL DAN AIR DALAM EMULSI STABIL

PHARMACON ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (4) ◽  
pp. 904
Author(s):  
Meiga Paendong ◽  
Hanny F. Sangian ◽  
Maria D. Bobanto
Keyword(s):  
Methyl Ester ◽  
Palm Oil ◽  
Methyl Esters ◽  
Coconut Oil ◽  
Palm Tree ◽  
Measuring Flask ◽  
Mixing Process ◽  
Stable Emulsion ◽  
Blended Fuel ◽  
Three Components

ABSTRACT             The purpose of this research is to prepare a blended fuel of biodiesel, diesel and ethanol in stable emulsion. Biodiesel which is mixed with diesel and ethanol in certain compositions was conducted manually. The first step was to prepare ethanol from fermented palm sap and then the ethanol and water were distililed using a reflux separator. The ethanol obtained was with purity 94-96%, while 97% ethanol was produced by lime absorbsion. The next step was the mixing process between ethanol, biodiesel and ethanol, biodiesel, and diesel. Ethanol was poured into a measuring flask with a volume of 7 ml and then biodiesel was added until they formed a stable emulsion solution. The ethanol and diesel were mixed and the biodiesel was added gradually while shaken slowly forming a stable emulsion. The results showed that the composition of biodiesel, ethanol, and water with 96% ethanol were 78.76, 20.42 and 0.81% (v/v), where methyl esters were obtained from palm oil using subcritical techniques. Meanwhile, biodiesel from coconut oil with the same technique, the composition of the three components was 75.13% biodiesel, 23.90% ethanol and 0.95% air. Keywords: Biodiesel, Ethanol, Diesel, Palm Tree (Arenga pinnata SP).                                             ABSTRAKTujuan penelitian ini adalah membuat bahan bakar campuran larutan emulsi stabil dengan mencampurkan biodiesel, diesel dan etanol. Biodiesel  yang dicampur dengan diesel dan etanol pada komposisi tertentu dilakukan secara manual. Tahapan yang pertama yaitu pembuatan etanol dari nira aren yang sudah terfermentasi dan kemudian dilakukan proses destilasi etanol untuk mendapat kemurnian 94-96%, sementara untuk etanol 97 % didapat dengan cara absorsi menggunakan lime. Tahapan berikutnya yaitu proses pencampuran dilakukan dengan menggunakan etanol dengan kemurnian 94%-97%. Etanol dituangkan ke dalam gelas ukur dengan volume 7 ml dan etanol konsentrasi 96% dicampur secara perlahan hingga membentuk larutan emulsi stabil. Hasil menunjukan bahwa komposisi biodiesel, etanol, dan air dengan kosentrasi etanol 96% adalah 78.76, 20.42 dan 0.81 % (v/v) yang mana methyl ester diturunkan dari minyak sawit dengan menggunakan teknik subkritis. Sementara, biodiesel dari minyak kelapa dengan teknik yang sama, komposisi ketiga komponen adalah  75.13 % biodiesel, 23.90 % etanol dan 0.95% air. Kata kunci: Biodiesel, Etanol, Diesel, Pohon Aren (Arenga pinnata SP)

scholarly journals Estudio cinético de la sulfonación de ésteres metílicos derivados de la estearina de palma

2009 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 88
Author(s):  
Jesús Alfonso Torres Ortega ◽  
Luis Alejandro Díaz Aldana ◽  
Francisco José Sánchez Castellanos
Keyword(s):  
Methyl Ester ◽  
Kinetic Study ◽  
Palm Oil ◽  
Methyl Esters ◽  
Palm Stearin ◽  
Biological Properties ◽  
Second Order ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Reaction Velocity ◽  
Other Substances

<strong><strong></strong></strong>Los ésteres metílicos como alternativa oleoquímica permiten sintetizar compuestos para la fabricación de detergentes, polímeros, recubrimientos, cosméticos, pinturas y otras sustancias. Así, la transformación del aceite de palma se establece como una cadena productiva con múltiples aplicaciones industriales. Las propiedades biológicas del éster metílico sulfonado, derivado del aceite de palma, permiten desarrollar detergentes de baja toxicidad al medio ambiente, son una fuente renovable de materia prima, y con su desarrollo se explota este recurso nacional; se generan así conocimiento y fuentes adicionales de trabajo. La sulfonación de ésteres metílicos es una reacción altamente exotérmica en la que la velocidad de reacción determina la carga térmica que debe disipar el reactor, y por tanto es trascendental para el diseño del reactor de sulfonación y su modelamiento matemático. Mediante técnicas instrumentales se estableció una expresión cinética para la velocidad de reacción. Los ensayos realizados en el laboratorio permitieron la deducción de una cinética de segundo orden para el mecanismo de reacción propuesto; esta velocidad de reacción describe adecuadamente la sulfonación con SO3 de ésteres metílicos derivados de la estearina hidrogenada de palma. Se verificó la cinética de segundo orden de la reacción global del proceso de sulfonación de ésteres metílicos con SO3. <p class="Corpoica"><strong>Kinetic study of methyl esters sulfonation derived from palm stearin </strong></p><p class="Corpoica">The methyl esters as an alternative to oil-chemical compounds, is an feedstock to manufacture of detergents, polymers, coatings, cosmetics, paints and other substances, establishing them the palm oil transformation like a productive chain with multiple applications at the industry level. Biological properties of biodiesel (methyl ester) sulfonated allow to develop low toxicity detergents to the environment, they are a renewable source of raw material, and with its development it is possible to take advantage of a national sources of knowledge and employment. Methyl esters sulfonation is a reaction highly exothermic, where reaction velocity determines the charge of heat, which should be dissipated by reactor. Therefore, it is important for sulfonation reactor design and its mathematical modelling. In this investigation, a kinetic study for methyl ester from palm oil stearin with sulfur trioxide SO3 sulfonation is presented, whereby with experimental techniques, it was possible to obtain a kinetic expression for reaction velocity. Tests in the laboratory allowed the deduction of a second-order kinetics for the reaction mechanism proposed, the reaction rate described adequately with SO3 sulfonation of methyl esters derived from hydrogenated palm stearin. It was observed second order kinetics of the reaction for the overall process of sulfonation with SO3 methyl esters. </p>

scholarly journals Production of Methyl ester from Coconut Oil using Heterogeneous K/Al2O3 under Microwave Irradiation

2020 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 23-29
Author(s):  
Andi Suryanto ◽  
Ummu Kalsum ◽  
Lailatul Qadariya ◽  
Mahfud Mahfud
Keyword(s):  
Methyl Ester ◽  
Heterogeneous Catalyst ◽  
Microwave Power ◽  
Heterogeneous Catalysts ◽  
Catalyst Concentration ◽  
Methyl Esters ◽  
Coconut Oil ◽  
Ester Yield ◽  
Esterification Reactions ◽  
Al2o3 Catalyst

Methyl esters derived from coconut oil are very interesting to study because they contain free fatty acids with a medium carbon chain structure (C12-C14), so most methyl esters (70%) can be bio-kerosene and the rest can be biodiesel. The process of preparing methyl ester by reaction of Trans-esterification triglyceride generally using a homogeneous KOH catalyst but this process requires a long catalyst separation process through washing and drying process. The use of heterogeneous catalysts in the production of methyl esters can remove the washing and drying processes, but trans-esterification reactions with heterogeneous catalysts require severe conditions (high pressure and high temperature), whereas at low temperatures and atmospheric conditions, the methyl ester yield is relatively low. Using microwave-irradiated trans-esterification reactions with heterogeneous catalysts, it is expected to be much faster and can obtained higher yields. Therefore, in this study we prepare a heterogeneous catalyst K/Al2O3 using solution KOH that impregnated in catalyst support Al2O3, and catalyst obtained are caracterized by XRD, BET dan SEM. Our objective was to compare the yield of methyl esters obtained through the trans-esterification process of coconut oil assisted by microwave using a heterogeneous K / Al2O3 catalyst with yield obtained using a homogeneous KOH catalyst. Experimental equipment consists of a batch reactor placed in a microwave oven equipped with a condenser, agitator and temperature controller. The batch process was carried out at atmospheric pressure with variation of K/Al2O3 catalyst concentration (0.5, 1.0, 1.5, 2.0, 2.5%) and microwave power (100, 264 and 400 W). In general, the process of producing methyl esters by heterogeneous catalysts will get three layers, wherein the first layer is the product of methyl ester, the second layer is glycerol and the third layer is the catalyst. The experimental results show that the methyl ester yield increases with increasing of microwave power, catalyst concentration and reaction time. The results obtained with K /Al2O3 catalysts are generally slightly lower than those obtained using a homogeneous KOH catalyst. However, the yield of methyl esters obtained by the K / Al2O3 heterogeneous catalyst process are relatively easy to separate rather than using a homogeneous KOH catalyst.

Effect of Fatty Acid Methyl Ester on Fuel-Injector Wear Characteristics

2020 ◽  
Vol 14 (3) ◽  
pp. 327-339
Author(s):  
M. Jamshaid ◽  
H. H. Masjuki ◽  
M. A. Kalam ◽  
N. W. M. Zulkifli ◽  
A. Arslan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Methyl Ester ◽  
Fatty Acid Methyl Ester ◽  
Palm Oil ◽  
Methyl Esters ◽  
Acid Methyl Ester ◽  
Fuel Injector ◽  
Wear Characteristics ◽  
Acid Methyl

This paper presents the experimental results carried out to evaluate the fatty acid methyl ester (FAME) obtained from cotton-seed oil and palm oil on fuel-injector wear characteristics. The cottonseed oil methyl ester (COME) and palm oil methyl ester (POME) were produced in the laboratory using alkaline transesterification. Gas chromatography based on 'BS EN 14103:2011' standard was used to analyze the percentage of fatty acids in COME and POME. The physicochemical properties of the two methyl esters were measured based on ASTM and EN standards. Various unique blends using cottonseed–palm oil methyl ester (CPME) were tested. Thirteen (13) different types of fuel blends were prepared from COME, POME, and petroleum diesel fuel (DF100). The wear and lubricity characteristics were measured using a high-frequency reciprocating rig (HFRR) based on ASTM D6079 standard. The worn surfaces of the specimen plates were evaluated by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS). The COME100, POME100, and CPME100 showed excellent lubricity properties for the fuel injector in terms of lower COF and wear coefficient when compared with DF100. COME100, POME100 and CPME100 showed lower average COF compared to DF100 by 16.9%, 13.9% and 16.1%, respectively. This may be due to the presence of unsaturated fatty acids in the methyl esters composition. Consequently, the fatty acid methyl esters can be used to reduce the friction and wear of the fuel injectors due to the improvement in the tribological properties of the fuel.

scholarly journals Sintesis Biodiesel Menggunakan Katalis Campuran Calcium Hydroxide dan Calcite

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 25
Author(s):  
Horasdia Saragih
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Methyl Ester ◽  
Calcium Hydroxide ◽  
Palm Oil ◽  
Room Temperature ◽  
Fatty Acid Methyl Esters ◽  
Methyl Esters ◽  
Octadecenoic Acid ◽  
Acid Methyl Ester ◽  
Acid Methyl

<p><span>Fatty acid methyl esters (FAME, biodiesel) have been synthesized using a mixture of calcium hydroxide [Ca(OH)<sub>2</sub>] and calcite [CaCO<sub>3</sub>] catalyst. The fabrication was carried out by transesterifying triglycerides from palm oil using methanol at temperature of 60<sup>o</sup>C. The mixture of calcium hydroxide [Ca(OH)<sub>2</sub>] and calcite [CaCO<sub>3</sub>] catalyst was synthesized from CaO by exposed CaO to the air at room temperature. Various transesterification times have been involved in transesterification process. Based on the results obtained, it was found that the mixture of Ca(OH)<sub>2</sub> and CaCO<sub>3</sub> has catalytic characteristics, so that it can transesterify triglycerides and produce the FAME. There are 10 types of FAME produced from the palm oil triglycerides in this transesterification. Five of this types were saturated FAME and others were unsaturated FAME. The highest concentration of FAME is cis-9-octadecenoic acid methyl ester. The longer transesterification process, the more FAME is produced. Referring to the results of this study, it shows that the mixture of Ca(OH)<sub>2</sub> and CaCO<sub>3</sub> has the potential to be used as a catalyst for synthesizing biodiesel in the future.</span></p>

scholarly journals PEMANFAATAN ABU KULIT BUAH KELAPA SEBAGAI KATALIS PADA REAKSI TRANSESTERIFIKASI MINYAK SAWIT MENJADI METIL ESTER

2013 ◽  
Vol 2 (4) ◽  
pp. 17-24
Author(s):  
Muhammad Yusuf Ritonga ◽  
Doni Hermanto Sihombing ◽  
Allen Rianto Sihotang
Keyword(s):  
Gas Chromatography ◽  
Methyl Ester ◽  
Atomic Absorption ◽  
Palm Oil ◽  
Kinematic Viscosity ◽  
Methyl Esters ◽  
Transesterification Reaction ◽  
Esterification Reaction ◽  
Processing Stage ◽  
Potassium Methoxide

Transesterification is the reaction to produce methyl esters in which this reaction’s catalyst involves coconut shell burnt ash at temperature of 550, 600, 650 °C for 8 hours and uses 1%, 2%, 3% (w/w) of ash. Ash used was dissolved in 75 ml of methanol to obtain potassium methoxide compound and was analyzed by AAS (Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer) to determine potassium content. Palm oil involved in the processing stage of degumming with the addition of 0,6% (w/w) H3PO4 85% to remove gum then followed by an esterification reaction using 3,0% (w/w) H2SO498% as the catalyst to reduce FFA<1%. The temperature of transesterification reaction was at 65 °C for 2 hours, ratio of methanol: CPO 6:1 (n/n) and 500 rpm agitation. Quantitatively, the optimum yield of 81% methyl esters is gained with shell burnt ash at temperature of 600 ° C, 1% (w/w) of ash with the specification of methyl esters as density, kinematic viscosity and flash point are relatively conformed to SNI04-7182-2006 biodiesel and 92.99% purity methyl ester with 4.62% total glycerin,2.39% free glycerin based on GC (Gas Chromatography).

scholarly journals Study on the Coupling Relationship of Low Temperature Fluidity and Oxidation Stability of Biodiesel

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (5) ◽  
pp. 1757 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shuaishuai Lv ◽  
Jiaqiao Zhang ◽  
Hongjun Ni ◽  
Xingxing Wang ◽  
Yu Zhu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Methyl Ester ◽  
Low Temperature ◽  
Fatty Acid Methyl Esters ◽  
Methyl Esters ◽  
Oxidation Stability ◽  
Great Influence ◽  
Cold Filter Plugging Point ◽  
Oxidation Induction Time ◽  
Blended Fuel ◽  
Relationship Of

Low temperature fluidity and oxidation stability are important indicators for the measurement of the performance of biodiesel, which are currently two major issues in association with the use of biodiesel on diesel engines. In the current work, actors affecting the low temperature fluidity and oxidation stability of biodiesel, such as adding reagents, changing the blending ratio, were studied separately. Then, the influencing factors were comprehensively analyzed to simultaneously improve the low temperature fluidity and oxidation stability of biodiesel through adjusting the proportion of fatty acid methyl esters (FAMEs). The results show that the cold fluidity improver (CFI) exerts the greatest influence on the biodiesel blending oil B10. When the CFI is added to 0.6%, the cold filter plugging point (CFPP) of B10 is reduced to a minimum of −17 °C. Additionally, blending ratio also has a great influence on the CFPP of biodiesel blended fuel. When the amount of biodiesel added is 5%, the CFPP of biodiesel blended fuel is equivalent to the CFPP of 0 petrol diesel (0PD). When the amount of biodiesel added exceeds 50%, the oxidation induction time (OIT) of biodiesel with different blending ratios can be made greater than 6 h by adding butylated hydroxyanisole (BHA) with a ratio of 0.1%. The CFPP and OIT of the blended fuel increase with the increasing of PME addition ratio. When the blending ratio of palm oil methyl ester (PME) and rapeseed oil methyl ester (RME) is R60P40, the CFPP is 0 °C, and the OIT is 5.9 h.

scholarly journals Biodiesel Production from Crude Palm Oil Using Sulfuric Acid and K2O Catalysts through a Two-Stage Reaction

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (3) ◽  
pp. 3150-3160
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Methyl Ester ◽  
Palm Oil ◽  
Methyl Esters ◽  
Fatty Acid Content ◽  
Biodiesel Production ◽  
Esterification Reaction ◽  
Impregnation Method ◽  
Crude Palm Oil ◽  
Empty Fruit Bunches

This study examines biodiesel production from crude palm oil (CPO) through an esterification reaction with methanol as a solvent and transesterification reactions catalyzed by calcium oxide (K2O). K2O catalyst synthesized from the oil palm empty fruit bunches ash (PEFB-ash) with impregnation method and calcined at a temperature of 700 ºC. The esterification reaction results showed that the free fatty acid content decreased from 5.47% to 0.57% at 60 ºC, while the results transesterification reaction showed the highest methyl ester content of 39.33% at optimal conditions, which was K2O catalyst amount of 3%. The GC-MS analysis results showed that as many as eleven fatty acid methyl esters were confirmed from biodiesel crude palm oil (CPO) based on their respective retention times and fragmentation patterns. The main components of the methyl ester formed include methyl hexadecanoic (17.75%), methyl 9.12-octadecadienoate (3.97%), and methyl 9-octadecenoate (12.06%). Biodiesel properties were examined using the American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM-6751).

Activity of Plasmin and Streptokinase-Activator on Substituted Arginine and Lysine Esters

1966 ◽  
Vol 16 (01/02) ◽  
pp. 018-031 ◽  
Author(s):  
S Sherry ◽  
Norma Alkjaersig ◽  
A. P Fletcher
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Structure ◽  
Methyl Ester ◽  
Comparative Studies ◽  
Esterase Activity ◽  
Methyl Esters ◽  
Hydrolytic Activity ◽  
The Other ◽  
Other Hand

SummaryComparative studies have been made of the esterase activity of plasmin and the streptokinase-activator of plasminogen on a variety of substituted arginine and lysine esters. Human plasmin preparations derived by different methods of activation (spontaneous in glycerol, trypsin, streptokinase (SK) and urokinase) are similar in their esterase activity; this suggests that the molecular structure required for such esterase activity is similar for all of these human plasmins. Bovine plasmin, on the other hand, differs from human plasmin in its activity on several of the substrates studied (e.g., the methyl esters of benzoyl arginine and tosyl, acetyl and carbobenzoxy lysine), a finding which supports the view that molecular differences exist between the two animal plasmins. The streptokinase-activator hydrolyzes both arginine and lysine esters but the ratios of hydrolytic activity are distinct from those of plasmin and of other activators of plasminogen. The use of benzoyl arginine methyl ester as a substrate for the measurement of the esterase activity of the streptokinase-activator is described.

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