scholarly journals MORPHOMETRIC STUDY OF OCCIPITAL CONDYLES IN ADULT DRY HUMAN SKULLS OF RAJASTHAN POPULATION

2019 ◽  
pp. 1-4
Author(s):  
Devesh Kumar Sharma
Keyword(s):  
Craniovertebral Junction ◽  
Foramen Magnum ◽  
Mean Value ◽  
The Body ◽  
Morphometric Study ◽  
Transverse Diameter ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Human Skulls ◽  
Gandhi Medical College ◽  
Occipital Condyles

BACKGROUND: Skull is the most complex osseous structure in the body. Foramen magnum (FM) is an important landmark of the base of the skull. Anteriorly on each side of FM oval occipital condyles are present. The occipital condyles project downwards to articulate with the superior articular facets on lateral masses of the atlas vertebra to form synovial atlanto-occipital joint. Understanding the anatomy of the occipital condyles is important for different approaches. OBJECTIVE: The present study aims to morphometric analysis of occipital condyles and foramen magnum and its importance in transcondylar approach. MATERIALAND METHODS: The present study was carried out on 75 dry human skulls of unknown age and sex from Rajasthan population from the department of Mahatma Gandhi Medical College Jaipur, Rajasthan. All the measurements were taken with the help of digital vernier calipers. RESULTS :The mean value of anterior intercondylar distance was 21.50mm and posterior intercondylar was 38.99mm. The mean anteroposterior diameter was 35.11±3.12mm ans transverse diameter was 29.35±3.48mm. CONCLUSION :The occipital condyles form the lateral limits of the cranio-vertebral junction. The configuration and orientation of the occipital condyles, as well as the location of the intracranial and extracranial orifices of hypoglossal canal may affect the lateral approaches to the craniovertebral junction

scholarly journals MORPHOLOGICAL AND MORPHOMETRIC STUDY OF FORAMEN MAGNUM IN DRIED HUMAN SKULL BONES OF NORTH-WEST INDIAN REGION

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (4.1) ◽  
pp. 7777-7781
Author(s):  
Suresh Sharma ◽  
◽  
Sakshi Mathur ◽  
Puneet Joshi ◽  
Upendra Kumar Gupta ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
West Indian ◽  
Craniovertebral Junction ◽  
Foramen Magnum ◽  
Morphometric Study ◽  
Transverse Diameter ◽  
North West ◽  
Important Landmark ◽  
Cranial Fossa ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Common Shape

Background: The Foramen Magnum is communication between vertebral canal and posterior cranial fossa and important landmark to key structures such as brain, spinal cord, vertebral arteries. Anatomical knowledge of the foramen magnum is significant for understanding the pathophysiology of various disorders of the craniovertebral junction as well as for planning surgical procedures. Materials and Methods: The study was conducted on 62 dry skulls of unknown gender obtained from the Department of Anatomy. The shape of foramen magnum was classified as oval, round, tetragonal, pentagonal, hexagonal and irregular in shape and measurements like anterio-posterior diameter and transverse diameter of foramen magnum were taken using the Digital Vernier sliding caliper. Results: In the present study most common shape was oval in 22 (35.48%) skulls, followed by Egg shape in 12 (19.35%) skulls and least common pentagonal shape in 1(1.61%) skulls. In our study the mean anteroposterior diameter was 34.17 mm. and mean transverse diameter was observed to be 28.86 mm. Conclusion: Results of our present study may help in neurosurgeons, orthopedicians, radiologist and anesthetist in North West indian population. KEY WORDS: foramen magnum, skull, transverse diameter, oval.

scholarly journals Morphology and morphometric study of occipital condyles

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (1.3) ◽  
pp. 7905-7911
Author(s):  
Asra Anjum ◽  
◽  
Gayathri Pandurangam ◽  
Supriya Garapati ◽  
Naveen Bandarupalli ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Key Words ◽  
Foramen Magnum ◽  
Morphometric Study ◽  
Transcondylar Approach ◽  
Length Width ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Intercondylar Distance ◽  
Human Skulls ◽  
Occipital Condyles ◽  
Anatomical Parameters

Introduction: The occipital condyles are undersurface protruberances of the occipital bone in vertebrates, which articulate with the superior facets of the atlas vertebra. The condyles are oval or reniform in shape, and their anterior extremities directed forward and medially and are closer together than the posterior end. Aim: The aim of the study is to provide important anatomical parameters for lateral transcondylar approach. Materials and Methods: 200 occipital condyles in 100 dry human skulls ( 73 males and 27 females) were studied. The measured parameters included length, width, height, shape, anterior and posterior intercondylar distance, distance between basion and opesthion, distance from anterior tip of the condyle to the basion and opestion and distance from posterior tip to the basion and opesthion. Measurements were made using Vernier Callipers. Results: The mean length, width and height of the occipital condyles in males is greater than females. The anterior intercondylar distance is more in females whereas posterior intercondylar distance is more in males. The mean distance from basion to opesthion / anteroposteriordiamerer of foramen magnum is more in males than in females. The mean distance between the anterior tip of occipital condyles to basion is more in females than in males on both the sides. Conclusion: The knowledge of condylar anatomy helps the surgeon in making important decisions regarding extent and direction of condylar drilling and minimizing injury and retraction of neural structures. KEY WORDS: Occipital Condyles, Foramen Magnum, Intercondylar distance, Basion, Opesthion.

ORIGINAL ARTICLE ON THE MORPHOLOGICAL STUDY OF FORAMEN MAGNUM

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-3
Author(s):  
Anitha. V ◽  
Aarthishri. P
Keyword(s):  
Structural Integrity ◽  
Foramen Magnum ◽  
Mean Value ◽  
Transverse Diameter ◽  
Medical College ◽  
Morphometric Features ◽  
Classi Cation ◽  
Cranial Fossa ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Occipital Condyles

Introduction: Centrally in the deepest part of posterior cranial fossa is the largest foramen, Foramen magnum surrounded by basilar part of occipital bone on either side. Because of relation between the FM and the vital structures passing through it, study on its morphometric features is of great signicance. Aim and objectives: The objectives were to study the various morphological features of the foramen magnum in dry skulls using an analogue Vernier calliper. Materials and methods: 50 dry skulls (8 base skulls, 42 full skulls) of human cadaver of unknown age and sex were obtained to study the morphometric features like shapes, anteroposterior and transverse diameters and FM index in the department of Anatomy, Kanyakumari Government medical college, Asaripallam. Results: The classication of determined shapes were round in 29.7%, hexagonal in 18.2%, egg shaped in 16.9%, oval in 12.7%, tetragonal in 11.4%, pentagonal in 3.7% and irregular in 7.4%. In 12% of the skulls the occipital condyles were found to protrude into the foramen. The mean value of anteroposterior and transverse diameter was found to be 35 ±1.2mm, and 28 ± 1.4 mm respectively and average foramen magnum index was 1.25 ± 0.8. Conclusion: Foramen magnum dimensions are used for sex determination. The structural integrity of foramen magnum is usually preserved in re accidents and explosions due to its resistant nature and secluded anatomical position. The data obtained from protrusion of occipital condyles would help in neurosurgical approach of foramen magnum meningiomas.

scholarly journals MORPHOMETRIC ANALYSIS OF FORAMEN MAGNUM IN NORTH INDIAN POPULATION

2018 ◽  
Vol 26 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Poonam Srivastava ◽  
Medha Das ◽  
Shirin Jahan
Keyword(s):  
Morphometric Analysis ◽  
Indian Population ◽  
Uttar Pradesh ◽  
Foramen Magnum ◽  
Transverse Diameter ◽  
Brain Herniation ◽  
Medical College ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Large Opening ◽  
Human Skulls

Introduction: Foramen magnum is a large opening located in the occipital bone of the skull. The morphometric analysis of foramen magnum is clinically and surgically important because vital structures passing through it may suffer compression such as in cases of achondroplasia, brain herniation and meningiomas. Objectives: To study morphometric analysis of foramen magnum in dry human skulls and to measure its anteroposterior diameter, transverse diameter and foramen magnum index. Material & Methods: 100 dried human skulls of unknown age and sex were obtained from Department of Anatomy, Rama Medical College and GSVM Medical College, Kanpur, Uttar Pradesh, India. Deformed samples were excluded. Different parameters were measured with the help of Vernier caliper. Results: The mean antero-posterior diameter of foramen magnum was 33.79mm. The maximum antero-posterior diameter of foramen magnum was 40mm and minimum antero-posterior diameter was 28.2mm.The mean transverse diameter of foramen magnum was 28.30mm.The maximum transverse diameter of foramen magnum was 36mm and minimum transverse diameter was 21.5mm.The mean index of foramen magnum was 84.14mm. Conclusion: The morphometric analysis of foramen magnum and its variation is important not only for anatomists but also important to the anesthetists, neurosurgeons, orthopedicians and radiologists ; while planning and performing cranio-vertebral junction procedures.

scholarly journals STUDY OF MORPHOMETRIC ANALYSIS OF FORAMEN MAGNUM IN DRY HUMAN SKULL AT SMS MEDICAL COLLEGE, JAIPUR, RAJASTHAN

2021 ◽  
Vol 5 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Krati Bhardwaj ◽  
Chandrakala Agarwal ◽  
Dhiraj Saxena ◽  
Jitendra Singh
Keyword(s):  
Craniovertebral Junction ◽  
Foramen Magnum ◽  
Transverse Diameter ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Human Skull ◽  
Medical College ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Medium Type ◽  
Skull Bones

Background: The present study was conducted for analysis of the morphometry shape and determination of sex by foramen Magnum. Methods: After applying inclusion and exclusion criteria 30 dried human skull of unknown age and sex were slected for present study from the Department of anatomy, S.M.S. Medical College, Jaipur, Rajasthan. In case of skull bones, all 30 cranial bases were visually assessed for FM shape classification. Each FM shape was classified into one of the 8 types: oval, egg, round, tetragonal, pentagonal, hexagonal, combination of 2 different semicircles and irregular. Results: The mean anteroposterior diameter of foramen magnum male and female skull bones were found to be 37.17±1.76 mm  and 33.92±3.50 mm respectively.The mean transverse diameter of foramen mgnum in male and female skull bones were found to be 29.49±2.68 mm and 29.38±2.47 mm respectively.The mean area of foramen magnum male and female skull bones were found to be 818.05±119.66 mm² and   847.57±105.85 mm² respectively.The mean index of foramen magnum in male and female skull bones were found to be 84.00±5.41 and 80.27±5.79 respectively.Overall skull bones showed a medium type of foramen magnum index . Conclusion: We concluded that the several anatomic parameters such as shape and dimensions of foramen magnum should be taken into consideration during surgery involving the craniovertebral junction. Also these can be used during forensic and anthropological investigation of unknown individuals for determining gender, ethnicity, etc Keywords: Skull, foramen magnum, skull.

scholarly journals MORPHOLOGY AND MORPHOMETRIC ANALYSIS OF FORAMEN MAGNUM IN ADULT HUMAN SKULLS

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (4.1) ◽  
pp. 7771-7776
Author(s):  
Giridhar Dasegowda ◽  
◽  
Padmalatha K ◽  
Priyanka B P ◽  
Sanjiti Mirmire ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Morphometric Analysis ◽  
Transitional Zone ◽  
Foramen Magnum ◽  
Transverse Diameter ◽  
Vertebral Arteries ◽  
Important Landmark ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Posterior Spinal Arteries ◽  
Human Skulls ◽  
Base Of The Skull

Background: The Foramen magnum is an important landmark present at the base of the skull, it serves as a transitional zone between spine and skull. It is closely related to vital structures such as medulla oblongata, meninges, anterior and posterior spinal arteries, vertebral arteries and spinal accessory nerve, passing through it hence thorough knowledge of foramen magnum is required. These structures passing may undergo compression in case of foramen magnum herniation, meningiomas and foramen magnum achondroplasia. Aims: The present study aims in performing the morphometric analysis foramen magnum and to classify it based on its shape. Materials and methodology A total number of 64 adult dry human skulls were evaluated from the Department of Anatomy, ESIC MC & PGIMSR, Rajajinagar, Bengaluru, Karnataka. Results: The mean antero-posterior diameter was found to be 34.10 ± 2.63 mm, mean transverse diameter was 28.07 ± 1.87 mm, with mean area of 752.07 ± 111.97 mm2 and foramen magnum index was 1.21 ± 0.12. The foramen magnum shapes were classified as oval (30%), circle (12%), hexagonal (3%), pentagonal (5%), egg (17%), leaf (6%), irregular (27%). Conclusion: The morphometry along with other parameters can be used for sex determination in partially damaged skull bones of unknown individuals. The obtained data is useful not only for anatomists but also the neurosurgeons, otorhinolaryngologist and radiologists. Keywords: Foramen Magnum, Morphometry, Meningioma, Achondroplasia, Antero-Posterior Diameter, Transverse Diameter, Foramen Magnum Area, Foramen Magnum Index.

Serum immunoglobulins in patients with chronic tonsillitis

1984 ◽  
Vol 98 (12) ◽  
pp. 1213-1216 ◽  
Author(s):  
Harbans Lal ◽  
O. P. Sachdeva ◽  
H. R. Mehta
Keyword(s):  
Immune System ◽  
Mean Value ◽  
The Body ◽  
Antigenic Stimulation ◽  
Chronic Tonsillitis ◽  
Serum Immunoglobulin ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Humoral Immune ◽  
Humoral Immune System ◽  
The Mean

AbstractSerum immunoglobulin (IgG, IgA and IgM) levels were determined in patients with chronic tonsillitis before and one month after tonsillectomy. The preoperative levels of serum IgG, IgA and IgM were significantly higher when compared with the controls. The increase may be due to repeated antigenic stimulation. The post-operative levels for the three immunoglobulins were decreased; however, a significant reduction was observed for IgG only where the mean value was comparable with the control group. The data confirm that tonsillectomy does not disturb the humoral immune system of the body.

scholarly journals Localization of DNA in the fibrillar components of the nucleolus: a cytochemical and morphometric study.

1993 ◽  
Vol 41 (6) ◽  
pp. 829-836 ◽  
Author(s):  
M Derenzini ◽  
F Farabegoli ◽  
D Trerè
Keyword(s):  
Morphometric Analysis ◽  
Mean Value ◽  
Morphometric Study ◽  
Dense Fibrillar Component ◽  
Thin Sections ◽  
Fibrillar Center ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Fibrillar Component ◽  
Resting Lymphocytes ◽  
The Relationship

We studied the distribution of DNA in human circulating lymphocyte nucleoli using three different cytochemical methods for selective visualization of DNA in thin sections: the Feulgen-like osmium-ammine reaction, the NAMA-Ur procedure, and the osmium-ammine staining in glycine buffer, pH 1.5. All three methods indicated the presence of uniformly distributed, highly decondensed DNA filaments forming a large solitary agglomerate in the central part of the nucleolar area, corresponding to the solitary large fibrillar center (FC) as revealed by uranium and lead staining. We also studied the relationship between DNA agglomerates and nucleolar fibrillar components in resting and phytohemagglutinin (PHA)-stimulated lymphocytes by morphometric analysis of the areas occupied by these structures. In resting lymphocytes the mean area of the DNA agglomerates was 0.479 micron 2 +/- 0.161 SD, whereas that of FCs was 0.380 micron 2 +/- 0.149 SD, with a ratio of 1.26. In PHA-stimulated lymphocytes the mean area of the DNA agglomerates was 0.116 micron 2 +/- 0.056 SD, whereas that of the FCs was 0.075 micron 2 +/- 0.032 SD, with a ratio of 1.55. In PHA-stimulated lymphocytes we also measured the area occupied by the FCs plus the closely associated dense fibrillar component (DFC). The mean value of these two fibrillar components was 0.206 micron 2 +/- 0.081 SD. These data demonstrate that decondensed DNA filaments are uniformly distributed in the FCs and that in transcriptionally active nucleoli they are also present in the proximal portion of the DFC surrounding the FCs.

scholarly journals The Effect of Propanolol on C-Reactive Protein in Patients with Severe Burns at Dr Soetomo Hospital Surabaya

2021 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 27
Author(s):  
Muhammad Aulia U H ◽  
Iswinarno Doso Saputro ◽  
Magda Rosalina Hutagalung
Keyword(s):  
Treatment Group ◽  
Albumin Level ◽  
Mean Value ◽  
The Body ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Control Group Design ◽  
Severe Burns ◽  
Hypermetabolic State ◽  
Post Test ◽  
The Mean

Background: The incidence of burns in Indonesia progressively increases with the increase in its population and industries. From January to September 2000, 158 patients were treated in the burn unit of Dr Soetomo Hospital with a mortality rate reaching 5,8%. Burns have a direct effect in causing both local and systemic changes in the body, not occurring in other injuries. In severe burns, a hypermetabolic state can occur, which increases cardiac workload and causes muscle atrophy and other morbidities. The purpose of this study is to examine the effect of propranolol on the hypermetabolic state in severely burned patients by measuring various clinical & laboratory parameters.Methods : This is an experimental study using pre and post test control group design with the objective of assessing the treatment outcome with oral propranolol given in 15 consecutive days for burn patients involving 25%- 60% TBSA. Measurements were taken three times, on day 0, 7 and 14.Results : Obtained 16 samples divided into 2 groups. In the treatment group, there was a significant decrease in CRP levels on days 0, 7 and 14 (p <0.05). The Mid Arm Circumference variable did not obtain a significant decreasing on days 0, 7 and 14. The albumin level studied showed a significant decreasing on day 0 & 7 days with a value of p = 0.045. From the comparison between the two groups, there were significant differences in CRP levels on days 0 & 14, with the mean value of the treatment group -5.12 + 2.88 and the mean value of the control group 2.86 + 7.37, and the value of p = 0.019.Conclusions: This study successfully proved that the administration of propranolol can overcome the effects of hypermetabolism which is characterized by decreasing in CRP levels.

scholarly journals Changes in the parameters of the rectoanal inhibitory reflex in children with functional constipation and large rectum

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniela Pop ◽  
Simona Tătar ◽  
Otilia Fufezan ◽  
Dorin Farcău
Keyword(s):  
Anorectal Manometry ◽  
Functional Constipation ◽  
Abdominal Ultrasound ◽  
Mean Value ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Transverse Diameter ◽  
Rectoanal Inhibitory Reflex ◽  
Secondary Objective ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Inhibitory Reflex

Background. Abdominal ultrasound and anorectal manometry are part of the investigations used to assess children with functional constipation. This study aimed at assessing the changes in the characteristics of the rectoanal inhibitory reflex (RAIR) in children with functional constipation and correlating them with the dimensions of the rectum, measured by abdominal ultrasound. A secondary objective was to compare the rectum size in children with and without constipation. Method. We retrospectively reviewed the clinical data and investigations results of 51 children (mean age±standard deviation (SD) =5.8±3.5 years) with functional constipation who came to our clinic between January 2013 and February 2020. The assessment of these patients included both the assessment of the transverse diameter of the rectal ampulla by abdominal ultrasound and anorectal manometry. The studied parameters of RAIR were: the minimal volume of air necessary to induce RAIR, in all the patients with functional constipation, and in 20 of them, relaxation time, latency and relaxation percentage. A control group was formed of 27 children (mean age±DS=5.1±4 years) without digestive diseases and with normal intestinal transit, who were assessed by abdominal ultrasound. Results. The mean value ±SD of the volume of air necessary to induce RAIR was 21.9±12.1 cm3 air. There was no correlation between the rectum transverse diameter and the minimal air volume that triggered RAIR (r=-0.01, p=0.94). The mean value ±SD of the transverse diameter of the rectum in patients with functional constipation was 39±14 mm, and in children without constipation 26±6 mm (p<0.05). The mean duration of the symptoms in children with functional constipation was 2.8 years. Conclusions. There were no correlations between the volume of air that induced the RAIR and the transverse diameter of the rectum in children with functional constipation. The transverse diameter of the rectum was increased in children with long-term functional constipation.

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