scholarly journals Community Structure of Macro Algae in Mokupa Village, Tombariri Sub-district, Minahasa District, North Sulawesi Province

2015 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 30
Author(s):  
Rini M Wowor ◽  
Rene Charles Kepel ◽  
Laurence J. L Lumingas
Keyword(s):  
Diversity Index ◽  
Community Diversity ◽  
Sea Waves ◽  
Species Diversity Index ◽  
Gracilaria Edulis ◽  
Sargassum Polycystum ◽  
Sandy Substrate ◽  
North Sulawesi ◽  
Index Value ◽  
Macro Algae

Sumich (1992) divided the structure of algae into  3 main parts namely: blade,the leaf like structure which is thin and wide, stipe, trunk like form that elastic to withstand sea waves, and holdfast, known as root-like form function to anchor the plant on the substrate. The study was conducted Mokupa beach waters sub-district Tombariri, Minahasa district. Mokupa coastal waters known to have typical ecosystem found in the tropics such as mangrove forest, coral reef and seagrass beds as well as macro algae community. The area is flat-bed coast with sandy substrate, sandy-silt substrate and rocky-sand substrate. Species of macro-algae found in this area consist of 7 species namely Halimeda macroloba, H. opuntia, Padina minor, Sargassum polycystum, Gracilaria edulis, G. firma, and Udotea orientalis. In general species density for all transect deployed  in the study site Halimeda macroloba has the highest index value, while for species diversity index transect II showing the highest value.   Keywords: Alga, community, diversity, dominance A B S T R A K Sumich (1992) membagi struktur alga menjadi 3 bagian utama yaitu blade yang merupakan struktur yang menyerupai daun yang pipih biasanya lebar, stipe yaitu struktur yang menyerupai batang yang lentur digunakan sebagai penahan hempasan ombak, dan holdfast yaitu bagian dengan bentuk seperti akar yang berfungsi untuk meletakkan tubuh pada substrat. Penelitian ini dilaksanakan di perairan pesisir Desa Mokupa, Kecamatan Tombariri, Kabupaten Minahasa. Daerah pesisir Desa Mokupa merupakan daerah yang lokasinya terdapat ekosistem yang khas di daerah tropis yaitu mangrove, terumbu karang, dan padang lamun, demikian pula terdapat komunitas alga makro. Profil dari pantai tersebut adalah pantai yang landai dengan substrat pasir, pasir berlumpur dan pasir berbatu. Jenis alga makro yang ditemukan di lokasi penelitian berjumlah 7 spesies, yaitu Halimeda macroloba, H. opuntia, Padina minor, Sargassum polycystum, Gracilaria edulis, G. firma, dan Udotea orientalis. Secara keseluruhan kepadatan spesies untuk semua transek yang tertinggi adalah Halimeda macroloba, sedangkan keanekaragaman jenis alga makro tertinggi terdapat di transek II.   Kata Kunci : keanekaragaman, alga, komunitas 1Mahasiswa Program Studi MSP FPIK-UNSRAT 2Staf pengajar Fakultas Perikanan dan Ilmu Kelautan Universitas Sam Ratulangi

scholarly journals Community Structure of Gastrpods in Mokupa Beach, Sub-district of Tobariri,Minahasa Regency, North Sulawesi Province

2015 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 22
Author(s):  
Alinaung F. Firgonitha ◽  
Anneke V. Lohoo ◽  
Alex D. Kambey
Keyword(s):  
Diversity Index ◽  
High Tide ◽  
Ocean Basin ◽  
Food Chains ◽  
Seagrass Bed ◽  
Species Diversity Index ◽  
Tropical Ecosystem ◽  
Filter Feeder ◽  
Edge Cover ◽  
North Sulawesi

Ecologically intertidal mollusk has important role in the food chains. As a filter feeder, mollusk is also known as a food source for other marine organisms. The intertidal zone is known as the smallest area in the ocean basin (Nybakken, 1992). This zone is a narrow edge cover only few square meters and position between low tide mark (LTM) and high tide mark (HTM). The study was conducted in Mokupa beach waters, Tombariri sub-district, Minahasa Regency. Coastal area of Mokupa village represent typical tropical ecosystem such as coral reef, seagrass bed and mangrove belt. As many as 45 species in 134 total individuals were recorded during the study. The density of gastropods collected is 4.4667 individual/m2 while density for gastropods species Littoraria scabra Linne was 0.4000 individual/m2 and in term of relative density is 9.834 % and thus considered the highest. Species diversity index of this species is H’ = 2.37594. Keywords: mollusk, diversity, dominance   A B S T R A K   Secara ekologis Moluska yang menempati daerah intertidal memiliki peranan yang besar kaitannya dengan rantai makanan. Karena di samping sebagai filter feeder, moluska juga merupakan makanan bagi biota lainnya. Zona intertidal (pasang-surut) merupakan daerah terkecil dari semua daerah yang terdapat di samudera dunia (Nybakken, 1992). Zona ini merupakan pinggiran yang sempit sekali, hanya beberapa meter luasnya, terletak di antara air pasang tinggi dan air surut rendah. Penelitian ini dilaksanakan di perairan pantai Mokupa Kecamatan Tombariri Kabupaten Minahasa. Daerah pantai Desa Mokupa merupakan daerah yang lokasinya terdapat ekosistem yang khas di daerah tropis yaitu terumbu karang, padang lamun, dan hutan mangrove. Diperoleh sebanyak 45 spesies dan berjumlah 134 individu. Kepadatan rata-rata organisme Gastropoda diperoleh 4,4667 indv/m2 , dengan  kepadatan spesies tertinggi 0,4000 indv/m2 (Littoraria scabra Linne), dengan Kepadatan relative  adalah 9,834 %.Keanekaragaman spesies diperoleh nilai (H’= 2.37594)   Kata Kunci : Komunitas, keanekaragaman, dominasi 1Mahasiswa Program Studi MSP FPIK-UNSRAT 2Staf pengajar Fakultas Perikanan dan Ilmu Kelautan Universitas Sam Ratulangi

scholarly journals THE DIVERSITY OF PHYTOPHAGE AND ENTOMOPHAGE INSECT SPECIES IN SUGARCANE PLANTATIONS PLANTED WITH FLOWERING PLANTS

2020 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Saida Fitriani Azim ◽  
Chandra Irsan ◽  
Yulia Pujiastuti
Keyword(s):  
Species Diversity ◽  
Sugar Cane ◽  
Diversity Index ◽  
Flowering Plants ◽  
Insect Species ◽  
Species Diversity Index ◽  
Direct Capture ◽  
Index Value

This study aimed to know the influence of planting the flowering plants in sugarcane plantation on the index value of diversity, domination, and the eveness of phytophage and entomophage insect species in sugarcane plantation. This study was done on two-month and six-month sugarcane of PT.  Perkebunan Nusantara VII Cinta Manis District. The research location is located in Ketiau Village, Lubuk Keliat District, Ogan Ilir Regency, South Sumatra. The study was conducted from July to December 2018. Insects that came to flowering plants were collected by using fitfall traps, nets, and direct capture of insects that came. The results showed that the age of sugarcane affected the diversity of Entomophage and Phytophage insect species that came to the flowering plants. At 2-moth-old sugar cane plantations were found 42 species (388 individuals) and 6-month-old sugarcane plantations were found 41 species (284 individuals). The diversity of Phytophage and Entomophage species that came to flowering plants in  the 2-month-old sugarcane plantations was almost the same as in the 6-month-old sugarcane plantations. Phytopage species diversity index values were 2,826 and 2,548, while Entomophage were 2,564 and 2,867.

scholarly journals KEANEKARAGAMAN KEPITING BIOLA PADA KAWASAN HUTAN MANGROVE DESA KARIMUNTING KECAMATAN SUNGAI RAYA KEPULAUAN KABUPATEN BENGKAYANG

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Hanafi Hanafi ◽  
M Sofwan Anwari ◽  
Ahmad Yani
Keyword(s):  
Fiddler Crab ◽  
Diversity Index ◽  
Species Abundance ◽  
Similarity Index ◽  
Sampling Technique ◽  
Fiddler Crabs ◽  
Species Diversity Index ◽  
Transect Line ◽  
Species Similarity ◽  
Index Value

Karimunting Village is a coastal area that has a mangrove with contained several faunas in it, one of which is a fiddler crab. The fiddler crab is a Decapoda ordo and it is included in the Ocypodidae family. This study aims to collect data on the diversity of fiddler crabs in Karimunting Village. The method used in this study is a survey, while the sample is collected by applying the transect line with a purposive sampling technique. The transect line is 500 m length, with a total of three lanes. There are ten plots of 1x1 meter in size in each transect lines to pick up fiddler crabs. Fiddler crabs species were found in 6 species, namely Uca paradussumieri, Uca annulipes, Uca forcipata, Uca rosea, Uca crassipes and Uca tetragonon. The Shannon-Winner species diversity index (H') of fiddler crabs in 1st and 2nd lanes both are categorized medium, while in the 3rd lane is categorized low. The range of values H'=0,3-1,5. The value of species abundance index (Xi) ranges from 3-16.6 ind/m2. The value of evenness index (e) ranges from 0,72 to 0,84. The dominance index value (C) ranges from 0,3 to 0,5 categorized as the absence of the dominant species of fiddler crab. Comparison of species similarity index (IS) for each lane is categorized differently, for the 1st and 2nd lane the index is 91% and categorized as having high species similarity, then in 2nd and 3rd lane the index is 75% and categorized as having a medium species similarity, whereas the index for 1st and 3rd is 60%, therefore it is categorized as having low species similarity.Keyword: Diversity, Fiddler Crab, Karimunting Village

scholarly journals KEANEKARAGAMAN JENIS BURUNG RANGKONG (Bucerotidae) DI STASIUN PENELITIAN WAY CANGUK TAMAN NASIONAL BUKIT BARISAN SELATAN

2021 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 153
Author(s):  
Muhammad Sarpin Pratama ◽  
Agus Setiawan ◽  
Sugeng Prayitno Harianto ◽  
Nuning Nurcahyani
Keyword(s):  
National Park ◽  
Diversity Index ◽  
Descriptive Analysis ◽  
Index Formula ◽  
Research Station ◽  
Species Diversity Index ◽  
Transect Line ◽  
Line Transects ◽  
Index Value ◽  
Almost All

The rise of hornbill hunting and deforestation that occurred in Indonesia, especially the island of Sumatra lately, threatening the preservation of these birds in nature. The purpose of this study was to determine thediversity of hornbill species in the Way Canguk Research Station, Bukit Barisan Selatan National Park. The method used in this study is a transect line with a total of 18 line transects. The data obtained was processed using the Shanon wienners diversity index formula, then translated with descriptive analysis. A total of 5 types of hornbills found in these locations are rhinoceros hornbills (Buceros rhinoceros), helmeted hornbills (Rhinoplax vigil), wreathed hornbill (Rhyticeros undulatus), bushy crested hornbill (Anorrhinus galeritus) and white crowned hornbill (Berenicornis comatus), with a species diversity index value of 1.00 included in the low category and the evenness of the species is a stable with an evenness index value of 0.62. The highest abundance of hornbills is (Anorrhinus galeritus) a beside that hornbills can be found in almost all transect lines.

scholarly journals KEANEKARAGAMAN JENIS BINTANG LAUT DI PANTAI BAHOWO KECAMATAN BUNAKEN KOTA MANADO SULAWESI UTARA

PHARMACON ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 65
Author(s):  
Putri Binambuni ◽  
Marnix Langoy ◽  
Deidy Y Katili
Keyword(s):  
Sampling Method ◽  
Diversity Index ◽  
Wealth Index ◽  
High Water ◽  
Line Transect ◽  
Sea Star ◽  
Sea Stars ◽  
North Sulawesi ◽  
Index Value ◽  
Method Analysis

ABSTRACT Indonesia's territory has high water resources such as fauna diversity. One animal example from the Phylum Echinodermata Class Asteroidea. This is supported by the presence of sand, seagrass and coral reef habitats. Asteroidea is a inhabitant of shallow waters and is commonly found in seagrass beds and coral reefs. This study aims to analyze the diversity of sea star species in Bahowo Beach, Bunaken District, Manado City, North Sulawesi. The sampling method used in this study is the line transect and squared method. Analysis of the data used is Relative Abundance (KR), Diversity Index (H '), Evenness Index (e), and Wealth Index (R). The results of the study found 5 species with a total of 73 individuals. Diversity index value is H '= 1.23 and shows the results of moderate diversity. Keywords: Diversity of Types of Sea Stars in Bahowo Beach, Bunaken District, Manado City, North Sulawesi.  ABSTRAK Wilayah Indonesia memiliki sumber daya perairan yang tinggi seperti keanekaragaman fauna. Salah satu contoh hewan dari Filum Echinodermata Kelas Asteroidea. Hal ini didukung oleh keberadaan habitat pasir, padang lamun, dan terumbu karang. Asteroidea adalah penghuni perairan dangkal dan umumnya terdapat di padang lamun dan terumbu karang. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis keanekaragaman jenis bintang laut yang ada di Pantai Bahowo, Kecamatan Bunaken, Kota Manado, Sulawesi Utara. Metode pengambilan sampel yang diigunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah metode garis transek dan kuadrat. Analisis data yang digunakan yaitu Kelimpahan Relatif (KR), Indeks Keanekaragaman (H’), Indeks Kemerataan (e), dan Indeks Kekayaan (R). Hasil penelitian didapatkan 5 spesies dengan jumlah 73 individu. Nilai indeks keanekaragaman yaitu H’= 1,23 dan menunjukkan hasil keanekaragaman sedang. Kata Kunci: Keanekaragaman Jenis Bintang Laut di Pantai Bahowo, Kecamatan Bunaken, Kota Manado, Sulawesi Utara.

scholarly journals Phytoplankton Diversity as Bioindicator of Pandanduri Dam Waters, East Lombok Regency

2020 ◽  
Vol 20 (3) ◽  
pp. 355
Author(s):  
Lalu Hasan Nasirudin Zohri ◽  
Agil Al Idrus ◽  
Lalu Japa
Keyword(s):  
Water Quality ◽  
Sampling Method ◽  
Phytoplankton Community ◽  
Diversity Index ◽  
Quality Change ◽  
Species Diversity Index ◽  
Phytoplankton Diversity ◽  
Essential Function ◽  
Index Value

Pandanduri Dam waters has an essential function for the community made the activities of the surrounding community inseparable from the Pandanduri Dam that made potentially quality change of the Pandanduri Dam waters. Good water quality is an important requirement for humans that made water quality research is essential to be done. Human activities will affect environmental factors such as biological parameters, especially phytoplankton, which are indicators of water quality. The aim of this study was to analyzed water quality of Pandanduri Dam through study of phytoplankton community and diversity. Sample sites were determined based on haphazard sampling method and phytoplankton data were analyzed based on the shannon-weiner diversity index. The results showed that the phytoplankton community identified in Pandanduri Dam consisted of 5 classes, 13 orders, and 31 species with  species diversity index of 2,659. Based on fitoplankton diversity index value the water of  Pandanduri Dam was in lightly polluted category. It is suggested to more detailed studies should be undertaken especially on species that produce toxins over a longer time scale.

scholarly journals The structure, composition, and threatened plants in The Kinarum Protected Forest, South Kalimantan, Indonesia

2020 ◽  
Vol 21 (6) ◽  
Author(s):  
Dodo Dodo ◽  
Syamsul Hidayat
Keyword(s):  
Diversity Index ◽  
Species Abundance ◽  
Research Area ◽  
Iucn Red List ◽  
Species Diversity Index ◽  
Threatened Plants ◽  
Abundance Index ◽  
Forest Condition ◽  
Protected Plants ◽  
Index Value

Abstract. Dodo, Hidayat S. 2020. The structure, composition, and threatened plants in The Kinarum Protected Forest, South Kalimantan, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 21: 2603-2618. Kinarum Protected Forest (Kinarum PF) is one of the remaining tropical forest areas in Tabalong District, South Kalimantan, Indonesia. It is feared that deforestation will occur in this forest due to various human activities. The research was conducted to determine the structure and composition of vegetation in Kinarum PF which several decades ago was once a forest concession area. This research also explored the existence of threatened, endemic, and protected plants. Research has been carried out using the track plot method. The total research area is 0.6 ha consisting of three transect lines with five plots measuring 20 x 20 m2 each transect. Data were analyzed with important value index (IVI), dominance index, species diversity index, and species abundance index. The results recorded 460 specimens belonging to 121 species, 86 genera, and 43 families. Most species are from the family Lauraceae followed by Moraceae and Rubiaceae. The results also recorded 42 species included in the IUCN red list plants, eight of which are classified as threatened plants, namely Aglaia angustifolia, Artocarpus tamaran, Dracontomelon costatum, Durio dulcis, Durio kutejensis, Eusideroxylon zwageri, Myristica magnifica, and Shorea guiso. These plants have an average IVI value less than 10% and the species abundance index is close to zero. In general, the forest condition is classified as moderate with a diversity index value at each growth stage in the range of values ​​1-3. However, IVI of each species, especially those belonging to the threatened, endemic, and protected plants are on average low.

scholarly journals The Impact of Coral Conditions on the Structure of the Megabenthos Community Associated with the Coral Reefs of the Spermonde Islands

2020 ◽  
pp. 37-50
Author(s):  
K.P. Beatrix Tatipata ◽  
Supriadi Mashoreng
Keyword(s):  
Coral Reefs ◽  
Diversity Index ◽  
Coral Cover ◽  
Live Coral ◽  
Sea Waves ◽  
Species Diversity Index ◽  
Coral Reef Ecosystems ◽  
Check Method ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Line Intercept

Coral reefs are organisms that live on the bottom of the waters and are in the form of limestone (CaCO3) which is strong against sea waves so that it can prevent coastal erosion and is also a place for various types of animals associated with coral reef ecosystems that utilize coral polyps. as his food. Mega-benthos are biota / organisms with a size of more than 1 cm that live on or in the seabed, including the sticking, creeping and burrowing biota that is visible with the camera. The research was conducted using the Line Intercept Transect Method and the Benthos Reef Check Method. The results showed that the highest percentage of live coral cover was found on Badi Island 71.46% (Good coral condition category), the moderate coral condition category was represented by Kapoposang Island (46.02%) and the bad coral condition category was represented by Ballanglompo Island ( 7.92%). The highest diversity of species (H ') Mega-benthos is at station 3 (Badi Island) with the value of H' = 2.528 while the lowest is at station IV (Lumu-lumu Island) with the value of H '= 0.6365. So that the category of the megabenthos species diversity index in the research location can be said to be in the low to moderate category.

scholarly journals Seaweed Diversity and Conservation on the Warambadi Seashore of Sumba Island: Substrata and Seasonal Phenomenon

2017 ◽  
Vol 18 (2) ◽  
pp. 182
Author(s):  
Jana Tjahjana Anggadiredja
Keyword(s):  
Species Diversity ◽  
Diversity Index ◽  
T Test ◽  
Rocky Shores ◽  
Anova Analysis ◽  
Species Diversity Index ◽  
Test Analysis ◽  
Number Of Species ◽  
Dry Seasons ◽  
Macro Algae

The interaction between species and species diversity with their growing habitats are essential in the conservation of species. This study deals with the diversity and conservation of seaweed (marine macro-algae) with the emphasis on substrata habitats (sandy and rocky shores) and seasonal conditions (rainy and dry seasons). The study was carried out on the Warambadi seashore of Sumba Island. The t-test analysis showed that the “species diversity index of algae” (H’) on both sandy and rocky substrata did not significantly different. The (H’) during both rainy and dry seasons on different substratum (sandy and rocky substrata) did not show any significant differences. The two-way anova analysis recorded that the (H’) and the number of algae species were not affected by the differences of both substrata and seasons, but it was significantly affected by the interaction between the types of substratum and season. The study also reported that the types of substrata and seasons affected the (H’) of Chlorophyceae but not by of their interaction, and the (H’) of Rhodophyceae was affected by the types of substratum and season but not by their interaction. Moreover, the types of substratum and season affected the (H’) of Phaeophycea, but their interaction did not affect such diversity index. Substrata and seasonal phenomenon also indicate that the types of substratum, season, and their interactions affected the number of species Chlorophyceae, Rhodophyceae, and Phaeophyceae.Keywords:  seaweed, diversity, conservation, substrata, season

scholarly journals Mapping of Mangrove Diversity in Kelurahan Tongkaina, Bunaken Sub-District, Manado

2018 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 133 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rio N. Puasa ◽  
Adnan S. Wantasen ◽  
Stephanus V. Mandagi
Keyword(s):  
Local Community ◽  
Diversity Index ◽  
Secondary Data ◽  
Mangrove Ecosystem ◽  
Primary Data ◽  
Bruguiera Gymnorrhiza ◽  
Species Diversity Index ◽  
Mangrove Species ◽  
North Sulawesi ◽  
Sonneratia Alba

This research was conducted in coastal area of Tongkaina Village, Bunaken Sub-district, Manado City, North Sulawesi Province. The purpose of this study was to calculate the diversity of mangrove plants and map the zoning of mangrove species distribution in three research sites. The data collected are categorized as primary and secondary data. Primary data collection related to biophysical condition of mangrove ecosystem, including vegetation structure and area of mangrove cover in study site and further analyzed. Secondary data were collected from various literature studies, documentation and scientific papers and related legislation. Based on  the obtained results, it was known that the diversity index of mangrove in Tongkaina is 1.71 which is categorized as medium in term of its diversity, because the value of H 'is greater than 1 and smaller than 3. This value means also that there was enough productivity, ecosystem condition is quite balanced, and moderate ecological pressures. The highest species diversity index was found in Sonneratia alba with an index of 0.37 and the lowest was in the Bruguiera gymnorrhiza species with index of 0.06. Mapping of mangrove species is done by taking coordinate points within quadrant at three research sites. Color degradation with rounded symbols are used to distinguish each species. The aims are designed to be able to easily distinguish between species visually and can be used as one method of mapping study on the diversity of mangroves. This study reveals the known levels of mangrove diversity are moderate. The existence of fishing activities and mooring boat by the local community contribute to mangrove land degradation. Indispensable protection or conservation through knowledge transfer and building awareness to the community, as well as providing an economic alternative for those utilizing mangrove for both household and commercial needs, in order to maintain better conditions are equally important.Keywords: Mapping, Mangrove, Diversity, TongkainaAbstrakPenelitian ini berlokasi di kawasan pesisir pantai Kelurahan Tongkaina, Kecamatan Bunaken Kota Manado Provinsi Sulawesi Utara. Tujuan dari penelitian ini yaitu untuk menghitung keanekaragaman hutan mangrove serta memetakan zonasi pembagian jenis mangrove di tiga stasiun penelitian. Data yang dikumpulkan adalah data primer dan data sekunder. Pengumpulan data primer berkaitan dengan kondisi biofisik ekosistem mangrove yaitu, struktur vegetasi dan luasan mangrove di daerah penelitian dan selanjutnya dianalisis. Kemudian data sekunder dikumpulkan dari berbagai kajian literature, dokumentasi dan tulisan-tulisan ilmiah serta peraturan perundang-undangan terkait. Pada hasil yang diperoleh diketahui nilai indeks keanekaragaman mangrove di Tongkaina adalah 1,71 dimana nilai indeks ini tergolong dalam kategori keanekaragaman sedang, karena nilai H’ lebih besar dari 1 dan lebih kecil dari 3, yang berarti produktivitas cukup, kondisi ekosistem cukup seimbang, dan tekanan ekologis sedang. Indeks Keanekaragaman spesies tertinggi didapati pada Sonneratia alba dengan nilai indeks 0,37 dan terendah ada pada spesies Bruguiera gymnorrhiza yang memiliki nilai indeks yaitu 0,06. Pemetaan jenis mangrove dilakukan dengan cara pengambilan titik koordinat pada kuadran di tiga stasiun penelitian. Degradasi warna dengan simbol bulat di pakai untuk membedakan tiap spesies. Hal ini bertujuan agar dapat dengan mudah membedakan antar spesies secara visual serta dapat dijadikan salah satu metode kajian untuk memetakan keanekaragaman mangrove. Diketahui tingkat keanekaragaman mangrove tergolong sedang. Adanya kegiatan pertambakan dan tambatan perahu masyarakat membuat lahan mangrove semakin berkurang. Sangat diperlukan adanya perlindungan atau pelestarian melalui pengetahuan dan penyadaran kepada masyarakat, serta memberikan alternatif ekonomi bagi yang memanfaatkan mangrove baik untuk kebutuhan rumah tangga ataupun komersial, demi menjaga perkembangan kondisi yang lebih baik.Kata kunci:      Pemetaan, Mangrove, Keanekaragaman, Tongkaina

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document