scholarly journals Physicochemical Performance of Wood Chips Char and Wheat Husk Char for Utilisation as an Alternate Source of Energy

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (5) ◽  
pp. 2876-2880
Keyword(s):  
Surface Area ◽  
Health Hazard ◽  
Group Analysis ◽  
Microscopic Analysis ◽  
Calorific Value ◽  
Energy Generation ◽  
Wood Chips ◽  
Bet Surface Area ◽  
Biomass Waste ◽  
Wheat Husk

This paper explores the characteristics of biomass waste (wood chips and wheat husk) experimentally. Wood has been the primary and cheap fuel for cooking in many households of different countries because it is easily accessible whereas wheat husk is also produced parallely in huge amount but its handling and proper utilisation also needs to be considered and energy generation. This study aims at providing an alternative to wood chips and wheat husk converted to be biochar for more energy generation. This biomass waste remains unutilised and consumes a lot of effort on its disposal; causes environmental problems such as air pollution from partially combust suspended particles and unwanted addition of gases and heat to the atmosphere along with health hazard. This study takes an attempt to reduce the requirements of fossils fuels reserves using biochar. On the basis of Gross Calorific Value (GCV) and percentage of Carbon, biochar is compared with coal. The biochar derived from biomass were analysed by proximate analysis, ultimate analysis, Heating Value, pH, BET surface area, yield percentage, functional group analysis through FT-IR and microscopic analysis by FE-SEM. The outcomes indicate a quantitative change in the volatile matter, carbon percentage, BET surface area, pH and their functional groups with increase in pyrolysis temperature. The moisture content and yield percentage decrease with increase in temperature.

Characterization and Utilization of Char Derived from Fast Pyrolysis of Plastic Wastes

2014 ◽  
Vol 931-932 ◽  
pp. 849-853 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jindaporn Jamradloedluk ◽  
Chaloenporn Lertsatitthanakorn
Keyword(s):  
Surface Area ◽  
Pore Volume ◽  
Fast Pyrolysis ◽  
Combustion Process ◽  
Calorific Value ◽  
Volatile Matter ◽  
Bet Surface Area ◽  
Activation Process ◽  
Specific Pore Volume ◽  
Plastic Wastes

HDPE plastic wastes were fast pyrolyzed at temperature of 400-450°C and char (solid residues) obtained were collected and analyzed. Proximate and ultimate analyses showed that pyrolysis char had a large amount of volatile matter (51.40%) and fixed carbon (46.03%), small amount of moisture (2.41%) and little amount of ash (0.16%). Contents of carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, and sulfur were found to be 42.65, 3.06, 0.43%, and 1.80%, respectively. Calorific value and density of the char were also determined and reported as 4,500 cal/g and 1.59 g/cm3, respectively. Char derived from the fast pyrolysis of HDPE plastic wastes was crushed into powder and extruded to produce briquettes. One kilogram of the char based briquette was used as a fuel for the combustion process (boiling water). Atmospheric-pressure thermal activation at 900°C for 3 hours was performed to promote surface area and specific pore volume of the char. Undergoing such an activation process, BET surface area and pore volume of the char were increased by 55% and 44% whereas pore size was reduced by 5%, corresponding to the values of 16.77 m2/g, 0.2080 cm3/g and 496 Å, respectively.

scholarly journals Characterization of Biochars Produced from Dairy Manure at High Pyrolysis Temperatures

Agronomy ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (10) ◽  
pp. 634 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wen-Tien Tsai ◽  
Po-Cheng Huang ◽  
Yu-Quan Lin
Keyword(s):  
Surface Area ◽  
Elevated Temperatures ◽  
Chemical Properties ◽  
Hysteresis Loops ◽  
Calorific Value ◽  
Volatile Matter ◽  
Dairy Manure ◽  
Bet Surface Area ◽  
High Porosity ◽  
Pore Properties

In this work, the thermochemical analyses of dairy manure (DM), including the proximate analysis, ultimate (elemental) analysis, calorific value, thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), and inorganic elements, were studied to evaluate its potential for producing DM-based char (DMC) with high porosity. The results showed that the biomass should be an available precursor for producing biochar materials based on its high contents of carbon (42.63%) and volatile matter (79.55%). In order to characterize their pore properties, the DMC products produced at high pyrolysis temperatures (500–900°C) were analyzed using surface area and porosity analyzer, pycnometer, and scanning electron microscopy-energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (SEM-EDS). The values of pore properties for the DMC products increased with an increase in pyrolysis temperature, leading to more pore development and condensed aromatic cluster at elevated temperatures. Because of the microporous and mesoporous structures from the N2 adsorption–desorption isotherms with the hysteresis loops (H4 type), the Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET) surface area of the optimal biochar (DMC-900) was about 360 m2/g, which was higher than the data reported in the literature. The highly porous structure was also seen from the SEM observations. More significantly, the cation exchange capacity (CEC) of the optimal DMC product showed a high value of 57.5 ± 16.1 cmol/kg. Based on the excellent pore and chemical properties, the DMC product could be used as an effective amendment and/or adsorbent for the removal of pollutants from the soil media and/or fluid streams.

Synthesis and Characterization of Florfenicol-silver Nanocomposite and its Antibacterial Activity against some Gram Positive and Gram-negative Bacteria

2020 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Silver Nanoparticles ◽  
Electron Microscope ◽  
Zeta Potential ◽  
Surface Area ◽  
Spherical Shape ◽  
Bet Surface Area ◽  
Sonochemical Method ◽  
Raman Spectrometry ◽  
Silver Nanocomposite ◽  
Morphology Characterization

In this paper, easy, rapid and cheap synthetic method was described for florfenicol-silver nanocomposite by sonochemical method. Florfenicol-silver nanocomposite was characterized based on three classes namely index, identification and morphology class. Index characterization was carried out by zeta sizing, BET surface area and zeta potential. Identification characterization was performed using X-ray diffraction (XRD) and Raman spectrometry. Morphology characterization was done utilizing transmission electron microscope (TEM), scanning electron microscope (SEM) and atomic force microscope (AFM). Characterization results showed zeta sizing of florfenicol was 30.44nm, while florfenicol-silver nanocomposite was 33.5 nm with zeta potential -14.1 and -18, respectively. BET surface area was found to be 13.3, 73.2 and 103.69 m2/g for florfenicol, silver nanoparticles and florfenicol-silver nanocomposite respectively. XRD and Raman charts confirmed the formation of florfenicol-silver nanocomposite without any contamination. TEM, SEM and AFM spectral data illustrated spherical to sub spherical shape of silver nanoparticles on cubic to sheet shape of florfenicol with size less than 50 nm. Antimicrobial activity was screened where the average zone of inhibitions caused by the prepared nanocomposite were 28.3 mm, 24 mm, 27.3 mm and 24 mm compared to 17.7 mm, 16 mm, 18.7 mm and 13.3 mm of the native drug and 13 mm, 10 mm, 14.3 mm and 15 mm of the used positive reference standards against E. coli, Salmonella typhymurium, Staphylococcus aureus and Staph.aureus MRSA respectively.

Life Time Improvement of Hierarchically Structured SAPO-34 Nanocatalyst in MTO Reaction via Applying Clinoptilolite, Investigating of Composite Design via RSM

2020 ◽  
Vol 23 ◽  
Author(s):  
Reza Yazdanpanah ◽  
Eshagh Moradiyan ◽  
Rouein Halladj ◽  
Sima Askari
Keyword(s):  
Surface Area ◽  
Natural Zeolite ◽  
Coke Formation ◽  
Life Time ◽  
Weight Percent ◽  
Light Olefins ◽  
Bet Surface Area ◽  
Relative Crystallinity ◽  
Mto Reaction ◽  
The Common

Aim and Objective: The research focuses on recent progress in the production of light olefins. Hence, the common catalyst of the reaction (SAPO-34) deactivates quickly because of coke formation, we reorganized the mechanism combining SAPO-34 with a natural zeolite in order to delay the deactivation time. Materials and Methods: The synthesis of nanocomposite catalyst was conducted hydrothermally using experimental design. Firstly, Clinoptilolite was modified using nitric acid in order to achieve nano scaled material. Then, the initial gel of the SAPO-34 was prepared using DEA, aluminum isopropoxide, phosphoric acid and TEOS as the organic template, sources of Aluminum, Phosphor, and Silicate, respectively. Finally, the modified zeolite was combined with SAPO-34's gel. Results: 20 different catalysts due to D-Optimal design were synthesized and the nanocomposite with 50 weight percent of SAPO-34, 4 hours Crystallization and early Clinoptilolite precipitation showed the highest relative crystallinity, partly high BET surface area and hierarchical structure. Conclusion: Different analysis illustrated the existence of both components. The most important property alteration of nanocomposite was the increment of pore mean diameters and reduction in pore volumes in comparison with free SAPO-34. Due to low price of Clinoptilolite, the new catalyst develops the economy of the process. Using this composite, according to formation of multi-sized pores located hierarchically on the surface of the catalyst and increased surface area, significant amounts of Ethylene and Propylene, in comparison with free SAPO-34, were produced, as well as deactivation time that was improved.

scholarly journals Hydrochloric Acid Modification and Lead Removal Studies on Naturally Occurring Zeolites from Nevada, New Mexico, and Arizona

Processes ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (7) ◽  
pp. 1238
Author(s):  
Garven M. Huntley ◽  
Rudy L. Luck ◽  
Michael E. Mullins ◽  
Nick K. Newberry
Keyword(s):  
New Mexico ◽  
Surface Area ◽  
Bet Surface Area ◽  
Lead Removal ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
Sem Images ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Naturally Occurring ◽  
27Al Mas Nmr ◽  
Modified Zeolites

Four naturally occurring zeolites were examined to verify their assignments as chabazites AZLB-Ca and AZLB-Na (Bowie, Arizona) and clinoptilolites NM-Ca (Winston, New Mexico) and NV-Na (Ash Meadows, Nevada). Based on powder X-ray diffraction, NM-Ca was discovered to be mostly quartz with some clinoptilolite residues. Treatment with concentrated HCl (12.1 M) acid resulted in AZLB-Ca and AZLB-Na, the chabazite-like species, becoming amorphous, as confirmed by powder X-ray diffraction. In contrast, NM-Ca and NV-Na, which are clinoptilolite-like species, withstood boiling in concentrated HCl acid. This treatment removes calcium, magnesium, sodium, potassium, aluminum, and iron atoms or ions from the framework while leaving the silicon framework intact as confirmed via X-ray fluorescence and diffraction. SEM images on calcined and HCl treated NV-Na were obtained. BET surface area analysis confirmed an increase in surface area for the two zeolites after treatment, NM-Ca 20.0(1) to 111(4) m2/g and NV-Na 19.0(4) to 158(7) m2/g. 29Si and 27Al MAS NMR were performed on the natural and treated NV-Na zeolite, and the data for the natural NV-Na zeolite suggested a Si:Al ratio of 4.33 similar to that determined by X-Ray fluorescence of 4.55. Removal of lead ions from solution decreased from the native NM-Ca, 0.27(14), NV-Na, 1.50(17) meq/g compared to the modified zeolites, 30 min HCl treated NM-Ca 0.06(9) and NV-Na, 0.41(23) meq/g, and also decreased upon K+ ion pretreatment in the HCl modified zeolites.

scholarly journals Preparation, Characterization, and Evaluation of Macrocrystalline and Nanocrystalline Cellulose as Potential Corrosion Inhibitors for SS316 Alloy during Acid Pickling Process: Experimental and Computational Methods

Polymers ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (14) ◽  
pp. 2275
Author(s):  
Arafat Toghan ◽  
Mohamed Gouda ◽  
Kamal Shalabi ◽  
Hany M. Abd El-Lateef
Keyword(s):  
Surface Area ◽  
Density Functional ◽  
Protective Efficacy ◽  
Protective Layer ◽  
Nanocrystalline Cellulose ◽  
Bet Surface Area ◽  
Natural Polymers ◽  
Active Centers ◽  
Acid Pickling ◽  
Pickling Process

Converting low-cost bio-plant residuals into high-value reusable nanomaterials such as microcrystalline cellulose is an important technological and environmental challenge. In this report, nanocrystalline cellulose (NCC) was prepared by acid hydrolysis of macrocrystalline cellulose (CEL). The newly synthesized nanomaterials were fully characterized using spectroscopic and microscopic techniques including FE-SEM, FT-IR, TEM, Raman spectroscopy, and BET surface area. Morphological portrayal showed the rod-shaped structure for NCC with an average diameter of 10–25 nm in thickness as well as length 100–200 nm. The BET surface area of pure CEL and NCC was found to be 10.41 and 27 m2/g, respectively. The comparative protection capacity of natural polymers CEL and NCC towards improving the SS316 alloy corrosion resistance has been assessed during the acid pickling process by electrochemical (OCP, PDP, and EIS), and weight loss (WL) measurements. The outcomes attained from the various empirical methods were matched and exhibited that the protective efficacy of these polymers augmented with the upsurge in dose in this order CEL (93.1%) < NCC (96.3%). The examined polymers display mixed-corrosion inhibition type features by hindering the active centers on the metal interface, and their adsorption followed the Langmuir isotherm model. Surface morphology analyses by SEM reinforced the adsorption of polymers on the metal substrate. The Density Functional Theory (DFT) parameters were intended and exhibited the anti-corrosive characteristics of CEL and NCC polymers. A Monte Carlo (MC) simulation study revealed that CEL and NCC polymers are resolutely adsorbed on the SS316 alloy surface and forming a powerful adsorbed protective layer.

scholarly journals Silica and Silica–Titania Xerogels Doped with Iron(III) for Total Antioxidant Capacity Determination

Materials ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (8) ◽  
pp. 2019
Author(s):  
Maria A. Morosanova ◽  
Ksenia V. Chaikun ◽  
Elena I. Morosanova
Keyword(s):  
Antioxidant Capacity ◽  
Surface Area ◽  
Total Antioxidant Capacity ◽  
Solid Phase ◽  
Bet Surface Area ◽  
Sensor Material ◽  
Total Antioxidant ◽  
Sensor Materials ◽  
Ascorbic Acids ◽  
Capacity Determination

In order to design a sensor material for total antioxidant capacity determination we have prepared silica and silica–titania xerogels doped with iron(III) and modified with 1,10-phenanthroline. Titanium(IV) tetraethoxyde content in the precursors (titanium(IV) tetraethoxyde and tetraethyl orthosilicate) mixtures has been varied from 0 to 12.5% vol. Iron(III) concentrations in sol has been varied from 1 to 100 mM. The increase of titanium(IV) content has led to a decrease in BET surface area and average pore diameter and an increase of micropore surface area and volume, which has resulted in better iron(III) retention in the xerogels. Iron(III), immobilized in the xerogel matrix, retains its ability to form complexes with 1,10-phenanthroline and to be reduced to iron(II). Static capacities for 1,10-phenanthroline have been determined for all the iron(III) doped xerogels (0.207 mmol/g–0.239 mmol/g) and they are not dependent on the iron(III) content. Sensor materials—xerogels doped with iron(III) and modified with 1,10-phenanthroline—have been used for antioxidants (catechol, gallic and ascorbic acids, and sulphite) solid phase spectrophotometric determination. Limits of detection for catechol, gallic and ascorbic acids, and sulphite equal 7.8 × 10−6 M, 5.4 × 10−6 M, 1.2 × 10−5 M, and 3.1 × 10−4 M, respectively. The increase of titanium(IV) content in sensor material has led to an increase of the reaction rate and the sensitivity of determination. Proposed sensor materials have been applied for total antioxidant capacity (in gallic acid equivalents) determination in soft beverages, have demonstrated high stability, and can be stored up to 6 months at room temperature.

Probing the performance of imide linked micro-porous polymers for enhanced CO2 gas adsorption applications

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Narendran Rajendran ◽  
Ali A. Husain ◽  
Saad Makhseed
Keyword(s):  
Surface Area ◽  
Gas Adsorption ◽  
Oxidative Polymerization ◽  
Porous Polymers ◽  
Bet Surface Area ◽  
Co2 Gas

Three new carbazole containing cross-linked polymers namely AH-Poly, TM-PDA-Poly and TMB-PDA-Poly were designed and successfully synthesized by an oxidative polymerization protocol. The prepared AH-Poly showed a specific BET surface area...

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