COVID -19 VACCINATION COVERAGE IN HIMACHAL PRADESH

2021 ◽  
pp. 29-31
Author(s):  
Sunita Sunita ◽  
Shuchi Mahajan
Keyword(s):  
Vaccination Coverage ◽  
Himachal Pradesh ◽  
Effective Vaccine ◽  
Population Coverage ◽  
Vaccine Strategy ◽  
Literacy Rate ◽  
The World

The Covid 19 Pandemic is the most tough situation to humanity in a century. It was widely believed that pre-pandemic life will never return until a safe and effective vaccine strategy become available. But now Covid-19 vaccination is offering a way to escape out of this tough phase of this pandemic. Vaccination drive against Covid 19 has been going on across the world. In India it began th th st nd on 16 January 2021. In India till 30 September 2021 1 doses are 64.64 crores with 46 % coverage and 2 doses are 23.7 crores with 17 % total th st nd population coverage. In Himachal Pradesh till 30 September 2021 ( in 9 months) 1 and 2 doses are 5.66 millions and 2.7 millions with 72% st and 32 % population coverage with District Solan is on the top in 1 dose coverage of Covid 19 vaccine with 98.18% followed by Lahol and Spiti (84.05%) , Kinnaur (77.98%), Una (72.75%), Bilaspur(72.11%), Hamirpur (71.67%), Shimla (69.43%), Kullu (69.04%), Kangra (67.97%), nd Sirmour (67.83%), Mandi (66.67%) and Chamba is in last (59.76%). In 2 dose coverage Kinnaur is on the top with 54% coverage followed by Lahol and spiti (47%) it might be because in both districts population is less than other districts. Chamba (23%) and Sirmour (22 %) are in the last nd position in vaccination coverage of 2 dose it might be because population is more as well as area is hilly, difcult to reach and literacy rate is also low in these districts.

COVID-19: The Unprecedented Malady-A Holistic Review

Coronaviruses ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 01 ◽  
Author(s):  
Viney Chawla ◽  
Pooja A Chawla
Keyword(s):  
Virus Disease ◽  
Drug Repurposing ◽  
Signs And Symptoms ◽  
Effective Vaccine ◽  
Runny Nose ◽  
Difficult Time ◽  
Holistic Review ◽  
The World ◽  
Spanish Flu ◽  
Corona Viruses

Background: Corona virus disease (COVID-19) is spreading rapidly at an unprecedented scale across continents and has emerged as the single biggest risk the world has faced in modern times. Some scientists are comparing it to Spanish flu that created havoc around a century ago. The fear of death by COVID-19 looms large at the world today. The disease has reached devastating proportions since its first reports in December 2019. Doctors are having a difficult time dealing with this challenge and the microbiologists are having sleepless nights to bring about an effective vaccine for this disease. Methods: A number of research and review articles have been exhaustively reviewed. The collected data was meticulously analysed and documented. Conclusion: This paper reviews the different types of corona viruses, the structure of SARS-CoV-2 responsible for COVID19, its transmission, virulence. Further, the article discusses the diagnosis, signs and symptoms like fever, breathlessness, cough, potential loss of taste or smell, sneezing, runny nose, fatigue, headache, sore throat and different treatment approaches including drug repurposing being tried by doctors around the globe that may come handy in the management of disease symptoms. The article describes the use of remdesivir, ribavarin, lopinavir, favipiravir, hydoxychloroquine, chloroquine, tocilizumab among others in treating COVID-19.

Critical Insight into the Attributes of Emerging Novel Coronavirus (COVID-19) in India and Across the World

Coronaviruses ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 49-56
Author(s):  
Gaurav M. Doshi ◽  
Hemen S. Ved ◽  
Ami P. Thakkar
Keyword(s):  
Review Article ◽  
World Health ◽  
Effective Vaccine ◽  
Human Contact ◽  
The World ◽  
Critical Insight ◽  
Novel Coronavirus ◽  
Health Organization ◽  
Insight Into ◽  
Old Drugs

The World Health Organization (WHO) has recently announced the spread of novel coronavirus (nCoV) globally and has declared it a pandemic. The probable source of transmission of the virus, which is from animal to human and human to human contact, has been established. As per the statistics reported by the WHO on 11th April 2020, data has shown that more than sixteen lakh confirmed cases have been identified globally. The reported cases related to nCoV in India have been rising substantially. The review article discusses the characteristics of nCoV in detail with the probability of potentially effective old drugs that may inhibit the virus. The research may further emphasize and draw the attention of the world towards the development of an effective vaccine as well as alternative therapies. Moreover, the article will help to bridge the gap between the new researchers since it’s the current thrust area of research.

scholarly journals SARS-CoV-2 vaccines strategies: a comprehensive review of phase 3 candidates

npj Vaccines ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Nikolaos C. Kyriakidis ◽  
Andrés López-Cortés ◽  
Eduardo Vásconez González ◽  
Alejandra Barreto Grimaldos ◽  
Esteban Ortiz Prado
Keyword(s):  
Neutralizing Antibodies ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Vaccine Development ◽  
Rna Virus ◽  
Protein S ◽  
Effective Vaccine ◽  
Phase 3 ◽  
Vaccine Candidates ◽  
Advantages And Disadvantages ◽  
The World

AbstractThe new SARS-CoV-2 virus is an RNA virus that belongs to the Coronaviridae family and causes COVID-19 disease. The newly sequenced virus appears to originate in China and rapidly spread throughout the world, becoming a pandemic that, until January 5th, 2021, has caused more than 1,866,000 deaths. Hence, laboratories worldwide are developing an effective vaccine against this disease, which will be essential to reduce morbidity and mortality. Currently, there more than 64 vaccine candidates, most of them aiming to induce neutralizing antibodies against the spike protein (S). These antibodies will prevent uptake through the human ACE-2 receptor, thereby limiting viral entrance. Different vaccine platforms are being used for vaccine development, each one presenting several advantages and disadvantages. Thus far, thirteen vaccine candidates are being tested in Phase 3 clinical trials; therefore, it is closer to receiving approval or authorization for large-scale immunizations.

scholarly journals Vaccination Coverage for Routine Vaccines and Herd Immunity Levels against Measles and Pertussis in the World in 2019

Vaccines ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (3) ◽  
pp. 256
Author(s):  
Pedro Plans-Rubió
Keyword(s):  
Vaccination Coverage ◽  
Action Plan ◽  
Herd Immunity ◽  
World Health ◽  
Immunization Programs ◽  
National Immunization ◽  
The World ◽  
Measles Vaccination ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Health Organization

In 2012, the World Health Organization (WHO) established the Global Vaccine Action Plan with the objective to promote essential vaccinations in all countries and achieve at least 90% vaccination coverage for all routine vaccines by 2020. The study assessed the mean percentages of vaccination coverage in 2019 for 13 routine vaccines, vaccination coverage variation from 2015 to 2019, and herd immunity levels against measles and pertussis in 2019 in countries and regions of WHO. In 2019, the mean percentages of vaccination coverage were lower than 90% for 10 (78.9%) routine vaccines. The mean percentages of vaccination coverage also decreased from 2015 to 2019 for six (46.2%) routine vaccines. The prevalence of individuals with vaccine-induced measles immunity in the target measles vaccination population was 88.1%, and the prevalence of individuals with vaccine-induced pertussis immunity in the target pertussis vaccination population was 81.1%. Herd immunity against measles viruses with Ro = 18 was established in 63 (32.5%) countries but not established in any region. Herd immunity against pertussis agents was not established in any country and in any region of WHO. National immunization programs must be improved to achieve ≥90% vaccination coverage in all countries and regions. Likewise, it is necessary to achieve ≥95% vaccination coverage with two doses of measles vaccines and three doses of pertussis vaccines in all countries and regions.

SARS-COV-2 CORONAVIRUS: NOMENCLATURE, CLASSIFICATION, STRUCTURE, HISTORY, SYMPTOMS EPIDEMIOLOGY, PATHOGENESIS, ETIOLOGY, DIAGNOSES, TREATMENT, AND PREVENTION

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hanan Al-Khalaifah ◽  
Mohammad Al-Otaibi ◽  
Abdulaziz Al-Ateeqi
Keyword(s):  
Food Security ◽  
Social Economic ◽  
Animal Production ◽  
Effective Vaccine ◽  
Poultry Production ◽  
Treatment And Prevention ◽  
The World ◽  
Economic Health ◽  
Production Industry ◽  
Classification Structure

With the onset of the coronavirus pandemic in December 2019 in China, and the alarming rate at which it has spread across the world has unleashed not only fear, but has taken a toll on social, economic, health, and governing capabilities of the various countries infected with the virus. The pandemic is affecting all aspects of life, including industries such as the animal production industry all over the world. This includes plant, livestock and poultry production. Food security is accordingly impacted, as these industries are vital elements that are contributing to securing food to populations worldwide. In this review, light is shed on the origin of coronaviruses with special emphasis on COVID-19. It also includes introduction of symptoms, epidemiology and pathogenesis, etiology, and prevention. As the disease progresses, scientists are working around the clock in the hope of an effective vaccine, and they managed to introduce some to the worldwide populations. The world faces challenges on a day-to-day basis until most people are vaccinated.

Síndrome Respiratória Aguda Grave e a COVID-19 (SARS-Cov-2): uma revisão narrativa

2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (2.ESP) ◽  
Author(s):  
Maria Soraya Pereira Franco Adriano ◽  
Betânia Maria Pereira Santos ◽  
Carmem Gabriela Gomes de Figueiredo Figueiredo ◽  
Ana Carolina Bernardes Dulgheroff ◽  
Ronaldo Rodrigues Sarmento ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome ◽  
Health Professionals ◽  
Scientific Community ◽  
Scientific Production ◽  
Diagnosis And Treatment ◽  
Effective Vaccine ◽  
Disease Clinic ◽  
The World ◽  
Different Parts ◽  
Coronavirus Infections

Objetivo: Analisar a produção científica acerca da atual pandemia do novo coronavírus, destacando aspectos referentes às características do vírus, bem como a epidemiologia, o diagnóstico e tratamento da COVID-19 no intuito de fornecer informações aos profissionais de saúde e à comunidade científica. Método: Revisão narrativa, com busca nas bases de dados Scielo, Medline, Lilacs e Pubmed, referente ao período de fevereiro a maio de 2020, utilizando os descritores: “infecções por coronavírus” or “coronavirus infections”, “COVID-19”, “betacoronavirus”, “Síndrome Respiratória Aguda Grave”, “SARS-Cov-2”, “diagnóstico”, “diagnosis”. Resultados: Foram evidenciadas três categorias temáticas: aspectos referentes ao vírus; a epidemiologia e a clínica da doença; e aspectos do diagnóstico e tratamento. Conclusão: O Coronavírus sofreu mutações desde o início da pandemia, mas não se sabe se estas mutações afetaram seu poder de infecciosidade. Em diferentes partes do mundo a epidemiologia da COVID-19 foi diferente. Com relação ao tratamento, a droga que tem se mostrado mais promissora até o momento é o remdesivir. Sem uma vacina eficaz, a maior arma que dispomos é o isolamento social.Descritores: Infecções por Coronavírus; COVID-19; Síndrome Respiratória Aguda Grave. SEVERE ACUTE RESPIRATORY SYNDROME AND COVID-19 (SARS-COV-2): A NARRATIVE REVIEWObjective: To analyze a scientific production on the current pandemic of new coronaviruses, highlighting aspects related to virus resources, as well as the epidemiology, diagnosis and treatment of COVID-19 in order to provide information to health professionals and the scientific community. Method: Narrative review, searching the Scielo, Medline, Lilacs and Pubmed databases, for the period from February to May 2020, using the keywords: "coronavirus infections" or "coronavirus infections", "COVID-19", "Betacoronavirus", "Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome", "SARS-Cov-2", "diagnosis", "diagnosis". Results: Three thematic categories were highlighted: aspects related to the virus; an epidemiology and disease clinic; and aspects of diagnosis and treatment. Conclusion: The Coronavirus has mutated since the beginning of the pandemic, but it is not known whether these mutations have affected its infectiousness. In different parts of the world the epidemiology of COVID-19 was different. Regarding treatment, a drug that has been shown to be more promising until recovery is needed. Without an effective vaccine, the biggest weapon that affects social isolation.Descriptors: Coronavirus Infections; COVID-19; Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome. SÍNDROME RESPIRATORIO AGUDO GRAVE Y COVID-19 (SARS-COV-2): UNA REVISIÓN NARRATIVAObjetivo: analizar una producción científica sobre la pandemia actual de nuevos coronavirus, destacando aspectos relacionados con los recursos del virus, así como la epidemiología, diagnóstico y tratamiento de COVID-19 para proporcionar información a los profesionales de la salud y la comunidad científica. Método: Revisión narrativa, buscando en las bases de datos Scielo, Medline, Lilacs y Pubmed, para el período de febrero a mayo de 2020, utilizando los descriptores: "infecciones por coronavirus" o "infecciones por coronavirus", "COVID-19", "Betacoronavirus", "Síndrome respiratorio agudo severo", "SARS-Cov-2", "diagnóstico", "diagnóstico". Resultados: se destacaron tres categorías temáticas: aspectos relacionados con el virus; una clínica de epidemiología y enfermedad; y aspectos de diagnóstico y tratamiento. Conclusión: el coronavirus ha mutado desde el comienzo de la pandemia, pero no se sabe si estas mutaciones han afectado su infecciosidad. En diferentes partes del mundo, la epidemiología de COVID-19 fue diferente. Con respecto al tratamiento, un medicamento que ha demostrado ser más prometedor hasta que se necesita recuperación. Sin una vacuna efectiva, el arma más grande que afecta el aislamiento social.Descriptores: Infecciones por Coronavirus; COVID-19; Síndrome Respiratorio Agudo Severo.

scholarly journals In Silico Prediction of T and B Cell Epitopes of SAG1-Related Sequence 3 (SRS3) Gene for Developing Toxoplasma gondii Vaccine

2020 ◽  
Vol In Press (In Press) ◽  
Author(s):  
Abolfazl Mirzadeh ◽  
Geita Saadatnia ◽  
Majid Golkar ◽  
Jalal Babaie ◽  
Samira Amiri ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Toxoplasma Gondii ◽  
Dna Vaccine ◽  
In Silico ◽  
Effective Vaccine ◽  
T Cell Epitopes ◽  
In Silico Prediction ◽  
Vaccine Strategy ◽  
Related Sequence ◽  
Ideal Tool ◽  
Major Surface

: Toxoplasmosis is a worldwide infection that can lead to serious problems in immune-compromised individuals and fetuses. A DNA vaccine strategy would be an ideal tool against Toxoplasma gondii. One of the necessary measures to provide an effective vaccine is the selection of proteins with high antigenicity. The SAG1-related sequence 3 (SRS3) protein is a major surface antigen in T. gondii that can be used as a vaccine candidate. In the present study, bioinformatics and computational methods were utilized to predict protein characteristics, as well as secondary and tertiary structures. The in silico approach is highly suited to analyze, design, and evaluate DNA vaccine strategies. Hence, in silico prediction was used to identify B and T cell epitopes and compare the antigenicity of SRS3 and other candidate genes of Toxoplasma previously applied in the production of vaccines. The results of the analysis theoretically showed that SRS3 has multiple epitopes with high antigenicity, proposing that SRS3 is a promising immunogenic candidate for the development of DNA vaccines against toxoplasmosis.

scholarly journals Pharmacotherapeutic management of chronic viral hepatitis

2021 ◽  
Vol 2 (4) ◽  
pp. 1-8
Author(s):  
Gabriela Mitea ◽  
Marius Daniel Radu ◽  
Ana Maria Ionescu ◽  
Nicoleta Blebea
Keyword(s):  
Hepatitis B ◽  
Viral Hepatitis ◽  
World Health Organization ◽  
Geographical Area ◽  
Chronic Viral Hepatitis ◽  
World Health ◽  
Effective Vaccine ◽  
Special Importance ◽  
The World ◽  
Health Organization

In infectious diseases, viral hepatitis has an increased incidence, being an important cause of morbidity and mortality, being a "sentinel" indicator of the socio-economic and hygienic-cultural standard of a geographical area. The World Health Organization (WHO) admits the following types of hepatitis viruses: A, B, B + D, C, E, F and G. Among the viral entities recognized by the WHO, a special importance in terms of incidence, evolution over time with the risk of chronicity and the therapeutic options are presented by hepatitis B and C. There is currently an effective vaccine as well as treatment for hepatitis B. There is no vaccine for hepatitis C, but in recent years considerable progress has been made in treating this disease. Also, the introduction of drugs known as direct-acting antivirals makes it possible to cure over 90% of patients within 2-3 months. But in many countries, current drug policies, regulations and prices keep treatment out of the reach of most people with hepatitis. Eradication of viral hepatitis is possible if greater emphasis is placed on prevention, diagnosis and treatment. Vaccination is very important, as it is possible for types A and B of hepatitis. Early diagnosis is also extremely important, given that there are currently very effective drugs that can prevent the development of liver cancer. The WHO also noted that about two million people worldwide become ill each year due to the reuse of syringes and stressed the importance of checking blood donors to see if they are not carriers of hepatitis B or C viruses. Therefore, the purpose of this article is to highlight the pharmacological treatment and the main therapeutic and prevention schemes currently used for patients with these liver diseases. The paper was based on the most popular methods of identification of the latest international information about the treatment of hepatitis (by electronic search using Pubmed, SciFinder, Scirus, GoogleScholar and Web of Science). We also consulted the global literature cited in the hepatitis database of the World Health Organization (WHO) updated frequent from the current literature on this topic.

scholarly journals GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS OF INFLUENZA VIRUS A MOLECULAR STRUCTURE

2018 ◽  
pp. 13-19
Author(s):  
Deryabina Nina ◽  
Gritsenko Dilyara ◽  
Galiakparov Nurbol
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Structure ◽  
Influenza Virus ◽  
Binding Sites ◽  
Molecular Structures ◽  
Effective Vaccine ◽  
Clear Understanding ◽  
Human Species ◽  
The World ◽  
Critical Regions ◽  
Effective Drugs

The influenza virus is one of the most abundant viruses in the world. It causes both mild seasonal infections and severe pandemics killing thousands of people and mammals. Two main extracellular receptors – neuraminidase (NA) and hemagglutinin (HA) are responsible for infection symptoms development and spread. Error-prone RNA-polymerase incorporates mutations into both neuraminidase and hemagglutinin per replication cycle, which complicates the development of highly effective drugs against animal influenza. Incorporated mutations are also involved in the transition of influenza from animal to human species and vice versa. Transited influenza subtypes are the most dangerous, because it is unpredictable now, where the mutation might arise. However, it starts to become clear, which molecular regions are the most common for the mutation to occur. This article revises the molecular structure of influenza extracellular receptors, including critical regions of receptors binding sites and susceptible mutation sites. The clear understanding of molecular structures and critical regions of HA and NA might facilitate the development of an effective vaccine and/or drug development.

Safe Handling of Vaccines

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1991 ◽  
Vol 87 (1) ◽  
pp. 108-112
Author(s):  
Daniel T. Casto ◽  
Philip A. Brunell
Keyword(s):  
At Risk ◽  
Critical Issue ◽  
Invasive Disease ◽  
Cold Chain ◽  
Effective Vaccine ◽  
Vaccine Potency ◽  
The World ◽  
Near Future ◽  
To Receive

The development of safe and effective vaccines for the prevention of infectious diseases associated with high mortality or morbidity is among the most significant accomplishments in medicine. The ultimate goal of eradication of a disease through immunization is an elusive one, having been achieved for only one disease—smallpox. However, a significant reduction in the number of childhood cases of diphtheria, tetanus, pertussis, poliomyelitis, measles, mumps, and rubella has been realized through the use of modern immunizing agents. Recent introduction of vaccines for the prevention of invasive disease caused by Haemophilus influenzae will hopefully provide similar results in the near future. The success of a vaccine in preventing disease is dependent on both the quality of the immunizing agent and the degree to which it is utilized. Obviously, the safest and most effective vaccine in the world will contribute nothing to the decline of a disease without clinicians' efforts to immunize at-risk individuals and without a willingness on the part of these at-risk individuals (or their parents) to receive the vaccine. This critical issue of vaccine utilization deservingly receives attention in the medical literature with some frequency.1,2 Similarly, the quality of vaccines is frequently addressed in publications concerning aspects such as reactogenicity, immunogenicity, and overall efficacy.3-6 One important factor that can influence efficacy, however, is rarely discussed—how vaccines are handled during shipment and storage. Discussions concerning preservation of vaccine potency through proper storage and maintenance of the "cold chain" may seem more pertinent to developing countries of the world, where refrigeration is not readily available and exposure of stored product to extreme environmental conditions can be expected.7-9

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