scholarly journals Building national identity in opposition to otherness in liberal Age. Racial prejudices in trademark images in Central State Archives

2020 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 99-114
Author(s):  
Domenico Francesco Antonio Elia
Keyword(s):  
National Identity ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
Racial Stereotypes ◽  
Central State ◽  
Colonial Studies ◽  
History Of ◽  
Trademark Images ◽  
State Archives ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
Racial Stereotyping

The paper analyses the origins of Italian national identity in opposition to the «otherness» of the African peoples subject to colonization between the end of the 19th century and the 1920s. The paper takes into consideration background studies in the history of pedagogy, among which, Gabrielli (2013, 2015) and colonial studies as Del Boca (1988) and Labanca (2002) in order to investigate the development of racial stereotypes outside the school. Racial stereotyping increased in advertising and emerged in trademark images of Italian companies so that it influenced the idea of otherness between 1890 – i.e. the conquest of Eritrea – and 1922 – i.e. the advent of Fascism.

The formation of the sanitary service in the Voronezh region in the XVIII–XIX centuries

2021 ◽  
pp. 72-80
Author(s):  
Lyudmila Evgenievna Mekhantieva ◽  
Mariya Yurievna Leshcheva ◽  
Nataliya Vadimovna Gabbasova
Keyword(s):  
Infectious Diseases ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
18Th Century ◽  
Medical Personnel ◽  
Smallpox Vaccination ◽  
Medical Institutions ◽  
Voronezh Region ◽  
History Of ◽  
State Archives ◽  
The 19Th Century

The aim of the work was to study the history of the formation of the sanitary service in the Voronezh region in the XVIII–XIX centuries. The material of the research was archival materials of the State Archives of the Voronezh Region, the Voronezh Regional Universal Scientific Library named after I.S. Nikitin. The article presents the main historical stages in the development of the sanitary and epidemiological service of the period of the 18th — 19th centuries. Brief information about the first doctors on the territory of the Voronezh province, the raging epidemics of scurvy, typhus, and plague is presented. The most terrible disease that the population of the Voronezh province faced in the first quarter of the 18th century was the plague. Anti-epidemic measures to combat the plague included the establishment of strong outposts and quarantines on the roads, the burning of houses with belongings, horses and cattle, the delay of couriers and the reception of letters through fire with their three times rewriting, the death penalty if the above measures were violated. In the 18th century, the first hospital for the civilian population was opened in the Voronezh region. Medical institutions were poor, poorly equipped, there was an acute shortage of personnel and medical supplies. In 1797, medical boards were organized in the provincial cities, consisting of an inspector, an obstetrician and an operator. The general supervision of hospitals, keeping records of infectious diseases, monitoring the quality of food, conducting forensic medical examinations, and examining patients was entrusted to the council. In the 19th century, cholera became widespread among the population. To prevent the incidence of smallpox, vaccination of the population was carried out since 1802. At the beginning of the 19th century, the replenishment of medical personnel in the Voronezh province was due to midwives. The situation with medical personnel changed only towards the end of the 19th century. The end of the century is characterized by a significant increase in socially significant infectious diseases, especially tuberculosis, syphilis.

scholarly journals Investigatory Records from the Central State Archive of the Kirov Region as a Source for Studying State – Old Believers Relations in the Second Quarter of the 19th Century

2020 ◽  
pp. 1007-1019
Author(s):  
Victoria V. Mashkovtseva ◽  
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
Police Officers ◽  
Military Service ◽  
Physical Punishment ◽  
State Archive ◽  
Central State ◽  
Old Believers ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Law ◽  
The 19Th Century

The article analyzes the investigatory documentation from the fonds of the Central State Archive of the Kirov Region, containing important information on the history of state – Old Believers relations of the second quarter of the 19th century. The choice of sources comes from the fact that at that period, a very hard line was taken with Old Believers, numerous restrictions and prohibitions regulating all aspects of their religious and cultural life. In particular, the law imposed a ban on construction of new religious buildings, as well as on repair of dilapidated chapels; these were denied all external attributes of Orthodox churches. The law did not allow ordination of Old Believers ministers and limited their movement while performing spiritual rites. Finally, the legislation prohibited spreading of Old Faith and “seduction into the Raskol.” In case of violation of these laws and regulations, the Old Believers were subjected to various punishments. The study is based on investigatory documentation which testifies of repressive policies towards Old Believers. These records tell of the Old Believers’ reaction to the confessional policy and characterize the system of punishments. Among punishments used against Old Believers physical punishment (lashing), imprisonment (term of which was determined by the gravity of deed), and exile to the Transcaucasian (which included military service in the army) were prevalent. Most informative of all used sources are reports of bailiffs and uezd police officers, which contain important data on the progress of investigation, as well as property inventories compiled when searching Old Believers dwellings and chapels. On the whole, the studied investigatory records allow to trace the implementation of confessional policy in one region in the specified period of time and to determine its ultimate goal, that is, elimination of Old Believers.

scholarly journals The Origin and Formation of the National Symbols of Catalonia within the Framework of the Renaixença and their Visual Representation in the 19th Century

2021 ◽  
Vol 5 (4) ◽  
pp. 114-130
Author(s):  
N. A. Kuzina
Keyword(s):  
National Identity ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
Visual Representation ◽  
Time History ◽  
National Unity ◽  
National Symbols ◽  
History Of ◽  
Cultural Code ◽  
Visual Materials ◽  
The 19Th Century

The article presents the study of national symbols of Catalonia: their emergence and visual representation in the art of the 19th century. National symbolic system of Catalonia date back to the Renaixença movement in literature that initiated the formation of the Catalan language and literature. The scope and purpose of the article included an investigation of the works of the most prominent representatives of the Catalan national renaissance in order to identify the origins of the symbols they deploy. Consideration of symbols serves the purpose of defining the way national aspects get their visual representation. The method of historical typology was used to systematize the sources. Memoirs and publications in the press were analyzed with the textual method, and visual materials – with stylistic and iconic methods. Detailed research of the works of Renaixença has shown that Catalan cultural code initially emerged in poetry. In the second half of the 19th century, the symbols acquired visuality in fine art, namely paintings and visual design of the front pages of Catalan newspapers and magazines. The article provides a detailed account of selected examples of such visuals. At that time, Catalan intellectuals created works devoted to the history of Catalan-speaking lands, seeking to find roots that would picture the ancient nature of their motherland. They searched the archives and looked into medieval literature and folklore to prove the continuity of prosperous medieval Catalonia, part of the Kingdom of Aragon, and nineteenth-century Catalonia. Thinking over national history gave birth to national identity. At the same time history acquired a visual dimension. Churches, monasteries, memorable dates, leaders and thinkers that bore distinct national identity were visualized. Medieval plots penetrated art that tapped into heroic deeds of the past for inspiration. The spread of visual images helped bridge the gap between past and present. The newly acquired continuity of tradition strengthened the national narrative. The process enabled the national unity of the Catalan people with the central idea of an imaginary community of a nation-state.

scholarly journals Polsko-litewskie dziedzictwo kulturowe – różnice w świadomości społecznej. Perspektywy zbliżenia dzięki wspólnym bohaterom narodowym na przykładzie Michała Kleofasa Ogińskiego

2021 ◽  
pp. 231-261
Author(s):  
Małgorzata Gumper
Keyword(s):  
National Identity ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
The Past ◽  
The Future ◽  
Political Activist ◽  
History Of ◽  
Historical Education ◽  
National Hero ◽  
The 19Th Century

The uncomfortable situation of Poles in Lithuania is, among other things, the effect of Lithuanian historical education. Excerpts from the textbook on the history of Lithuania show diametrical differences in contemporary ideas about the past of both nations. Shared heroes are useful to overcome prejudices of the previous century (which affect the image of 1385-1795). One of them is Michał Kleofas Ogiński, Lithuanian nobleman, a political activist during the last years of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth and two decades after its collapse. He has the rank of a great national hero in Lithuania and Belarus but is valued in Poland above all because of his piano compositions. The analysis of fragments of his work Memoirs about Poland and Poles helps us to regard a representative of the noble nation from a different perspective. It makes us aware of the cohesion of Polish and Lithuanian national identity at the turn of the 19th century, helps us to appreciate the heritage of the past and offers a chance to build positive relations between us. Rectifying a distorted vision of history is a prospect for a mature partnership now and in the future.

ON THE SOCIAL FUNCTIONS OF THE VARIANTS OF THE SERBO-CROATIAN LANGUAGE

2021 ◽  
pp. 85-116
Author(s):  
Maria A. Egorova ◽  
Keyword(s):  
National Identity ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
Common Language ◽  
Symbolic Language ◽  
Social Functions ◽  
Free Communication ◽  
The Social ◽  
The Status ◽  
History Of ◽  
The 19Th Century

The issue of the status of languages that emerged on the basis of the Serbo-Croatian language after the collapse of Yugoslavia remains relevant until now. The standard Serbo-Croatian language arose in the 19th century as a common language of Serbs, Croats, Bosnians and Montenegrins and existed in two main variants, “western” and “eastern”, from the very outset. These variants were close enough to maintain free communication, and at the same time, each variant had symbolic significance as a marker of the corresponding ethnic group. This article provides an outline of the history of the Serbo-Croatian language from its origin to the collapse of Yugoslavia in the light of two social functions of the language, communicative (language as a means of exchanging information) and symbolic (language as a symbol of national identity).

scholarly journals Ovlasti i mjere županijskih i gradskih vlasti u javnom zdravstvu u Slavoniji u 19. stoljeću

2020 ◽  
Vol 41 (2) ◽  
pp. 531-542
Author(s):  
Miro Gardaš ◽  
Slavko Čandrlić ◽  
Marko Repić
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
Central State ◽  
The Public ◽  
The Status ◽  
Territorial Organization ◽  
State Archives ◽  
Set Up ◽  
Public Health Protection ◽  
The 19Th Century

During the 19th century, there was a constant risk of outbreaks of infectious diseases in Slavonia. Therefore, the counties and city authorities had a duty to take care to prevent them. In implementing these measures, they took care of the implementation of the instructions sent to them by the central state authorities, many of which are preserved in the archives of the various funds kept in the State Archives in Osijek. At the beginning of the 19th century, Osijek was granted the status of a free royal city, and it was within its competence to implement measures to prevent epidemics, for which unique bodies were set up in the city administration. After the abolition of feudalism, and especially during the time of Ban Ivan Mažuranić, began significant reforms of the public health system. The Public Health Act of 1874 was adopted, and several accompanying regulations were addressing this issue. A new law was enacted in 1894, which introduced certain newspapers, mostly to bring it into line with the new territorial organization. Regulated health care provided a useful framework for adequate public health protection and epidemic prevention.

MASJID BESAR RAJA HAJI ABDUL GHANI PULAU BURU KEPULAUAN RIAU

2018 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Nurman Kholis
Keyword(s):  
Qualitative Research ◽  
Research Methods ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
Qualitative Research Methods ◽  
District Level ◽  
History Of ◽  
Chinese Buddhists ◽  
The Right ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
Level Government

Abstract. Many Muslims in the Riau Islands do not know the history of the development of Islamic theory from the center of power to spread to various corners. This is as the existence of the Great Mosque of Raja Haji Abdul Ghani (MBRHAG) on Buru Island, Karimun. Thus, to uncover the existence of this mosque, qualitative research methods are used so that history, architecture, and socio-religious functions can be known. Based on the results of the study it was concluded that the establishment of MBRHAG was initiated by Raja Haji Abdul Ghani. He was the first Amir (sub-district level government) of the kingdom of Riau-Lingga on Buru Island, in the 19th century. The architecture is a Chinese. Therefore, on the right side of this mosque is around 200 m, there is also the Sam Po Teng Temple and the Tri Dharma Dewa Bumi. Thus, the close location of the mosque with Chinese and Confucian worship houses's shows a harmonious relationship between Malay Muslims and Chinese Buddhists. In fact, in the continuation of this relationship there was information that a Chinese Buddhist had joined a Muslim friend to fast for half a month of Ramadan.Keywords: Mosque, Malay Muslims, Chinese Buddhists/Confucians, Harmonious RelationsAbstrak. Umat Islam di Kepulauan Riau banyak yang tidak mengenal sejarah perkembangan ajaran Islam dari pusat kekuasaan hingga tersebar ke berbagai pelosok. Hal ini sebagaimana keberadaan Masjid Besar Raja Haji Abdul Ghani (MBRHAG) di Pulau Buru, Karimun. Dengan demikian, untuk mengungkapkan keberadaan masjid ini digunakan metode penelitian kualitatif  agar dapat diketahui sejarah, arsitektur, dan fungsi sosial keagamaannya.  Berdasarkan hasil penelitian diperoleh kesimpulan bahwa pendirian MBRHAG diprakarsai oleh Raja Haji Abdul Ghani. Ia adalah Amir (pemerintah setingkat kecamatan) pertama kerajaan Riau-Lingga di Pulau Buru, pada abad ke-19. Adapun arsitekturnya adalah seorang Tionghoa. Karena itu, di sebelah kanan masjid ini sekitar 200 m juga terdapat Kelenteng Sam Po Teng dan cetya Tri Dharma Dewa Bumi. Dengan demikian, dekatnya lokasi masjid dengan rumah ibadah umat Tionghoa dan Khonghucu ini menunjukkan hubungan yang harmonis antara muslim Melayu dengan Budhis Tionghoa. Bahkan, dalam kelangsungan hubungan ini terdapat informasi seorang Buddhis Tionghoa pernah ikut temannya yang beragama muslim untuk berpuasa selama setengah bulan Ramadhan.Kata Kunci: Masjid, Muslim Melayu, Buddhis/Khonghucu Tionghoa, Hubungan Harmonis

On the nature of chemistry

2018 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 74 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eric R. Scerri
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
The Other ◽  
Recent History ◽  
History Of Chemistry ◽  
History Of ◽  
The One ◽  
Fundamental Unity ◽  
The 19Th Century

<span>The very nature of chemistry presents us with a tension. A tension between the exhilaration of diversity of substances and forms on the one hand and the safety of fundamental unity on the other. Even just the recent history of chemistry has been al1 about this tension, from the debates about Prout's hypothesis as to whether there is a primary matter in the 19th century to the more recent speculations as to whether computers will enable us to virtually dispense with experimental chemistry.</span>

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