Plant Essential Oils Based Nanoemulsion Formulations and Its Antibacterial Effect on Some Pathogens

Antibiotic resistance is the most challenging problem of concern globally and this is invigorating the need of newer antimicrobial products with potential antimicrobial properties. Plant products, especially plant essential oils produce a large array of secondary metabolites as natural antimicrobials. Use of nanotechnology can add advantages to enhance the antibacterial properties of these essential oils. Present study is focused on development of nanoemulsions from plant essential oils and to study their antibacterial activities. Tea Tree Oil, Thyme Oil, Clove leaf and Cinnamon Essential Oils nanoemulsion was formulated using Tween 20 and Tween 80 respectively using probe ultrasonicator. All the formulated Nanoemulsions were then subjected to physicochemical characterization, stability studies and tested for antibacterial activities using Agar-well diffusion method. Stable nanoemulsion formulation with maximum antibacterial activity then subjected to droplet size measurements and polydispersibility index study. Increase in surfactant concentration resulted in reduction in droplet size when ultrasonication time was constant. Cinnamon oil nanoemulsion 20C4 & 80C4 with pdi index 0.573 and 0.382 and droplet size 272.3nm and 133.6 nm respectively demonstrated maximum antibacterial activity in Agar-well diffusion method against S.aureus, E.coli, and S.typhi. When both nanoemulsions were exposed to bacterial growth curve inhibition study. No potential rise in optical density of test pathogens were observed. The inhibition of bacterial growth may be due to killing action of cinnamon oil nanoemulsion formulations to initial bacterial inoculum added to nutrient broth. The study suggests that nanoemulsion formulations from plant essential oils can be used as natural antimicrobials in variety of products.

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Chemical composition, antibacterial activity and related mechanism of valonia and shell from Quercus variabilis Blume (Fagaceae) against Salmonella paratyphi a and Staphylococcus aureus

BMC Complementary and Alternative Medicine ◽

10.1186/s12906-019-2690-6 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 19 (1) ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Dan Zhou ◽

Ze-Hua Liu ◽

Dong-Mei Wang ◽

Deng-Wu Li ◽

Li-Na Yang ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Staphylococcus Aureus ◽

Antibacterial Activity ◽

Chemical Composition ◽

Antibacterial Activities ◽

Diffusion Method ◽

Antibacterial Mechanism ◽

Natural Antimicrobials ◽

Butanol Fraction ◽

Quercus Variabilis ◽

Crude Extracts

Abstract Background Plant secondary metabolites and phytochemicals that exhibit strong bioactivities have potential to be developed as safe and efficient natural antimicrobials against food contamination and addressing antimicrobial resistance caused by the overuse of chemical synthetic preservative. In this study, the chemical composition, antibacterial activities and related mechanism of the extracts of the valonia and the shell of Quercus variabilis Blume were studied to determine its potential as a safe and efficient natural antimicrobial. Methods The phenolic compositions of valonia and shell extracts were determined by folin-ciocalteau colourimetric method, sodium borohydride/chloranil-based assay and the aluminium chloride method and then further identified by the reverse-phase HPLC analysis. The antibacterial activities of valonia and shell extracts were evaluated by the agar disk diffusion method and agar dilution method. The related antibacterial mechanism was explored successively by the membrane of pathogens effect, phosphorous metabolism, whole-cell proteins and the microbial morphology under scanning electron microscopy. Results The n-butanol fraction and water fraction of valonia along with n-butanol fraction of the shell contains enrich phenolics including ellagic acid, theophylline, caffeic acid and tannin acid. The n-butanol fraction and ethanol crude extracts of valonia exhibited strong antibacterial activities against Salmonella paratyphi A (S. paratyphi A) and Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) with the DIZ values ranged from 10.89 ± 0.12 to 15.92 ± 0.44, which were greater than that of the Punica granatum (DIZ: 10.22 ± 0.18 and 10.30 ± 0.21). The MIC values of the n-butanol fraction and ethanol crude extracts of valonia against S. paratyphi A and S. aureus were 1.25 mg/ml and 0.625 mg/ml. The related antibacterial mechanism of n-butanol fraction and ethanol crude extracts of valonia may be attributed to their strong impact on membrane permeability and cellular metabolism. Those extracts exhibited strong antibacterial activity according to inhibit the synthesis of bacterial proteins and seriously change morphological structure of bacterial cells. Conclusions The n-butanol fraction and ethanol crude extracts of valonia had reasonably good antibacterial activities against S. paratyphi A and S. aureus. This study suggests possible application of valonia and shell as natural antimicrobials or preservatives for food and medical application.

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Synthesis and Antibacterial Activities of N-Phenylpyrazolines from Veratraldehyde

Materials Science Forum ◽

10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.901.124 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 901 ◽

pp. 124-132

Author(s):

Artania Adnin Tri Suma ◽

Tutik Dwi Wahyuningsih ◽

Deni Pranowo

Keyword(s):

Escherichia Coli ◽

Staphylococcus Aureus ◽

Antibacterial Activity ◽

Bacillus Subtilis ◽

Bacillus Cereus ◽

Shigella Flexneri ◽

Inhibition Zone ◽

Antibacterial Activities ◽

Diffusion Method ◽

Agar Well Diffusion Method

Some novel N-phenylpyrazolines were synthesized and investigated for their antibacterial activitiy. Chalcones 2-4 which were prepared from acetophenone and veratraldehyde derivatives were reacted with phenylhydrazine to give N-phenylpyrazolines 5-7. All of the synthesized compounds were characterized using FTIR, GC-MS, and NMR spectrometers. Further, antibacterial activity of N-phenylpyrazolines were evaluated by agar well-diffusion method against Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus cereus, Bacillus subtilis, Escherichia coli, and Shigella flexneri. The highest activity (highest inhibition zone) of compound 5 was 2.6 mm (at 1000 ppm) against B. subtillis, compound 6 was 7.25 mm (at 1000 ppm) against S. aureus, and compound 7 was 6.75 mm (at 500 ppm) against S. aureus. The results indicated that compound 6 and 7 exhibited promising antibacterial activity.

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ANTIBACTERIAL ACTIVITY OF SOAP MADE FROM ESSENTIAL OILS AND COMMERCIAL SOAP SOLD IN THE LEBANESE MARKET

Bacterial Empire ◽

10.36547/be.304 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. e304

Author(s):

Candy GERGES ◽

Mohamad HADLA ◽

Michele ELIALI ◽

Martine RICHA ◽

Nour Mammari ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Antibacterial Activity ◽

Essential Oils ◽

Antibacterial Activities ◽

Diffusion Method ◽

Bacterial Strains ◽

Effective Measure ◽

E Coli ◽

Different Types ◽

Commercial Soap ◽

Zones Of Inhibition

Background: Thousands of people are dying as a result of infections caused by bacteria. Among the main routes of germ transmission are the hands, making hand hygiene very important in preventing the spread of pathogens and bacterial infection. Hand washing with soap and water is considered to be a simple and effective measure. Old soap manufacturers have long had traditional uses in the Lebanese community. Methods: The purpose of this study is to compare the antibacterial activity of oil-based soaps with commercial soap sold in the Lebanese market. Different types of herbal soap and antiseptics have been used in this study. Four bacterial strains were used: Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus epidermidis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Escherichia coli and Enterobacter Spp. The antibacterial activities of these soaps were determined by the diffusion method of disks in agar medium. Results and Discussion: Statistical analysis of zones of inhibition showed that S. epidermidis, P. aeruginosa and Enterobacter Spp. were sensitive only to traditional oil-based soaps, which are Sage, Rose Mary and Cedar. In addition, S. aureus showed sensitivity to soaps comprised of essential oils as well as antibacterial synthetic soap, Dettol and Lifebuoy. On the other hand, E. coli showed resistance to all soaps. Soaps comprised of natural essential oils have shown antibacterial activity superior to so-called “Antibacterial” soaps. Conclusion: Based on this study, we can say that the use of soaps with essential oils might be the best option due to their organic origin as well as their antibacterial proved activities.

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Cinnamon Oil as an Antibacterial Agent on Natural Paper from Banana Peel (Musa paradisiaca Linn.)

JKPK (Jurnal Kimia dan Pendidikan Kimia) ◽

10.20961/jkpk.v4i1.26120 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 4 (1) ◽

pp. 42

Author(s):

Widiastuti Agustina Eko Setyowati ◽

Elfi Susanti VH ◽

Iis Alviah ◽

Melati Kusuma Wardani

Keyword(s):

Antibacterial Activity ◽

Water Content ◽

Antibacterial Agent ◽

Antibacterial Activities ◽

Diffusion Method ◽

Banana Peel ◽

Cinnamon Oil ◽

E Coli ◽

Musa Paradisiaca ◽

Oil Additives

The research about the use of cinnamon oil as an antibacterial agent on natural paper from Banana (musa paradisiaca Linn.) Peel has been conducted. The preparation of the paper using alkalization method, with the use of NaOH 4% at the temperature of 100oC for 1.5 hours. The paper is made in two variations, ie with additive cinnamon oil and without additive. The natural paper produced are tested for pH based on SNI ISO 6588-1.2010 and water content by dry-oven method based on SNI ISO 287:2010. The antibacterial activities were tested against Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli using Kirby-Bauer disc diffusion method. The paper produced meet the standard of ISO 6519:2016 about Basic Paper for Laminated Plastic Wrapping Paper within the parameter of pH and water content. The results showed that the paper with additive cinnamon oil have antibacterial activity againts S. aureus and E. coli with inhibition diameter zone 15 mm and 13 mm respectively, whereas paper without cinnamon oil additives has no antibacterial activity against either S. aureus or E. coli. These result indicate that cinnamon oil can be used as an antibacterial agent on the natural paper from Banana peel (musa paradisiaca Linn.).

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Screening of Antibacterial Activities of Twenty-One Oxygenated Monoterpenes

Zeitschrift für Naturforschung C ◽

10.1515/znc-2007-7-808 ◽

2007 ◽

Vol 62 (7-8) ◽

pp. 507-513 ◽

Cited By ~ 118

Author(s):

Recep Kotan ◽

Saban Kordali ◽

Ahmet Cakir

Keyword(s):

Essential Oils ◽

Antibacterial Activities ◽

Diffusion Method ◽

Variable Degree ◽

Bacterial Strains ◽

Weak Zone ◽

Plant Essential Oils ◽

Oxygenated Monoterpenes ◽

Limonene Oxide

Plant essential oils are widely used as fragrances and flavours in the cosmetic, perfume, drug and food industries. Oxygenated monoterpenes are widespread components of the essential oils, usually occurring in high amount. In this paper, the antibacterial activities of twenty-one oxygenated monoterpenes (borneol, borneol acetate, camphor, carvone, 1,8-cineole, citronellal, β-citronellol, dihydrocarvone, fenchol, fenchone, geraniol acetate, isomenthol, limonene oxide, linalool, linalool acetate, nerol, nerol acetate, terpinen-4-ol, α-terpineol, menthol and menthone) and penicillin (standard antibiotic) were determined using a disc diffusion method (in vitro) against 63 bacterial strains, belonging to 37 different genera and 54 species (plant, food and clinic origins). The results showed that the oxygenated monoterpenes exhibited a variable degree of antibacterial activities. These compounds also inhibited the growth of bacterial strains by producing a weak zone of inhibition from 7 to 11 mm in diameter, depending on the susceptibility of the tested bacteria. Among the tested compounds, nerol, linalool α-terpineol, fenchol and terpinen-4-ol showed antibacterial activity at a broad spectrum. However, their antibacterial activities were lower than those of penicillin. In contrast to these compounds, camphor and 1,8-cineole exhibited no inhibition effects on the growth of all tested bacteria

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Antibacterial Activities of Herbal Toothpastes Combined with Essential Oils against Streptococcus mutans

Pathogens ◽

10.3390/pathogens8010020 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 8 (1) ◽

pp. 20 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

Özgü Karadağlıoğlu ◽

Nuran Ulusoy ◽

Kemal Başer ◽

Azmi Hanoğlu ◽

İrem Şık

Keyword(s):

Antibacterial Activity ◽

Essential Oils ◽

Streptococcus Mutans ◽

Antibacterial Activities ◽

Diffusion Method ◽

Herbal Products ◽

Cinnamomum Cassia ◽

Before And After ◽

Inhibition Zones ◽

Initial Forms

In recent years, people have become more conscious about the side-effects of fluoride toothpastes and herbal products have drawn attention as alternatives in the struggle against caries. Studies have focused on the benefits of essential oils obtained from herbs because of their antibacterial effects. The aim of this study was to evaluate and compare the antibacterial activity of Origanum dubium and Cinnamomum cassia oils combined with herbal toothpastes against Streptococcus mutans. The antibacterial activity of the test materials was determined using the agar well diffusion method before and after the addition of essential oils. We tested the efficacy of Splat Organic and Splat Biocalcium against S. mutans (12 mm and 11 mm, respectively) doubled in combination with Origanum dubium (23 mm for both toothpastes) and tripled with Cinnamomum cassia (38 mm and 36 mm, respectively). Jack N’ Jill toothpaste, which did not initially show any antibacterial effect, exhibited the largest inhibition zones after the addition of the essential oils (38 mm for Origanum dubium and 39 mm for Cinnamomum cassia). The results of this study pointed out that herbal toothpastes exhibit statistically higher antibacterial activity against Streptococcus mutans (p < 0.05) than their initial forms after the addition of essential oils.

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Chemical Composition and Antibacterial Activity of Essential Oils ofTagetes minuta(Asteraceae) against Selected Plant Pathogenic Bacteria

International Journal of Microbiology ◽

10.1155/2016/7352509 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 2016 ◽

pp. 1-9 ◽

Cited By ~ 6

Author(s):

Martin Muthee Gakuubi ◽

John M. Wagacha ◽

Saifuddin F. Dossaji ◽

Wycliffe Wanzala

Keyword(s):

Antibacterial Activity ◽

Chemical Composition ◽

Essential Oils ◽

Pathogenic Bacteria ◽

Inhibition Zone ◽

Antibacterial Activities ◽

Scientific Basis ◽

Diffusion Method ◽

Phytopathogenic Bacteria ◽

Xanthomonas Axonopodis

The objective of this study was to determine the chemical composition and antibacterial activity of essential oils (EOs) ofTagetes minutaagainst three phytopathogenic bacteriaPseudomonas savastanoipv.phaseolicola,Xanthomonas axonopodispv.phaseoli, andXanthomonas axonopodispv.manihotis. The essential oils were extracted using steam distillation method in a modified Clevenger-type apparatus while antibacterial activity of the EOs was evaluated by disc diffusion method. Gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry (GC/MS) was used for analysis of the chemical profile of the EOs. Twenty compounds corresponding to 96% of the total essential oils were identified with 70% and 30% of the identified components being monoterpenes and sesquiterpenes, respectively. The essential oils ofT. minutarevealed promising antibacterial activities against the test pathogens withPseudomonas savastanoipv.phaseolicolabeing the most susceptible with mean inhibition zone diameters of 41.83 and 44.83 mm after 24 and 48 hours, respectively.The minimum inhibitory concentrations and minimum bactericidal concentrations of the EOs on the test bacteria were in the ranges of 24–48 mg/mL and 95–190 mg/mL, respectively. These findings provide a scientific basis for the use ofT. minutaessential oils as a botanical pesticide for management of phytopathogenic bacteria.

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The composition and antibacterial activity of the essential oil of Levisticum officinale Koch. flowers and fruits at different developmental stages

Journal of the Serbian Chemical Society ◽

10.2298/jsc100524126m ◽

2010 ◽

Vol 75 (12) ◽

pp. 1661-1669 ◽

Cited By ~ 13

Author(s):

Mohammad Mirjalili ◽

Peyman Salehi ◽

Ali Sonboli ◽

Javad Hadian ◽

Samad Ebrahimi ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Antibacterial Activity ◽

Essential Oil ◽

Essential Oils ◽

Developmental Stages ◽

Antibacterial Activities ◽

Diffusion Method ◽

Mature Fruit ◽

Disk Diffusion Method ◽

Immature Fruit

The composition and antibacterial activity of the essential oil of Levisticum officinale Koch. at different developmental stages (flower, immature fruit, green mature fruit and ripened fruit) is reported. The essential oils were obtained by hydrodistillation of air-dried samples and their antibacterial activities were tested against seven bacteria. The yield of oil (w/w %) in different stages was in the order: immature fruit (1.5 %) > green mature fruit (1.0 %) > ripened fruit (0.6 %) > flower (0.1 %). The essential oils were analyzed by GC and GC-MS. In total, 27, 31, 28 and 26 constituents were identified and quantified in the mentioned samples, respectively. Monoterpene hydrocarbons were the main group of compounds in the green mature fruit (79.2 %), immature fruit (78.4 %), ripened fruit (75.2 %) and flower (44.0 %). The antibacterial activity of the oils was evaluated by the disk diffusion method using M?ller-Hinton agar and determination of inhibition zones. The results of the bioassays showed some variations between the three tested oils in their inhibitory activity against the tested bacteria at a 10 ?l disc-1 concentration. The oils from mature and ripened fruit exhibited potent antibacterial activity against Bacillus subtilis, with minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) values of 0.90 mg ml-1 in mature and ripen fruits.

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Comparative study on the phytochemical composition and antibacterial activity of the essential oil of Diphasia klaineana stems at pre-flowering and fruit set

The Journal of Phytopharmacology ◽

10.31254/phyto.2021.10509 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 10 (5) ◽

pp. 331-337

Author(s):

Benson Boua Boua ◽

◽

Yacouba Koné ◽

Lanciné Traoré ◽

N’Guessan Ambroise Malan ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Antibacterial Activity ◽

Essential Oil ◽

Essential Oils ◽

Fruit Set ◽

Developmental Stages ◽

Antibacterial Activities ◽

Diffusion Method ◽

Disk Diffusion Method ◽

Phytochemical Composition ◽

Staphyloccocus Aureus

The phytochemical composition and antibacterial activity of the essential oils of Diphasia klaineana at different developmental stages (pre-flowering and fruit set) were reported. The essential oils were extracted by continuous hydro distillation and their antibacterial activities were tested against Staphyloccocus aureus ATCC 25923. The yield of oil (w/w %) of stems in different stages was in the order: pre-flowering (0.21 %) > fruit set (0.07 %). GC and GC/MS were analyzed the essential oils composition. In total, 35 and 34 constituents were identified and quantified in the mentioned samples, respectively. Monoterpene hydrocarbons were the main group of compounds in the stems during preflowering (42.40 %) and fruit set (56.15 %). Major compounds at pre-flowering were β-elemol, sabinene, guaiol and terpinen-4-ol. The antibacterial effect of essential oils was estimated by the disk diffusion method using Müller–Hinton agar and the measurement of diameters of inhibition zones. The bioassay results showed some variations between the two tested oils in their inhibitory activity against the tested bacteria at 10 µL. The essential oils from Diphasia klaineana stems at pre-flowering exhibited potent antibacterial activity against Staphyloccocus aureus ATCC 25923, with a minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) value of 25 mg/mL, while the stems essential oil at fruit set had no activity

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Antibacterial Activity of Honey on Staphylococcus aureus and Streptococcus pyogenes Isolated from Wound Pus

Proceedings International ◽

10.33263/proceedings21.038038 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 2 (1) ◽

pp. 38

Keyword(s):

Staphylococcus Aureus ◽

Antibacterial Activity ◽

Antibacterial Activities ◽

Diffusion Method ◽

Honey Sample ◽

Zone Of Inhibition ◽

Clear Zone ◽

Test Organisms ◽

Treatment Of Wounds ◽

Agar Well Diffusion Method

Antibacterial activity of honey obtained from an apiculture farm was tested on Staphylococcus aureus and Streptococcus pyogens isolated from wound pus was observed. Agar well diffusion method was used to determine the antibacterial activity of honey on the test organisms. Moreover, the result was that the honey sample had heavy antibacterial activities against the test organisms, which was revealed by the zone of inhibition obtained. The antibacterial activity increased with the increase in concentrations of honey and showed a clear zone for both organisms. Therefore honey can be accepted as an antibacterial agent for the treatment of wounds, burns, bedsores, and ulcers.

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