scholarly journals An Estimated Answer of a Condition between the Interpretive Structure and Surface Structure: Al-Qurtubi’s Tafseer as a Model

2021 ◽  
Vol 32 (3) ◽  
pp. 1-11
Author(s):  
Omar Okleh Khulaif Alddajah

This present work is concerned with one of the syntactic issues that has been researched by many linguists, grammarians, and specialists in Islamic studies, the estimated answer to a condition. However, this topic is researched this time by examining Imam Al-Qurtbi’s opinions in interpreting related ayas from the holly Quraan in his book (Collector of Quranic Rules) or its transliteration (Al-Jami’ Li Ahkam Al-Quran). Such a step involves commenting on, tracking what Al-Qurtbi said in this regard, discussing it from the points of view of other grammarians, and judging  it accordingly, taking into account the apparent surface structures of the examples collected. To achieve this objective, the inductive analytical approach has been adopted in the analysis by tracing Al-Qurtbi’s various views in interpreting the Quranic verses. One of the most important conclusions of this study is that Al-Qurtubi was a carful interpreter of such linguistic issues, as his analysis was characterized by being highly intellectual and mature. Concerning the estimation of the answer to a condition, the study has concluded that Al-Qurtubi was concerned with the applied aspect of the concepts of interpretive and superficial structures, specifically when he estimated the answer to a condition in each presented verse.

2014 ◽  
Vol 697 ◽  
pp. 235-238
Author(s):  
Gang Wu ◽  
Can Chao Huang ◽  
Hong Ling Qin ◽  
Chun Hua Zhao

Using the basic principle of heat transfer, tribology and numerical simulation, a two-dimensional heat transfer model of the three-layer composite brake pair materials were established. The temperature fields of brake pairs during the process of friction were analyzed. Applied given heat loads at different time node on the brake pair model, the temperatures of different bicycle brake pairs were compared and analyzed. Results show that the improved surface structures of brake pair have positive effect on decreasing the temperature of contact areas than that of ordinary surface structure.


Tempo ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 71 (279) ◽  
pp. 18-37
Author(s):  
Klaas Coulembier ◽  
Daan Janssens

AbstractOne of the most striking aspects of Claus-Steffen Mahnkopf's Kurtág-Cycle (2001), is the abundant use of intertextual references: Mahnkopf includes references to compositions of his own, as well as to works of other composers (e.g. Mark Andre). He also refers to literary sources, such as texts by Borges and Nietzsche. In first instance, this article provides a detailed inventory of these many musical and extra-musical references. Second, we highlight some of these interconnections by zooming in on the relationships between the different compositions within the Kurtág-Zyklus. A music analytical approach reveals the compositional strategies adopted by Mahnkopf in this work. Third, we examine the motivations behind Mahnkopf's specific choices: Why does Mahnkopf include references to certain composers such as Mark Andre and György Kurtág? And which underlying aesthetic, ideological or personal points of view guided the composer when establishing these specific connections? This paper presents a critical assessment of the interrelations between the two aspects of Claus-Steffen Mahnkopf's work: his theoretical writings and his musical compositions.


Author(s):  
Ketki Lichade ◽  
Yizhou Jiang ◽  
Yayue Pan

Abstract Recently, many studies have investigated additive manufacturing of hierarchical surfaces with high surface area/volume (SA/V) ratios, and their performance has been characterized for applications in next-generation functional devices. Despite recent advances, it remains challenging to design and manufacture high SA/V ratio structures with desired functionalities. In this study, we established the complex correlations among the SA/V ratio, surface structure geometry, functionality, and manufacturability in the Two-Photon Polymerization (TPP) process. Inspired by numerous natural structures, we proposed a 3-level hierarchical structure design along with the mathematical modeling of the SA/V ratio. Geometric and manufacturing constraints were modeled to create well-defined three-dimensional hierarchically structured surfaces with a high accuracy. A process flowchart was developed to design the proposed surface structures to achieve the target functionality, SA/V ratio, and geometric accuracy. Surfaces with varied SA/V ratios and hierarchy levels were designed and printed. The wettability and antireflection properties of the fabricated surfaces were characterized. It was observed that the wetting and antireflection properties of the 3-level design could be easily tailored by adjusting the design parameter settings and hierarchy levels. Furthermore, the proposed surface structure could change a naturally-hydrophilic surface to near-superhydrophobic. Geometrical light trapping effects were enabled and the antireflection property could be significantly enhanced (>80% less reflection) by the proposed hierarchical surface structures. Experimental results implied the great potential of the proposed surface structures for various applications such as microfluidics, optics, energy, and interfaces.


2011 ◽  
Vol 14 ◽  
pp. 57-67 ◽  
Author(s):  
A.Y. Vorobyev ◽  
Chun Lei Guo

We modify optical and wetting properties of solids using a femtosecond laser surface nanostructuring technique. We demonstrate that this technique allows creating black and color metals. Absorptance of black titanium created in our study is measured to be about 90-97% over a broad wavelength range from the ultraviolet to infrared. Moreover, our technique can be also used for modifying wetting properties of solids. Here, we create a novel surface structure that transforms regular silicon to superwicking. This surface structure makes water run vertically uphill in a gravity defying way. Our study of the liquid motion shows that the extraordinarily strong self-propelling motion of water is due to a capillary effect from the surface structures we created.


1997 ◽  
Vol 04 (05) ◽  
pp. 901-905
Author(s):  
J. B. PENDRY

Low energy electron diffraction experiments have superb sensitivity to surface structure, but rely on sophisticated theory for their interpretation. Advances in computer power, and developments in the theory itself, enable us to handle surface structures of moderate complexity. For future advances we must look to a completely new approach and the case is made for order-N methods which follow the time evolution of a point source of electrons to generate all beams for all angles of incidence and all energies in one shot.


2002 ◽  
Vol 30 (2) ◽  
pp. 265-289 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mustafa Özgür Tuna

In 1913, an article in a Russian missionary journal compared two “very typical representatives” of Islamic studies in Russia: İsmail Bey Gaspıralı (1851–1914) and Nikolai Ivanovich Il'minskii (1822–1891). Nothing could better symbolize the two opposing points of view about the past, present and future of the Muslims of Russia in 1913. Il'minskii was a Russian Orthodox missionary whose ideas and efforts had formed the imperial perceptions and policies about the Muslims of the Russian empire in the late Tsarist period, while Gaspıralı was a Muslim educator and publisher whose ideas and efforts had shaped the Muslim society per se in the same period. Il'minskii, beginning in the 1860s, and Gaspıralı, beginning in the 1880s, developed two formally similar but inherently contradictory programs for the Muslims of the Russian empire. Schooling and the creation of a literary language or literary languages constituted the hearts of both of their programs. Besides their own efforts, both Gaspıralı and Il'minskii had a large number of followers that diligently worked to put their programs into practice among the Muslims of Russia. As a result of the inherent contradiction of these programs, a bitter controversy developed between what we may call the Il'minskii and Gaspıralı groups, which particularly intensified after the revolution of 1905. In this article, I will discuss the underlying causes and development of this controversy by focusing on the role of language in the programs of Gaspıralı and Il'minskii. Then, I will conclude my article with an evaluation of the legacies of these two individuals in their own time and beyond.


2017 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
pp. 1714-1722 ◽  
Author(s):  
Håkon Gundersen ◽  
Hans Petter Leinaas ◽  
Christian Thaulow

The cuticles of most springtails (Collembola) are superhydrophobic, but the mechanism has not been described in detail. Previous studies have suggested that overhanging surface structures play an important role, but such structures are not a universal trait among springtails with superhydrophobic cuticles. A novel wetting experiment with a fluorescent dye revealed the extent of wetting on exposed surface structures. Using simple wetting models to describe the composite wetting of the cuticular surface structures results in underestimating the contact angles of water. Including the three-phase line tension allows for a prediction of contact angles in the observed range. The discrepancy between the contact angle predicted by simple models and those observed is especially large in the springtail Cryptopygus clavatus which changes, seasonally, from superhydrophobic to wetting without a large change in surface structure; C. clavatus does not have overhanging surface structures. This large change in observed contact angles can be explained with a modest change of the three-phase line tension.


Author(s):  
Kobyakova I.K. ◽  
Chaika T.Yu.

Мета статті– уточнити основні положення класичної концепції глибинних структур речення в контексті перекладацьких трансформацій і перекладацької майстерності, виявити основні труднощі при використанні концепції глибинних структур під час перекладу і визначити оптимальні шляхи їх вирішення.Методи. У процесі дослідження були використані такі методи: аналізу і синтезу (визначення сутнісних характеристик поняття «глибинна структура»); зіставлень (дослідження моделей трансформації і їх особливостей у процесі перекладу тек-стів економічної спрямованості); системно-структурний (виявлення взаємозв’язків і взаємозалежностей глибинних та поверх-невих структур).Результати. Одна з найважливіших умов успішної перекладацької діяльності – максимально повне збереження змісту тексту в процесі перекладу. В умовах перетворення глибинної структури вихідного тексту на поверхневу структуру мовою перекладу перед перекладачем постає проблема вибору з безлічі допустимих поверхневих структур тієї єдиної, яка най-кращим чином здатна передати не тільки експліцитні, а й імпліцитні компоненти тексту. У процесі перекладу спеціальних галузевих текстів ця задача особливо актуальна. Так, ігнорування фонових знань про національно-культурні традиції ділового спілкування може привести до серйозного спотворення первинного сенсу тексту. А це своєю чергою може стати причиною невдачі ділових контактів. Концепція глибинних і поверхневих структур є досить корисним інструментом, який дає змогу успішно здійснювати перекладацьку діяльність при перекладі складних із семантичної і синтаксичної точок зору конструкцій. Збереження семантики вихідного тексту при максимально повному врахуванні імпліцитного контексту і фонових знань – першочергове завдання перекладача. Теорія глибинних і поверхневих структур є одним з інструментів, який здатен допомогти перекладачеві не тільки структурувати текст, але й максимально ефективно працювати з його семантикою, синтаксисом і фонологією.Суттєвою перекладацькою проблемою залишається пошук найбільш релевантного варіанту поверхневої структури, яка здатна зберегти глибинну структуру тексту-оригіналу з урахуванням усього масиву імпліцитних смислів. З огляду на це, тек-сти економічної спрямованості становлять певний інтерес, оскільки традиції ділового спілкування в різних культурах є свого роду додатковими фоновими знаннями, які необхідно враховувати у процесі перекладу.Висновки. Знання про особливості глибинних і поверхневих структур текстів тих чи інших жанрів дають пере-кладачеві змогу більш якісно здійснювати перекладацьку діяльність. Систематизація перекладацької діяльності в цьо-му контексті передбачає організацію роботи поетапно: спочатку аналізується поверхнева структура вихідного тексту, з використанням правил синтаксичних трансформацій перекладач описує глибинну структуру тексту, а потім з урахуван-ням специфіки мови перекладу переводить цю глибинну структуру в поверхневу структуру мови перекладу. Результати дослідження можуть бути використані в практичній перекладацькій діяльності для забезпечення більш чіткого уявлення про глибинну структуру і семантичної еквівалентності вихідного і цільового текстів. Результати дослідження сприяють удосконаленню практичних напрацювань щодо особливостей роботи з глибинними структурами перекладацьких текстів економічної спрямованості. Подальші перспективи дослідження можуть бути пов’язані з уточненням найбільш доціль-них у конкретних перекладацьких ситуаціях моделей трансформації глибинної структури вихідного тексту в поверхневу структуру тексту перекладу. Purpose. The paper intends to clarify basic provisions of the deep structure as a theoretical construct in the context of translation skills. The purpose of the article is also to identify the main difficulties in using the deep structures concept in the translation process and to determine the best way of addressing them.Methods. The following methods are used in the research process: analysis and synthesis (in determining the substantive characteristics of the concept “deep structure”); comparison (in studying models of transformation and their peculiarities in context of economic texts translating); systemic-structural (in identifying relationships between deep and surface structures).Results. One of the most important conditions for successful translation activities is the preservation of the content in translation. When transforming the deep structure of the source text into a surface structure in the target language, the translator is faced with the problem of choosing from the set of admissible surface structures the only one that is best able to convey not only explicit, but also implicit components of the text. This task is especially relevant when translating specialized industry texts. So, ignoring the background knowledge about the national and cultural traditions of business communication can lead to a serious distortion of the original meaning of the text. And this, in turn, can cause the failure of business contacts. The concept of deep and surface structures is a very useful tool for successfully translating complex semantic and syntactic constructions. Preservation of the original text semantics with maximum consideration of the implicit context and background knowledge is the first task of the translator. The theory of deep and surface structures is one of the tools that can help the translator not only structure the text, but also work as efficiently as possible with its semantics, syntax and phonology.Conclusions. Knowledge of the different genres text’s deep and surface structures peculiarities enables the translator to perform better translation activities. The systematization of translation activities in this context involves the organization of work in phases: first of all the source text surface structure is analyzed, then using the rules of syntactic transformations the translator describes the text deep structure, and then, taking into account the specifics of the translation language, translates this deep structure into the target language surface structure. The study results could be used in practical translation to provide a clearer understanding of the deep structure and to ensure semantic equivalence between the source and the target texts. The study results contribute to the improvement of practices, which are related to the peculiarities of working with deep structures of economic translations. Further prospects for the study could be related to the clarification of the most appropriate models in specific translation situations for transforming the underlying structure of the source text into a surface structure of the text.


2021 ◽  
Vol 5 (S1) ◽  
pp. 488-495
Author(s):  
Mikhail Dmitrievich Schelkunov ◽  
Olga Olegovna Volchkova ◽  
Anton Sergeevich Krasnov

The article is devoted to the study of the normative and theological foundations of political power origin and belongs to the field of political theology research. Despite the narrow field of research, the work is devoted to the study of a separate aspect of social life as a whole. The study of the theological foundations of political power was carried out within the framework of the neoinstitutional methodological paradigm, taking into account the data of hermeneutic analysis, which is an applied aspect of the work. Political power is considered by the authors in the framework of a broader aspect - the ontology of the social, as part of the fundamental layer of being. The authors, within the framework of the theological paradigm, considered the main ontological concepts of the political, analyzed the correlation of key political concepts - "power", "authority", and "sovereign". Various positions on understanding the essence of political power, as well as on the origin of this phenomenon in the historical and theological key are considered, the points of view of both domestic and foreign experts are studied.


2008 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 64-70 ◽  
Author(s):  
Katharina Wiegandt ◽  
Christiane Goepfert ◽  
Teresa Richter ◽  
Daniel Fritsch ◽  
Rolf Janßen ◽  
...  

Tissue engineering approaches for healing cartilage defects are partly limited by the inability to fix cartilage to bone during implantation. To overcome this problem, cartilage can be - already in vitro - generated on a ceramic carrier which serves as bone substitute. In this study, the influence of a hydroxylapatite carrier and its surface structure on the quality of tissue engineered cartilage was investigated. Application of the carrier reduced significantly biomechanical and biochemical properties of the generated tissue. In addition, slight changes in the quality of the formed matrix, in the adhesive strength between cartilage and biomaterial and in attachment and proliferation of a chondrocyte monolayer could be observed for commercial grade carriers, with respect to modified topographies obtained by smooth grinding/polishing. These first results demonstrated an influence of the carrier and its surface structure, but further research is needed for explaining the described effects and for optimization of cartilage-carrier-constructs.


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