scholarly journals Determination of Ground Water Stressed Regions of Visakhapatnam District using Arc Map

2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (4) ◽  
pp. 11546-11549
Keyword(s):  
Surface Water ◽  
Ground Water ◽  
Water Conservation ◽  
Human Life ◽  
Scale Up ◽  
Temporal Variations ◽  
Water Levels ◽  
Efficient Design ◽  
Study Region ◽  
Visakhapatnam District

Water is essential for human life, which is vastly used for basic needs like drinking and other domestic, irrigational and industrial purposes etc. The main sources of water are classified as surface and sub-surface sources. The surface water resources are varied like rivers, ponds, lakes etc. but the sub-surface resources are only water bearing aquifers. Day by day the sub surface water is degrading due to many reasons like pollution, climate change etc. Therefore, studies on conservation of ground water is important. For the present study, data of ground water levels for eleven years (2007-2017) at 69 locations of various mandals (zones) in Visakhapatnam district (Andhra Pradesh, India) was obtained from the A.P. Ground Water and Water Audit Department, Visakhapatnam. By using ArcMap of ArcGIS and the spatial and temporal variations were mapped onto the base map of Visakhapatnam. The results indicated ‘water stressed areas’ in the study region. It was observed that the ground water levels dwindled drastically in the years 2016 and 2017. The results of the study highlighted the immediate necessity to scale up the ground water conservation measures and efficient design of the ground water resource systems in the area.

scholarly journals Quality of Surface Water and Groundwater in Iraq

2020 ◽  
pp. 161-199
Author(s):  
Nadhir Al-Ansari ◽  
Sabbar Saleh ◽  
Twana Abdullahand ◽  
Salwan Ali Abed
Keyword(s):  
Water Quality ◽  
Drinking Water ◽  
Surface Water ◽  
Water Resources ◽  
Middle East ◽  
Human Life ◽  
Water Levels ◽  
Aquifer System ◽  
Surface Water And Groundwater

Insufficiency of water resources in the Middle East Region represents vital factors that influence the stability of the region and its progress. Expectations indicate that the condition will be dimmer and more complicated, especially in Iraqi territory. Iraq, which is situated in the Middle East, it covers an area of 433,970 square kilometers and populated by about 32 million inhabitants. Iraq greatly relies in its water resources on the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers as a surface water resources, and several productive groundwater aquifers in which from the hydrogeological point of view divided into several major aquifer units including Foothill, Al-Jazira, Aquifer System, Mandali-Badra-Teeb, Mesopotamian and Desert Aquifer system. Recently, Iraq is suffering from water shortage problems. This is due to external and internal factors affecting the water quality of water resources; they are controlled and uncontrolled factors. The uncontrolled factors are climate change and its consequences, such as reduction of precipitation and temperature increasing. The controlled factors have a significantly negative influence on water resources, but their effects involve more specific regions. The controlled factors are mainly represented by building dams and irrigation projects within the upper parts of the Tigris and Euphrates catchments, Al-Tharthar Scheme, waste water, solid wastes and wastes from wars, which has a significant effect on surface water in Iraq because about 80% of the water supply to Euphrates and Tigris Rivers come from Turkey. In addition, the pressures resulting from the high demand for water resources, and the continued decline in their quantity rates have led to major changes in the hydrological condition in Iraq during the past 30 years. The decrease in surface water levels and precipitation during these three decades reflects the drop in the levels of water reservoirs, lakes, and rivers to the unexpected levels. The level of main country’s water source, Tigris, and Euphrates Rivers has fallen to less than a third of its natural levels. As storage capacity depreciates, the government estimates that its water reserves have been reduced precariously. According to the survey from the Ministry of Water Resources, millions of Iraqi people have faced a severe shortage of drinking water. Since of the importance of water for human life and the need to monitor temporal and spatial changes in quality and quantity, there is a need to develop a general Iraqi Water Quality Index (Iraq WQI) to monitor surface water and groundwater and classify it into five categories, very good, good, acceptable, bad and very bad, in terms of suitability for domestics, irrigation and agriculture depending on the Iraqi and WHO standards for drinking water. In addition, strict establishment for the regular quantitative monitoring surface water and groundwater setting and processes. Prospects are more negative for all riparian countries. This implies that solving these problems requires actual and serious international, regional, and national cooperation to set a prudent plan for water resources management of the two basins. Iraq being the most affected country should seriously set a prudent, scientific, and strategic plan for the management and conservation of its water resources. Keywords: Pollution, Water Quality, Waste, Surface water, Groundwater, Iraq.

scholarly journals Interannual variations of the terrestrial water storage in the Lower Ob' Basin from a multisatellite approach

2010 ◽  
Vol 14 (12) ◽  
pp. 2443-2453 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. Frappart ◽  
F. Papa ◽  
A. Güntner ◽  
S. Werth ◽  
G. Ramillien ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Surface Water ◽  
Root Zone ◽  
Water Storage ◽  
Temporal Variations ◽  
Water Levels ◽  
The Arctic ◽  
Water Volume ◽  
Hydrological Models ◽  
Radar Altimetry ◽  
Terrestrial Water

Abstract. Temporal variations of surface water volume over inundated areas of the Lower Ob' Basin in Siberia, one of the largest contributor of freshwater to the Arctic Ocean, are estimated using combined observations from a multisatellite inundation dataset and water levels over rivers and floodplains derived from the TOPEX/POSEIDON (T/P) radar altimetry. We computed time-series of monthly maps of surface water volume over the common period of available T/P and multisatellite data (1993–2004). The results exhibit interannual variabilities similar to precipitation estimates and river discharge observations. This study also presents monthly estimates of groundwater and permafrost mass anomalies during 2003–2004 based on a synergistic analysis of multisatellite observations and hydrological models. Water stored in the soil is isolated from the total water storage measured by GRACE when removing the contributions of both the surface reservoir, derived from satellite imagery and radar altimetry, and the snow estimated by inversion of GRACE measurements. The time variations of groundwater and permafrost are then obtained when removing the water content of the root zone reservoir simulated by hydrological models.

scholarly journals Impacts of groundwater extraction on groundwater flow and arsenic distribution in the western Hetao Basin, Inner Mongolia, China

2019 ◽  
Vol 98 ◽  
pp. 09037
Author(s):  
Zhuo Zhang ◽  
Huaming Guo ◽  
Weiguang Zhao ◽  
Haicheng Weng
Keyword(s):  
Surface Water ◽  
Groundwater Flow ◽  
Flow Direction ◽  
Temporal Variations ◽  
Water Levels ◽  
Labile Organic Matter ◽  
Near Surface ◽  
Groundwater Levels ◽  
Arsenic Distribution ◽  
Geochemical Parameters

Temporal variations in water levels are crucial for understanding As behaviour in groundwater systems. Groundwater levels were recorded in irrigation wells in non-irrigation and irrigation seasons. Groundwater samples were collected yearly in irrigation wells from 2014 to 2016 and in a multilevel well from 2015 to 2016 for analysing geochemical parameters. Results showed that groundwater flow direction was reversed due to groundwater pumping. The change of groundwater flow led to the surface water, as a new groundwater recharge source, which flushed the near-surface sediments enriched in soluble components and increased groundwater TDS. The labile organic matter introduced by the surface water recharge fueled dissimilatory reduction of Fe(III) oxides and further increased groundwater As concentration.

scholarly journals Water Level and the Potentials for Wetland Formation and Sustainability in Lower Ogun River Floodplain, Nigeria

2020 ◽  
Vol 24 (6) ◽  
pp. 1041-1044
Author(s):  
I.A. Ogunyemi ◽  
O. Oguntoke ◽  
C.O. Adeofun
Keyword(s):  
Surface Water ◽  
Ground Water ◽  
Water Table ◽  
Rainy Season ◽  
Soil Depth ◽  
Wetland Management ◽  
Water Levels ◽  
Groundwater Levels ◽  
One Year ◽  
Ogun River

Identification, delineation and monitoring of wetlands which requires the understanding and application of their ecological characteristics are critical factors in wetland management and conservation. This study assessed the potentials of wetland formation and sustainability in the lower Ogun river basin by determining the levels of surface and ground water. The study area was divided into 1 km2 grids of 67 units using 0.052 %  sampling intensity for the assessments in dry and wet seasons. Monthly water table levels were assessed in 50 cm soil pit while inundation levels were measured during the flooding event using staff gauge. Assessment was carried out for one year during which frequency and periodicity of water table and inundation events were recorded. Results revealed that low water table level ranged from 5 to 45cm of soil depth and occurred between August and September within 6 grids. Water table and surface water was recorded within a period of 2 – 10 weeks during the rainy season. The peak of water levels coincided with the peak of precipitation (> 200 mm) ranging from 30 to 280 cm between September and October while covering 28.75 km2. Conclusively, surface and groundwater levels were recorded during the rainy season having direct variation with the volume of  precipitation for a duration that is long enough to support the formation of wetland hydrophytes and hydric soil. Keywords: Wetlands; Hydrology; Ground water; Surface water; Inundation; Precipitation

scholarly journals APPLICATION OF GIS AND GROUNDWATER MODELLING TECHNIQUES TO IDENTIFY THE PERCHED AQUIFERS TO DEMARKATE WATER LOGGING CONDITIONS IN PARTS OF MEHSANA

2016 ◽  
Vol III-8 ◽  
pp. 173-180
Author(s):  
D. Rawal ◽  
A. Vyas ◽  
S. S. Rao
Keyword(s):  
Ground Water ◽  
Water Conservation ◽  
Hydrological Cycle ◽  
Groundwater Modelling ◽  
Water Levels ◽  
Command Area ◽  
Gujarat State ◽  
Water Logging ◽  
Surrounding Areas ◽  
Application Of Gis

Groundwater is very important component of the hydrological cycle. It is an important source of water for drinking, domestic, industrial and agricultural uses. It plays a key role in meeting the water needs of various users sectors in India. Ground water resource is contributed by two major sources – rainfall and the other seepage from irrigation of the crops. A man-made effort through artificial recharge for water conservation structures adds to the ground water. The ground water behaviour in Indian sub-continent is highly complicated due to the occurrence of diversified geological formations with considerable lithological and chronological variations, complex tectonic framework, climatological dissimilarities and various hydro-chemical conditions. Assessment of ground water resources of an area requires proper identification and mapping of geological structures, geomorphic features along with sound information regarding slope, drainage, lithology, soil as well as thickness of the weathered zones. <br> This study is to understand the ground water scenario in the water logged areas of Dharoi command while the surrounding areas showing continuous decline of water levels. The area falls in the command area of Dhorai dam and is in Mehsana District of Gujarat State. A part of northern command of Dharoi Command area falls in hard rock areas while the lower and southern portion fall in alluvial areas in the Dharoi Command (RBC) area in Mahsana Mehsana District of the Gujarat State.<br><br> The study highlights the application of GIS in establishing the basic parameters of soil, land use and the distribution of water logging over a period of time and the groundwater modelling identifies the groundwater regime of the area and estimates the total recharge to the area due to surface water irrigation and rainfall and suggests suitable method to control water logging in the area.

scholarly journals Automatic Detection of Inland Water Bodies along Altimetry Tracks for Estimating Surface Water Storage Variations in the Congo Basin

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (19) ◽  
pp. 3804
Author(s):  
Frédéric Frappart ◽  
Pierre Zeiger ◽  
Julie Betbeder ◽  
Valéry Gond ◽  
Régis Bellot ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Time Series ◽  
Surface Water ◽  
Water Storage ◽  
Temporal Variations ◽  
Water Levels ◽  
Congo Basin ◽  
Radar Altimetry ◽  
Surface Water Storage ◽  
Cuvette Centrale ◽  
Good Agreement

Surface water storage in floodplains and wetlands is poorly known from regional to global scales, in spite of its importance in the hydrological and the carbon balances, as the wet areas are an important water compartment which delays water transfer, modifies the sediment transport through sedimentation and erosion processes, and are a source for greenhouse gases. Remote sensing is a powerful tool for monitoring temporal variations in both the extent, level, and volume, of water using the synergy between satellite images and radar altimetry. Estimating water levels over flooded area using radar altimetry observation is difficult. In this study, an unsupervised classification approach is applied on the radar altimetry backscattering coefficients to discriminate between flooded and non-flooded areas in the Cuvette Centrale of Congo. Good detection of water (open water, permanent and seasonal inundation) is above 0.9 using radar altimetry backscattering from ENVISAT and Jason-2. Based on these results, the time series of water levels were automatically produced. They exhibit temporal variations in good agreement with the hydrological regime of the Cuvette Centrale. Comparisons against a manually generated time series of water levels from the same missions at the same locations show a very good agreement between the two processes (i.e., RMSE ≤ 0.25 m in more than 80%/90% of the cases and R ≥ 0.95 in more than 95%/75% of the cases for ENVISAT and Jason-2, respectively). The use of the time series of water levels over rivers and wetlands improves the spatial pattern of the annual amplitude of water storage in the Cuvette Centrale. It also leads to a decrease by a factor of four for the surface water estimates in this area, compared with a case where only time series over rivers are considered.

scholarly journals Monitoring Lake Levels From Space: Preliminary Analysis With SWOT

2021 ◽  
Vol 3 ◽  
Author(s):  
Akhilesh S. Nair ◽  
Nitish Kumar ◽  
J. Indu ◽  
B. Vivek
Keyword(s):  
Surface Water ◽  
Temporal Resolution ◽  
Anthropogenic Activities ◽  
Rapid Change ◽  
Water Storage ◽  
Water Levels ◽  
Study Region ◽  
Volume Calculation ◽  
Spatial Coverage

Lakes are an essential component of biogeochemical processes, and variations in lake level are regarded as indicators of climate change. For more than a decade, satellite altimetry has successfully monitored variation in water levels over inland seas, lakes, rivers, and wetlands. Through altimetry, the surface water levels are measured at varying temporal scales depending on the orbit cycle of the satellite. The futuristic mission of Surface Water and Ocean Topography (SWOT) scheduled to be launched in year 2022 shall offer the spatial coverage and resolution suitable for water level estimation and volume calculation in small water bodies like lakes worldwide. With a radar interferometer in Ka-band, SWOT proposes to provide two-dimensional maps of water heights 21 days repeat orbit configuration. Cycle average SWOT datasets for land will be developed with higher temporal resolution, with temporal resolution varying geographically. This work assesses the potential of SWOT for monitoring water volumes over a case study lake by analyzing SWOT like synthetic data produced using the SWOT simulator developed by the Centre National d'Etudes Spatiales (CNES). With SWOT relying on a novel technology, the initial 90 days of this mission after launch shall focus on an extensive calibration and validation. Firsthand results of SWOT-simulated water levels and volumes are presented over a case study region in the tropical band, namely, Pookode Lake, in the ecologically fragile district of Wayanad, Kerala, India. It is the second-largest freshwater lake in Kerala that is being affected by anthropogenic activities, causing huge depletion in lake water storage in the last four decades. Our analysis indicated that the lake region is subjected to a rise in temperature of 0.018°C per year. We further assess the potential of remote sensing and SWOT data to monitor water storage of Pookode Lake, which is undergoing a rapid change. Results show that the proxy water surface elevations have immense potential in scientific studies pertaining to lake monitoring across the world. Overall, the study shows the potential of SWOT for monitoring the variability of water levels and volumes in this region.

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