scholarly journals Soil organic carbon fractions and aggregation of a tropical Alfisol as affected by plant residues

2020 ◽  
pp. 92-101
Keyword(s):  
Organic Carbon ◽  
Leucaena Leucocephala ◽  
Block Design ◽  
Aggregate Stability ◽  
Soil Samples ◽  
Plant Residues ◽  
Panicum Maximum ◽  
Undisturbed Soil ◽  
Carbon Management

Incorporation of plant residues into soil plays vital role in enhancing quality of fragile tropical soils. This study evaluated short-term effect of plant residues of different quality on organic carbon (OC) fractions, carbon management indices and stability of a sandy loam soil with low (< 2%) initial OC content. The residues are Banana clippings (BC), Chromolaena odorata (CO), Leucaena leucocephala (LL), Maize Stover (MS), Neem clippings (NC), and Panicum maximum (PM) applied at 0 t ha-1 (control), 10 t ha-1 and 20 t ha-1 . These treatments were arranged in a randomized complete block design and replicated three times. Undisturbed soil samples were collected at 0-20 cm depth for determination of percent water stable aggregates (%WSA), aggregate ratio (AR) and Mean Weight Diameter (MWD). Pre-sieved (2 mm) soil samples from same depth were collected to determine structural index (SI), microaggregate stability, total OC (CT), labile OC (CL) and non-labile OC (CNL). Carbon indices, i.e. lability index (LI), carbon management index (CMI) and carbon pool index (CPI) were computed from the OC fractions to evaluate the best management practice. The OC fractions were significantly (p≤ 0.05) higher with LL applied at 20 t ha-1 (19.29 g kg-1 for CT, 1.20 g kg-1 for CL and 18.09 g kg-1 for CNL) than other treatments. This was followed by PM 10 t ha-1 , with 17.16 g kg-1 for CT and 16.44 g kg-1 for CNL. The LI (1.29) was highest with MS 10 t ha-1 , while CMI (166.6) and CPI (1.85) were highest with LL 10 t ha-1 and 20 t ha-1 respectively. Significant increase in %WSA of > 0.25 mm size over < 0.25 mm was observed with addition of residues which indicates binding of smaller aggregates into large fractions; while AR (11.97) was highest with CO 10 t ha-1 . Aggregate stability showed MWD (2.02 mm) was highest in soils treated with CO followed by PM (MWD = 1.86 mm) both at 20 t ha-1 ; but SI trend was higher with addition of LL and PM. Computed micro-aggregate stability indices were generally similar for all treatments. High positive correlations were obtained between MWD and CL (r = 0.634), LI (r = 0.686) and CMI (r = 0.641) with addition of Leucaena leucocephala. In conclusion, L. leucocephala, followed by P. maximum and C. odorata provided shortterm improvement in physical quality of this soil over other plant residues

scholarly journals Properties of Humic Acids in Meadow Soils Irrigated With the Slope-And Flooding System

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Magdalena Banach-Szott ◽  
Andrzej Dziamski
Keyword(s):  
Particle Size ◽  
Organic Matter ◽  
Organic Carbon ◽  
Humic Acids ◽  
Soil Samples ◽  
Hydrophobic Properties ◽  
Irrigation Ditch ◽  
Ft Ir ◽  
Degree Of Maturity

Abstract The aim of the research has been to determine the effect of many-year irrigation of unique grasslands on the properties of humic acids defining the quality of organic matter. The research was performed based on the soil (Albic Brunic Arenosol, the A, AE and Bsv horizons) sampled from Europe’s unique complex of permanent grasslands irrigated continuously for 150 years, applying the slope-and-flooding system; the Czerskie Meadows. The soil samples were assayed for the content of total organic carbon (TOC) and the particle size distribution. HAs were extracted with the Schnitzer method and analysed for the elemental composition, spectrometric parameters in the UV-VIS range, hydrophilic and hydrophobic properties and the infrared spectra were produced. The research results have shown that the HAs properties depended on the depth and the distance from the irrigation ditch. The HAs of the A horizon of the soils were identified with a lower “degree of maturity”, as reflected by the values of atomic ratios (H/C, O/C, O/H), absorbance coefficients, and the FT-IR spectra, as compared with the HAs of the Bsv horizon. The HAs molecules of the soils sampled furthest from the irrigation ditch were identified with a higher degree of humification, as compared with the HAs of the soils sampled within the closest distance. The results have demonstrated that many-year grassland irrigation affected the structure and the properties of humic acids.

The effects of cultivation on the composition of organic-matter and structural stability of soils

Soil Research ◽  
1995 ◽  
Vol 33 (6) ◽  
pp. 975 ◽  
Author(s):  
A Golchin ◽  
P Clarke ◽  
JM Oades ◽  
JO Skjemstad
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Chemical Composition ◽  
Organic Carbon ◽  
Organic Materials ◽  
Aggregate Stability ◽  
Soil Samples ◽  
Modulus Of Rupture ◽  
Dispersible Clay ◽  
Different Soils

Soil samples were obtained from the surface horizons of five untilled sites and adjacent sites under short- and long-term cultivation. The soil samples were fractionated based on density and organic materials were concentrated in various fractions which enabled comparative chemical composition of the organic materials in cultivated and uncultivated sites by solid-state C-13 CP/MAS NMR spectroscopy. Changes in the nature of organic carbon with cultivation were different in different soils and resulted from variations in the chemistry of carbon inputs to the soils and a greater extent of decomposition of organic materials in cultivated soils. Differences in the chemical composition of organic carbon between cultivated and uncultivated soils resided mostly in organic materials occluded within aggregates, whereas the chemistry of organic matter associated with clay particles showed only small changes. The results indicate a faster decomposition of O-alkyl C in the cultivated soils. Wet aggregate stability, mechanically dispersible clay and modulus of rupture tests were used to assess the effects of cultivation on structural stability of soils. In four of five soils, the virgin sites and sites which had been under long-term pasture had a greater aggregate stability than the cultivated sites. Neither total organic matter nor total O-alkyl C content was closely correlated with aggregate stability, suggesting that only a part of soil carbon or carbohydrate is involved in aggregate stability. The fractions of carbon and O-alkyl C present in the form of particulate organic matter occluded within aggregates were better correlated with aggregate stability (r = 0.86** and 0.88**, respectively). Cultivation was not the dominant factor influencing water-dispersible clay across the range of soil types used in this study. The amount of dispersible clay was a function of total clay content and the percentage of clay dispersed was controlled by factors such as clay mineralogy, CaCO3 and organic matter content of soils. The tendency of different soils for hard-setting and crusting, as a result of structural collapse, was reflected in the modulus of rupture (MOR). The cultivated sites had significantly higher MOR than their non-tilled counterparts. The soils studied had different MOR due to differences in their physical and chemical properties.

scholarly journals Nutritional quality of massai grass fertilized with phosphorus and nitrogen and its influence on intake and weight gain of sheep under rotational grazing on quartzipsamment soil

2017 ◽  
Vol 38 (3) ◽  
pp. 1427
Author(s):  
Thais Valéria Souza Silva ◽  
Luciano Fernandes Sousa ◽  
Antônio Clementino dos Santos ◽  
Ana Cristina Holanda Ferreira ◽  
Rebeca Rocha Cardoso ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Weight Gain ◽  
Nutritional Quality ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Management Practice ◽  
Block Design ◽  
Neutral Detergent Fiber ◽  
Dry Matter Intake ◽  
Panicum Maximum ◽  
Significant Difference

The effects of phosphate and nitrogen fertilization on aspects of forage composition and ruminal fermentation were separately evaluated pre- and post-grazing, in addition to the dry matter intake and weight gain of sheep grazing Panicum maximum cv. Massai under a rotational system on Quartzipsamment soil. The aim was to evaluate the effect of fertilization with different levels of phosphorous (50 and 200 kg P2O5/ha) and nitrogen (100 and 400 kg N/ha) compared to unfertilized control soil. The experiment was conducted at the School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science at Universidade Federal do Tocantins – UFT, in a randomized complete block design with four replicates in a factorial 2 × 2 design. The study area consisted of 32 paddocks (301 m²), each of which had previously been sown with Panicum maximum cv. Massai. The experimental area was managed under intermittent stocking with a variable stocking rate. Twenty-eight crossbreed sheep were used for grazing management. Evaluations were made before and after grazing, including forage evaluation and measurement of ruminal degradability and intake (using titanium dioxide as the external marker). Regarding the forage composition, a significant difference (P < 0.05) was observed between the control and fertilizer treatments for neutral detergent fiber (NDF), acid detergent fiber, crude protein, lignin and phosphorous content. Fertilization was found to alter the nutritional quality of Panicum maximum cv. Massai grass. Among the nutritional aspects evaluated, fertilization influenced NDF, grass digestibility and dry matter intake. The forage composition of Massai grass is improved by fertilization with nitrogen at 100 kg N/ha and phosphate up to 50 kg P2O5/ha, which represents a relevant management practice for increasing quantity and quality.

scholarly journals Decomposition and Nutrient Release of Tree Legumes in an Agroforest System

2018 ◽  
Vol 10 (8) ◽  
pp. 417
Author(s):  
Larissa Brandao Portela ◽  
Anagila Janenis Cardoso Silva ◽  
Gustavo André de Araújo Santos ◽  
Joab Luhan Ferreira Pedrosa ◽  
Conceição De Maria Batista de Oliveira ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Leucaena Leucocephala ◽  
Alley Cropping ◽  
Block Design ◽  
Acacia Mangium ◽  
Cropping System ◽  
Nutrient Release ◽  
Soil Surface ◽  
Gliricidia Sepium ◽  
Plant Residues ◽  
Randomized Block Design

The research compared biomass production and nutrient release in an alley cropping system in two collection methods, the litterbag method and the direct collection method (Morley, Bennett, & Clark, 1964). The system was implemented in 2015 at 2017, at the Maranhão Federal University, Maranhão, Brazil. The experiment was a randomized block design with four treatments, consisting of leucaena+sombreiro (Leucaena leucocephala and Clitoria fairchildiana), leucena+acacia (Leucaena leucocephala and Acacia mangium), gliricidia+sombreiro (Gliricidia sepium and Clitoria fairchildiana) and gliricidia+acacia (Gliricidia sepium and Acacia mangium). In order to determine the remaining dry matter, nutrient release (N, P, K, Ca, Mg and Mn), the decomposition constants and the half-lives times of plant residues, 100 g of fresh material were conditioned in litterbags (50 g of each species), arranged on the soil surface. The second method was done by randomly throwing a collector on each plot in the same dimensions of the litterbags (0.40 x 0.40 m) and collecting the litter. For the two methods samples were collected at 0, 30, 60, 90 and 120 days after the start of the experiment. The litterbags method showed a higher C/N ratio at day 30 up to 120 days, which implies that this method is providing a different environment from the litter, where it would be overestimating the C/N ratio and retarding the decomposition. The G+S and G+A combinations were more rapidly decomposed than the combinations of L+S and L+A. The following order of release was established for the litterbags method: P > N > K > Ca > Mn > Mg, and for the method of collecting the litter: N > P > Ca > Mg > K > Mn.

Effect of soil organic carbon loss on the stability and structure of microaggregates: First insights from an organic carbon depletion field trial in a loess soil

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Svenja Roosch ◽  
Vincent Felde ◽  
Daniel Uteau ◽  
Stephan Peth
Keyword(s):  
Organic Carbon ◽  
Soil Organic Carbon ◽  
Aggregate Stability ◽  
Loess Soil ◽  
Conventional Tillage ◽  
High Resolution Computed Tomography ◽  
Undisturbed Soil ◽  
Physicochemical Stability ◽  
The Stability ◽  
Undisturbed Soil Cores

&lt;p&gt;Soil microaggregates are considered to play an important role in soil functioning and soil organic carbon (SOC) is of great importance for the formation and stabilization of these aggregates. The loss of SOC can occur, for example, after a change in land use and may lead to a decreased aggregate stability, which makes soils vulnerable to various threats, such as erosion or compaction. It is therefore important to understand the effect of SOC loss on aggregate stability in order to better understand and preserve the functioning of healthy soils.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;We sampled two adjacent plots from a loess soil in Selhausen (North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany) in November of 2019 and measured aggregate stability and architecture of soil microaggregates. One plot was kept free from vegetation by the application of herbicides and by tillage (to a depth of 5&amp;#160;cm) from 2005 on, while the other plot was used for agriculture (conventional tillage). Over the course of 11 years, the SOC concentration in the bulk soil was reduced from 12.2 to 10.1&amp;#160;g SOC kg&lt;sup&gt;-1&lt;/sup&gt; soil. We took 10 undisturbed soil cores from two depths of each plot (Ap and Bt horizons).&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;The stability of aggregates against hydraulic and mechanical stresses was tested using the widespread wet sieving approach and a newly developed dry crushing approach. Isolated microaggregates gained from the latter procedure were tested against tensile stress by adapting a crushing test in a load frame to the microaggregate scale. To shed light on the effect of a decreased SOC content on microaggregate structure, we scanned several microaggregates with a high-resolution computed tomography scanner (Zeiss Xradia 520 versa) at sub-micron resolutions and analyzed the features of their pore systems.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;This will give us valuable insights into the interplay of mechanical and physicochemical stability, as well as the structural properties of microaggregates with regard to SOC depletion. The consequences for various soil functions provided by microaggregates, like the habitat function for microorganisms or their capacity to store and transport gas, water and nutrients, are discussed.&lt;/p&gt;

scholarly journals Chemical and physical properties of an anthropogenic dark earth soil from Bragança, Para, Eastern Amazon

2016 ◽  
Vol 46 (4) ◽  
pp. 337-344 ◽  
Author(s):  
Luma Castro de SOUZA ◽  
Herdjania Veras de LIMA ◽  
Sueli RODRIGUES ◽  
Dirse Clara KERN ◽  
Álvaro Pires da SILVA ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Organic Carbon ◽  
Physical Properties ◽  
Water Retention ◽  
Soil Depth ◽  
Soil Samples ◽  
Water Retention Curve ◽  
Water Retention Capacity ◽  
Organic Carbon Content ◽  
Undisturbed Soil ◽  
Adjacent Soil

ABSTRACT Although anthropogenic dark earth (ADE) is generally found in non-floodable land, it also occurs on floodplains but, there is no information about the chemical and physical characteristics of ADE in this environment. In this study, we propose to check the hypothesis that a Gleysol, classified as ADE, presents improved chemical and physical conditions than an adjacent soil, no anthropogenic. Thus, the objective of this study was to characterize the chemical and physical properties of the top layer of two ADE profiles in a Gleysol and compare them with an adjacent soil. Samples were taken from two areas classified as ADE in Bragança, Pará State, Brazil, at the "Jabuti" archaeological site, and from an adjacent non-anthropogenic site. Disturbed and undisturbed soil samples were collected at the soil depth of 0.05-0.10 m for chemical (pH, potential acidity, exchangeable cations, and soil organic carbon) and physical (soil particle size distribution, particles density, water retention curve, total porosity, microporosity, macroporosity, and bulk density) analysis. The two areas of ADE in a Gleysol, showed improved soil chemical properties compared to the adjacent soil, particularly in relation to phosphorus and calcium levels that contributed to higher cation exchange capacity which, in turn, was positively related to organic carbon content. Changes in soil physical properties were less noticeable but both areas of ADE presented higher water retention capacity, particularly at low tension. The improved conditions of the ADE soil under Gleysols shows that these areas are adequate for soil cultivation, especially with plants adapted to floodplain.

scholarly journals Transformation of organic carbon in alluvial soils under different land uses

2020 ◽  
Vol 27 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Alvyra Šlepetienė ◽  
Kazimiež Duchovski ◽  
Jonas Volungevičius
Keyword(s):  
Land Use ◽  
Organic Carbon ◽  
Total Organic Carbon ◽  
Arable Land ◽  
Soil Layer ◽  
Soil Samples ◽  
Plant Residues ◽  
Land Uses ◽  
Forest Land ◽  
Alluvial Deposits

The aim of this study – to evaluate the status of organic carbon (OC) under different land uses of soils formed in alluvial deposits. The soil samples were collected from 0–10, 10–20 and 20–30 cm depths in three field replicates.Three land uses were investigated: arable land, grassland and forest. The experimental site is situated near Surviliškis, Kėdainiai District (55°26′08.37′′N, 24°02′27.75′′Y) in Central Lowland of Lithuania. A total of 27 soil samples, collected from 0–10, 10–20 and 20–30 cm depths in three field replicates, were analysed for OC. The samples were prepared for analysis by removing plant residues, grinding and sieving through a 0.25 mm sieve. For all land uses, the highest content of OC was found in the upper 0–10 cm soil layer of the soil, with the highest values found in the forest land use. Fast-growing deciduous trees are an effective means to increase the content of OC in alluvial soil, especially in the 0–10 cm layer. The distribution of OC in the soil layers depended on the land use. Grassland and forest land uses allow OC to be preserved throughout the 0–30 cm layer, with less OC differentiation than in arable land. This could be attributed to the specificities of organic matter accumulation and degradation in different land uses. Not only the amount of labile organic carbon (similar to total organic carbon) was highest (0.392 g kg–1) in forest soil in the 0–10 cm layer, it also had a higher relative share in the total organic carbon (2.9%) than in other land uses – arable land and grassland (2.3–2.4%).

scholarly journals Aggregate Stability in Soils of Twelve Argo-ecological Zones of Bangladesh Based on Organic Carbon and Basic Cations

2019 ◽  
Vol 23 (2) ◽  
pp. 27-36
Author(s):  
S Arofi ◽  
MM Rahman ◽  
HK Shiragi ◽  
MA Alam ◽  
MM Islam ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Organic Carbon ◽  
Soil Aggregates ◽  
Soil Health ◽  
Aggregate Stability ◽  
Soil Aggregate ◽  
Soil Samples ◽  
Negative Effects ◽  
Ecological Zones ◽  
Soil Fraction ◽  
Basic Cations

Soil aggregate is one of the vital indicators of soil health that depends on organic carbon (OC), texture and basic cations. A total of 206 soil samples were collected from 12 agro-ecological zones (AEZs) of Bangladesh to study the effects of organic carbon (OC), basic cations (Ca, Mg, K and Na) and different sized soil particles on soil aggregate stability. Soil samples were analyzed for bulk density, pH, OC, texture, basic cations and water stable soil aggregates (WSA) following standard protocols. Data revealed that OC positively increased WSA, while monovalent basic cations Na+ and K+ showed negative effects. Water stable soil aggregates and C stock of 0.25 mm sized soil fraction were found higher than that of larger sized soil fractions of 0.5, 1.0 and 2.0 mm. The roles of divalent basic cations Ca2+ and Mg2+ on WSA were found to be indistinct and need to be studied further. Ann. Bangladesh Agric. (2019) 23(2) : 27-36

scholarly journals Risiko des Eintrags von Phosphor in den Hallwilersee durch Bodenerosion

2015 ◽  
Vol 70 (3) ◽  
pp. 193-198 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Müller ◽  
D. Schaub
Keyword(s):  
Particle Size ◽  
Soil Erosion ◽  
Particle Size Distribution ◽  
Size Distribution ◽  
Surface Waters ◽  
Aggregate Stability ◽  
Eutrophic Lake ◽  
Soil Samples

Abstract. An important factor in the release of phosphorus by soil erosion, with corresponding consequences on the quality of surface waters, is the formation of aggregates and their stability. Around the eutrophic Lake Hallwil six arable lands were examined in five repetitions regarding aggregate and particle size distribution, P-contents of the different fractions and aggregate stability. Central to this was the use of the setting column for fractionation of soil samples. In the case of Lake Hallwil the risk of phosphorus discharges by soil erosion seems low since the phosphorus is mainly bound in aggregates which are transported over short distances only. Thus other pathways (runoff from grassland, leaching via drains) may be more important.

scholarly journals Relationship between raindrops and ultrasonic energy on the disruption of a Haplic Cambisol

2009 ◽  
Vol 33 (3) ◽  
pp. 814-823 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bruno Teixeira Ribeiro ◽  
José Maria de Lima ◽  
Carlos Rogério de Mello ◽  
Marcos Aurélio Carolino de Sá ◽  
Geraldo César de Oliveira
Keyword(s):  
Aggregate Stability ◽  
Dispersion Curves ◽  
Soil Samples ◽  
Ultrasonic Energy ◽  
Undisturbed Soil ◽  
Different Levels ◽  
Raindrop Impact

The aim of this work was to compare aggregate disruption of undisturbed soil samples by ultrasonic energy to aggregate disruption caused by the energy of simulated raindrops, to provide equations that can describe this relationship, and to evaluate whether aggregate stability, expressed by sonication method, may be used to estimate the effect that raindrops have on undisturbed soil samples. Undisturbed soil samples from A, Bi and C horizons of a Cambisol were submitted to different levels of ultrasonic energy and simulated raindrops. Sieved samples (aggregates) were also submitted to different levels of ultrasonic energy so that both disturbed and undisturbed conditions of samples could be compared. The results showed that the method using ultrasonic energy on undisturbed soil samples can simulate the amount of aggregate disruption of soil due to raindrop impact. Dispersion curves of disturbed samples may not be used to estimate the effect of raindrops on undisturbed soil samples.

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