Material Test Comparison of Pure Aluminum (Al) and Pure Aluminum-Coated (Al) with Silver (Ag) Substrat Using Electroplating Method

Electroplating uses aluminum material, where it’s easy to obtain, lighter, and cheaper than other metals. The research goal was to determine the ability of the electric current to power aluminum (Al) coated with silver (Ag) by the electroplating method, to determine the effect of the magnitude of the electric current and the length of time the coating process took on the weight of Al coated with Ag and to determine the strength of the metal Al after tested using Brinnell test. The method used is to compare pure Al and pure Al coated with Ag by electroplating at different currents to determine the effect of the electroplating process. A Brinnell test was carried out to determine the hardness of the Al material after electroplating. The results are the amount of current that flows during the electroplating is directly proportional to the thickness of the electroplating layer attached to the Al surface. If the electroplating process uses a large current, the attached layer will look rough and not smooth, which also affects the material testing by using the Brinnell method. The Brinnell test proves that the hardness value of the Al material is directly proportional to the thickness of the layer.

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Electroweak axion string and superconductivity

Journal of High Energy Physics ◽

10.1007/jhep06(2021)172 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 2021 (6) ◽

Author(s):

Yoshihiko Abe ◽

Yu Hamada ◽

Koichi Yoshioka

Keyword(s):

Electric Current ◽

Early Universe ◽

Parameter Space ◽

Cosmic String ◽

Topological Charge ◽

Attractive Force ◽

Electroweak Scale ◽

Large Current

Abstract We study the axion strings with the electroweak gauge flux in the DFSZ axion model and show that these strings, called the electroweak axion strings, can exhibit superconductivity without fermionic zeromodes. We construct three types of electroweak axion string solutions. Among them, the string with W-flux can be lightest in some parameter space, which leads to a stable superconducting cosmic string. We also show that a large electric current can flow along the string due to the Peccei-Quinn scale much higher than the electroweak scale. This large current induces a net attractive force between the axion strings with the same topological charge, which opens a novel possibility that the axion strings form Y-junctions in the early universe.

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THE EFFECT OF ELECTRIC FLOW ON DECORATIVE KROM ELECTROPLATING WITH COPPER BASE METAL TOWARD CORROSION RATE

Prisma Sains Jurnal Pengkajian Ilmu dan Pembelajaran Matematika dan IPA IKIP Mataram ◽

10.33394/j-ps.v1i2.1010 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 1 (2) ◽

pp. 134

Author(s):

Ahmadi Ahmadi ◽

Citra Ayu Dewi

Keyword(s):

Corrosion Rate ◽

Electric Current ◽

Base Metal ◽

Copper Metal ◽

Chemical Laboratory ◽

Copper Base ◽

Metal Metal ◽

One Year ◽

Electroplating Process ◽

Chrome Electroplating

In this study a decorative chrome electroplating process has been carried out with a copper base metal, metal electroplating is often used as a means to provide a thin layer on the surface of other metals or substrates using metal which has advantages in terms of property and corrosion resistance. In decorative chrome electroplating nickel and chrome are used as coatings, nickel and chrome are used as coatings because of their protective and decorative properties, protective means they can prevent corrosion and decorative because they look shiny so they look attractive. Copper metal is chosen because of its huge application in the community. This study aims to measure the corrosion rate in copper metal after a decorative chrome electroplating process based on electric current used during the electroplating process. This research is important because during the electroplating process a decorative chrome electoplating technique will be obtained in the form of modules, and the module will be used to train students to increase their skills. This research was conducted in the IKIP Mataram chemical laboratory with a time of one year. The process carried out in this study sequentially is to prepare an electrolyte solution used for electroplating, preparing the copper base metal to be free of oxide or rust, nickel coating and finally coating with chrome. From the coating process carried out then the results will be analyzed the corrosion rate by immersion in NaCl solution at a concentration of 36.05 grams / L for 336 hours, based on variations in electric current used during the electroplating process of 0.5; 1; 1.5; 2; and 2.5 Ampere, the corrosion rate results were 0.029; 0.013; 0.017; 0.022; and 0.012 mm / yr; while the copper metal which is not coated with a corrosion rate is 0.308 mm / yr. Thus it can be concluded that copper metal coated with nickel chrome will effectively resist the lowest rate of corrosion in the current given 2.5 Ampere.

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Proses elektroplating nikel dengan variasi jarak anoda katoda dan tegangan listrik pada baja ST-41

Turbo Jurnal Program Studi Teknik Mesin ◽

10.24127/trb.v8i2.1080 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 8 (2) ◽

Author(s):

Billy Permadi ◽

Asroni Asroni ◽

Eko Budiyanto

Keyword(s):

Direct Current ◽

Steel Plate ◽

Metal Coating ◽

Coating Process ◽

Nickel Sulphate ◽

Constant Voltage ◽

Adhesion Testing ◽

Coated Surface ◽

Metal Products ◽

Electroplating Process

Electroplating process is a coating process where the deposition of a thin metal coating occurs on a coated surface using direct current and constant voltage. The process of finishing metal products uses Nickel as a coating that serves to improve the properties of the metal so that it resists corrosion and attach importance to the appearance of the metal surface. The metal coating process is carried out by electroplating technique with Nickel which occurs as an anode, and electrolyte uses in this process contained Nickel Sulphate. This study aims to determine the effect of distance variations and electrical pressure on layer thickness and adhesive strength. Anode Material coated with ST-41 Steel Plate with dimensions of 70 x 25 x 20 mm. While the cathode uses nickel (Ni) with dimensions of 10 x 20 x 20 mm. Cathode distance variations with anodes 5, 10, and 15 cm and electrical voltage variations of 3.5 Volts, 5 Volts, and 7.5 Volts. Bath time of 40 minutes and adhesion testing using the Posi Test AT-M Adhesion Tester. The results obtained from this study are the distance of the cathode with the best anode found at a distance of 5 cm and a voltage of 7.5 volts with a thickness of 0.0160 mm. Then the best voltage is at 7.5 Volts with a sticky strength value of> 21.53 MPa.Keywords: Electroplating, Nickel, Anode, Cathode, ST-41 Steel.

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Microstructure and Properties of Mechanical Alloying Al-Zr Coating by High Current Pulsed Electron Beam Irradiation

Nanomaterials ◽

10.3390/nano10122398 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 10 (12) ◽

pp. 2398

Author(s):

Xiangcheng Li ◽

Huiru Liu ◽

Nana Tian ◽

Conglin Zhang ◽

Peng Lyu ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Electron Beam ◽

Electron Beam Irradiation ◽

Pure Aluminum ◽

Surface Hardness ◽

Alloyed Layer ◽

High Current ◽

Beam Irradiation ◽

Pulsed Electron Beam ◽

Al Coating ◽

Aluminum Material

The “HOPE-I” type high-current pulsed electron beam (HCPEB) equipment was used to irradiate the pure aluminum material with Zr coating preset by ball milling to realize the alloying of a Zr–Al coating surface. The microstructure and phase analysis were conducted by XRD, SEM, and TEM. The experimental results show that after Zr alloying on the Al surface by HCPEB, a layer of 15 μm was formed on the surface of the sample, which was mainly composed of Zr and Al–Zr intermetallic compounds. A large number of Al3Zr (Ll2) particles was uniformly distributed in the alloyed layer, and the Al grains were obviously refined. In addition, the surface hardness and corrosion resistance of the samples were improved significantly after HCPEB irradiation.

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On the effects of electric current intensity and pulse frequency on the solidified structure of pure aluminum subjected to pulse magneto-oscillation treatment

Journal of Materials Processing Technology ◽

10.1016/j.jmatprotec.2020.116844 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 288 ◽

pp. 116844

Author(s):

Itzhak Edry ◽

Arthur Shoihet ◽

Shmuel Hayun

Keyword(s):

Electric Current ◽

Pure Aluminum ◽

Pulse Frequency ◽

Current Intensity

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On the self-similar exact MHD jet solution

Journal of Fluid Mechanics ◽

10.1017/jfm.2014.103 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 746 ◽

pp. 5-30 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

R. I. Mullyadzhanov ◽

N. I. Yavorsky

Keyword(s):

Magnetic Field ◽

Electric Current ◽

Reverse Flow ◽

Pitchfork Bifurcation ◽

Poloidal Magnetic Field ◽

Boundary Layer Equations ◽

Large Current ◽

Current Confinement ◽

Self Similar ◽

The Wire

AbstractWe consider an axisymmetric steady flow of a viscous incompressible conducting fluid. The flow is induced by the point source of momentum and point electrode discharging the electric current, both of which are located at the end of a thin semi-infinite insulated wire. We seek the solution in the conical self-similar class where the velocity and magnetic field decrease as the inverse distance from the origin. The solution is obtained for various parameters of the problem, namely the Reynolds number, dimensionless electric current and Batchelor number (magnetic Prandtl number). A reverse flow along the wire occurs, leading to the confinement of the current density in the direction of the jet. If the Batchelor number is zero, the solution obtains a singularity at finite values of the current leading to its breakdown; otherwise, the solution exists at all parameter values. We derive the boundary-layer equations near the wire for large current values and obtain the solution. The pitchfork bifurcation with non-zero poloidal magnetic field occurs and causes the rotation of the fluid, which eliminates the current confinement effect. We describe the conditions when the solution for the swirling jet exists. The connection of this problem to the ones considered previously is discussed.

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Refining mechanism of the electric current pulse on the solidification structure of pure aluminum

Acta Materialia ◽

10.1016/j.actamat.2007.01.014 ◽

2007 ◽

Vol 55 (9) ◽

pp. 3103-3109 ◽

Cited By ~ 154

Author(s):

Xiliang Liao ◽

Qijie Zhai ◽

Jun Luo ◽

Wenjie Chen ◽

Yongyong Gong

Keyword(s):

Electric Current ◽

Current Pulse ◽

Pure Aluminum ◽

Solidification Structure ◽

Electric Current Pulse

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The Role of Electric Current-Associated Free Energy and Forced Convection on Grain Refinement in Pure Aluminum under Electropulsing

Materials ◽

10.3390/ma12233846 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 12 (23) ◽

pp. 3846

Author(s):

Ning Li ◽

Limin Zhang ◽

Rong Zhang ◽

Pengfei Yin ◽

Hongjing Wu ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Free Energy ◽

Electric Current ◽

Grain Refinement ◽

Forced Convection ◽

Pure Aluminum ◽

Side Wall ◽

Metal Mesh ◽

Dendrite Fragmentation ◽

Equiaxed Grains ◽

Convection Dominated

An experimental study with respect to the effect of an alternating electropulsing on grain refinement in pure aluminum was reported. The macrostructural observation with the mold preheated to different temperature and embedded the metal mesh indicated that the change of electric current-associated free energy related with the position of crystal nuclei (ΔGem) and forced convection dominated the generation of fine equiaxed grains (FEG). Under electropulsing with 480 A, ΔGem induced the dissociation of crystal nuclei from the upper interface of the electrode and the melt, leading to the generation of FEG. For a larger current intensity, FEG originated from the dissociation of crystal nuclei on the side wall besides the upper interface due to ΔGem and the forced convection. Furthermore, the model coupling the dissociation of crystal nuclei and dendrite fragmentation due to the forced convection and the dissociation of crystal nuclei due to ΔGem was presented to explain the formation mechanism of FEG in pure aluminum under electropulsing.

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Axion strings are superconducting

Journal of High Energy Physics ◽

10.1007/jhep06(2021)052 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 2021 (6) ◽

Author(s):

Hajime Fukuda ◽

Aneesh V. Manohar ◽

Hitoshi Murayama ◽

Ofri Telem

Keyword(s):

Magnetic Field ◽

Charge Density ◽

Electric Current ◽

Early Universe ◽

Drag Force ◽

Parameter Space ◽

Electromagnetic Force ◽

Large Current ◽

Primordial Magnetic Field ◽

Relic Abundance

Abstract We explore the cosmological consequences of the superconductivity of QCD axion strings. Axion strings can support a sizeable chiral electric current and charge density, which alters their early universe dynamics. We examine the possibility that shrinking axion string loops can become effectively stable remnants called vortons, supported by the repulsive electromagnetic force of the string current. We find that vortons in our scenario are generically unstable, and so do not pose a cosmological difficulty. Furthermore, if a primordial magnetic field (PMF) exists in the early universe, a large current is induced on axion strings, creating a significant drag force from interactions with the surrounding plasma. As a result, the strings are slowed down, which leads to an orders of magnitude enhancement in the number of strings per Hubble volume. Finally, we study potential implications for the QCD axion relic abundance. The QCD axion window is shifted by orders of magnitude in some parts of our parameter space.

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