PECULIARITIES OF MOTOR ACTIVITY OF RATS IN SIMULATION PHARMACOLOGICAL DEPRESSOGENIC STATES

The aim: To analyze and compare the features of changes in the motor activity of rats on the background of pharmacological models of depressive disorders. Materials and methods: Depressive-like state was simulated on 40 mature male Wistar rats using: reserpine (15 mg/kg), clonidine (0.1 mg/kg), haloperidol (0.25 mg/kg). The control group was given as a single dose 0.5 ml of a 0.9% sodium chloride solution intraperitoneally. After 3, 12, 24, 48 and 72 hours from the beginning of the experiment, changes in motor activity in the “open field” test were examined by the number of crossed squares, the calculation was carried out within 5 minutes. Results: Reserpine at a dose of 15 mg/kg caused probable motor activity disorders in rats in the “open field” test during all study periods. The most pronounced inhibition of motor activity was observed within 12-48 hours from the beginning of the experiment. 3 hours after clonidine administration, the number of crossed squares decreased by 310% (p<0.001), after 12 hours – by 180% (p<0.001), after 24 hours – by 140% (p<0.001), after 48 hours – by 50% (p<0.005) in comparison with the control group. On 3rd day, the motor activity of rats was almost completely restored. The use of haloperidol after 3 hours most significantly impaired the motor activity of rats in the “open field” test, and its recovery was observed after 24 hours. Conclusions: Reserpine inhibited the motor activity of rats, most pronounced from 12 to 48 hours of the experiment. Clonidine inhibited mainly in the first hours of the study. Haloperidol impaired motor activity at 3rd and 12th hours of observation.

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The effects of aqueous extract of Origanum vulgare on learning and memory in male rats

Journal of Herbmed Pharmacology ◽

10.34172/jhp.2020.31 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 9 (3) ◽

pp. 239-244

Author(s):

Ahvan Ghaderi ◽

Seyed Asaad Karimi ◽

Fahimeh Talaei ◽

Siamak Shahidi ◽

Nafiseh Faraji ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Passive Avoidance ◽

Learning And Memory ◽

Open Field ◽

Field Test ◽

Aqueous Extract ◽

Wistar Rats ◽

Open Field Test ◽

Control Group ◽

Origanum Vulgare ◽

Male Wistar Rats

Introduction: The effectiveness of antioxidants on learning and memory improvement has been shown, previously. Due to the high level of antioxidants, available in Origanum vulgare, the present experiment aimed to examine the effect of aqueous extract of O. vulgare on passive avoidance learning (PAL) in male Wistar rats. Methods: This study was performed on 30 male Wistar rats weighing 250 to 290 g. The rats were randomly assigned into five groups (n=6), as follows: the control, sham (saline), and three groups treated with different doses of O. vulgare extract (150, 250, and 350 mg/kg). The saline or extract was administered via daily oral gavage for 14 days. The groups were then subjected to the passive avoidance task, and their behaviors were recorded. The rats’ locomotor activity was also measured using the open field test. Results: The number of trials to acquisition was significantly lower in the "O. vulgare (350 mg/ kg)" group than the control group. The step-through latency and the time spent in the dark compartment in the retention test, was significantly higher and lower in the "O. vulgare (250 and 350 mg/kg)" groups than the control group, respectively. No significant differences were found in the distances traveled among the experimental groups in the open field test. Conclusion: Aqueous extract of O. vulgare can enhance learning and memory. The high levels of antioxidants in O. vulgare extract may be responsible for its effectiveness in learning and memory.

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Toxicity and Neuropharmacological Effects of Elenine

Evidence-based Complementary and Alternative Medicine ◽

10.1155/2011/312524 ◽

2011 ◽

Vol 2011 ◽

pp. 1-10 ◽

Cited By ~ 6

Author(s):

Eduardo Navarro ◽

S. J. Alonso ◽

R. Navarro

Keyword(s):

Open Field ◽

Field Test ◽

Chemical Structure ◽

Open Field Test ◽

Control Group ◽

General Behaviour ◽

Similar Chemical ◽

Sedative Effects ◽

Traction Test ◽

Central Depressant

Elenine is the aglycone of elenoside, a cytotoxic arylnaphthalene lignan (NSC 644013-W/1) derived fromJusticia hyssopifolia. (Family: Acanthaceae). Elenoside is a β-D-glucoside, with a similar chemical structure to etoposide, exhibiting central depressant activity. In the present study, elenine was given to mice and rats at doses of 10, 20, and 40 mg/kg. Acute toxicity (24 h) and general behaviour in mice was studied as well as its effects on muscular relaxant activity, locomotor activity (Varimex test), and the open-field test and were compared with 10 mg/kg of chlorpromazine. Elenine produced a reduction in the permanence time in muscular relaxant activity (traction test). Spontaneous activity was lower in the Varimex test. The ambulation and rearing were lower compared with the control group, and an increase in boluses was observed in the open-field test. Thus, it can be concluded that elenine has central sedative effects at lower doses than those used with elenoside and has a possible application in conditions of anxiety.

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A comparative analysis of anxiolytic activity of Arnica montana and alprazolam in rats using open field test

International Journal of Basic & Clinical Pharmacology ◽

10.18203/2319-2003.ijbcp20181175 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 7 (4) ◽

pp. 718

Author(s):

Puja Jha ◽

Seema Bhalerao ◽

Mrunal Dhole

Keyword(s):

Open Field ◽

Field Test ◽

Open Field Test ◽

Physical Dependence ◽

Forced Swim Test ◽

Anxiolytic Activity ◽

Combination Group ◽

Control Group ◽

Arnica Montana ◽

Group I

Background: Anxiety affects around 7.3% of the total population worldwide. Benzodiazepines are preferred anxiolytic agents and are still frequently used in spite of the side effect profile including muscle relaxation, memory disturbances, sedation, physical dependence. Arnica montana, a traditional herb is known to possess significant anxiolytic effect at the dose of 100mg/kg. In this study, Arnica montana has been compared for the first time with alprazolam, a most commonly used anxiolytic drug.Methods: Forced swim test was used to induce anxiety. Anxiolytic action of study drugs which were given orally, was evaluated using Open field test (OFT) in healthy wistar rats of either sex. Behavior of rats, locomotion and number of squares crossed was recorded. Rats were divided into four groups with eight rats in each group. Study groups were Group I Control; Group II Alprazolam 0.08mg/kg; Group III Arnica montana extract (AME) 100mg/kg; Group IV AME + Alprazolam group 100mg/kg+0.08mg/kg. Statistical analysis was done using ANOVA followed by Tukey’s test (p<0.05).Results: Increase in frequency of rearing was significant (p<0.05) in AME group and highly significant (p<0.001) in Alprazolam and combination group in comparison to control. Decrease in frequency of grooming was highly significant (p<0.001) in Alprazolam and combination group. AME also showed significant (p<0.05) decrease in grooming activity.Conclusions: Arnica montana extract showed anxiolytic activity and can be used as an add on drug after further studies and validation in the treatment of anxiety disorders.

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Actualization of Existing Experience and Features of Subsequent Learning

Experimental Psychology (Russia) ◽

10.17759/exppsy.2020130309 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 13 (3) ◽

pp. 118-131

Author(s):

O.E. Svarnik ◽

A.I. Bulava ◽

D.L. Gladilin ◽

I.A. Nazhestkin ◽

E.A. Kuzina

Keyword(s):

Motor Activity ◽

Rat Brain ◽

Open Field ◽

Field Test ◽

Open Field Test ◽

Drinking Behavior ◽

Preference Test ◽

Short Term ◽

Food Acquisition ◽

Object Preference

The article presents data on the study of neurogenetic changes in the rat brain and the features of performing various behavioral acts during acquisition of a food-acquisition skill, depending on the actualization of the previously acquired skill. The experiments involved 13 animals who were successively trained in the following behaviors: new context in the open field test, new objects in the object preference test, drinking behavior using a vibrissal pad, and food-acquisition behavior of pressing the pedal. It turned out that the nature of motor activity and the severity of neurogenetic changes during learning a new skill in individuals who immediately before this training occurred short-term actualization of the experience formed at one of the previous stages of training, significantly differed from the same parameters in individuals who did not have such actualization. It is suggested that the actualization of previously formed experience before new training contributes to the formation of a new component of experience, but not in the sense of accelerating the formation of new behavior, but in the aspect of increasing the number of active neurons that change the expression of their genes.

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The characteristics of motor activity in ISIAH rats in an open field test are controlled by genes on chromosomes 2 and 16

Neuroscience and Behavioral Physiology ◽

10.1007/s11055-008-9100-8 ◽

2008 ◽

Vol 39 (1) ◽

pp. 57-64 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

O. E. Redina ◽

S. É. Smolenskaya ◽

L. N. Maslova ◽

D. G. Sakharov ◽

A. L. Markel’

Keyword(s):

Motor Activity ◽

Open Field ◽

Field Test ◽

Open Field Test ◽

Isiah Rats

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Neurological behaviour of albino rats treated separately and in combination with Cannabis sativa L. and Cannabis indica L.

Scientia Africana ◽

10.4314/sa.v20i2.4 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 20 (2) ◽

pp. 37-50

Author(s):

Joseph S. Ashidi ◽

Irene. E. Emeya ◽

Folarin O. Owagboriaye ◽

Roseline T. Feyisola ◽

Olubukola I. Lawal ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Open Field ◽

Field Test ◽

Cannabis Sativa ◽

Open Field Test ◽

Brain Cells ◽

Control Group ◽

Albino Rats ◽

Dopamine Level ◽

Cannabis Indica ◽

The Brain

There has been an increasing rate of cannabis consumption globally, especially among the youths. This study therefore evaluated the neurological behaviours and some brain marker hormones and enzymes of cannabis administered rats. Twenty six albino rats were divided into four groups based on oral cannabis administration (control, Cannabis sativa, Cannabis indica and the combination of the two). At the end of seven days, open field test was conducted on the rats. Also, brain neuro-chemicals, activities of antioxidant enzymes and lipid peroxidation were evaluated using spectrophotometry. The results of the Open-Field Test showed an appreciable increase in the level of ambulation (line crossing), grooming, urination and stretched attend posture in the rats administered with Cannabis indica, Cannabis sativa and the combination when compared with the control. Norepinephrine was significantly lower (p < 0.05) in the rat groups administered with the combination of Cannabis indica and Cannabis sativa. The control group however had the lowest dopamine level. Superoxide dismutase (SOD) was significantly lower (p < 0.05) in the rats administered the combination of both Cannabis indica and Cannabis sativa. The brain level of reduced glutathione (GSH) was significantly higher in the rats administered with Cannabis indica. Malondialdehyde (MDA) was significantly higher in the rats administered with Cannabis sativa than the other rat groups. Histopathological evaluation of the brain also revealed various damages in the brain cells of rats administered with cannabis compared to the normal brain structure of the control rats. It is thus said that consumption of C. sativa or C. indica alone produced mild effect on the brain cells and physiology in rats. However, combination of C. sativa and C. indica produced a severe synergistic effect on the neurological function of the exposed rat.

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Effects of Paeonia lactiflora Extract on Estrogen Receptor β, TPH2, and SERT in Rats with PMS Anxiety

BioMed Research International ◽

10.1155/2020/4690504 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 2020 ◽

pp. 1-8

Author(s):

Jieqiong Wang ◽

Chunhong Song ◽

Dongmei Gao ◽

Sheng Wei ◽

Wenjun Sun ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Estrogen Receptor ◽

Open Field ◽

Field Test ◽

Tryptophan Hydroxylase ◽

Open Field Test ◽

Control Group ◽

Estrus Cycle ◽

Paeonia Lactiflora ◽

Total Distance ◽

Significant Difference

This study is to investigate the effect of Paeonia lactiflora extract on PMS anxiety and on expression of estrogen receptor β (ERβ), tryptophan hydroxylase-2 (TPH2), and serotonin transporter (SERT) in the premenstrual syndrome (PMS) anxiety model rats. The vaginal smear and open field test were used to screen rats in nonreception phase of estrus cycle with similar macroscopic behaviors and regular estrus cycle. PMS anxiety model rats were prepared by electrical stimulation. RT-PCR and immunofluorescence were used to measure the expression of ERβ, TPH2, and SERT. Compared with normal rats, the total distance in the open field test of the model rats was significantly increased (P<0.05). The model rats showed nervous alertness, irritability, and sensitivity to external stimuli. After treatment with the Paeonia lactiflora extract, the total distance of rats was significantly reduced (P<0.05). In reception stage, there was no significant difference in the mRNA and protein expression of ERβ, TPH2, and SERT. In nonreception stage, the expression of ERβ and TPH2 in the model group was significantly decreased (P<0.05) as compared with the control group, but not SERT. Abnormal changes of the above indicators were reversed after the administration of the Paeonia lactiflora extract. In conclusion, Paeonia lactiflora extract can increase the expression of ERβ and TPH2 and decrease SERT in PMS model rats, which may be one of the mechanisms underlying the effect of Paeonia lactiflora extract on PMS.

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Enhancement of Pentobarbital-induced Sleep by the Vaporized Essential Oil of Citrus keraji var. kabuchii and its Characteristic Component, γ-Terpinene

Natural Product Communications ◽

10.1177/1934578x1601100836 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 11 (8) ◽

pp. 1934578X1601100

Author(s):

Yoshinori Kobayashi ◽

Hiroaki Takemoto ◽

Ziqi Fu ◽

Emiko Shimizu ◽

Yukitaka Kinjo

Keyword(s):

Essential Oil ◽

Motor Activity ◽

Open Field ◽

Field Test ◽

Motor Performance ◽

Active Component ◽

Open Field Test ◽

Biological Effects ◽

Spontaneous Motor Activity ◽

Sedative Effects

Kabuchii (Citrus keraji var. kabuchii hort. ex Tanaka, Rutaceae) is a peculiar Okinawan citrus fruit. Local farmers cultivating various Citrus fruits say that the fragrance of Kabuchii is the most relaxing, but, there are few reports on the biological effects of the essential oil of Kabuchii and its chemical components [1]. In this study, the sedative effects of inhalation of the vaporized Kabuchii essential oil in open field, Rotarod, and pentobarbital sleep tests are compared with diazepam, as a positive control. In the open field test, both Kabuchii essential oil and diazepam decreased the spontaneous motor activity dose-dependently. The reduction in spontaneous motor activity in the 0.3 mg/cage (ca. 0.0278 mg/L) Kabuchii essential oil group was greater than that in the 1 mg/kg diazepam group. In the Rotarod test, Kabuchii did not affect the motor performance, even at the highest dosage tested (3 mg/cage), whereas diazepam decreased it dose-dependently. The effects of the major or characteristic components of Kabuchii, d-limonene, γ-terpinene, thymol, and p-cymene, were also evaluated in the open field and Rotarod tests. γ-Terpinene and thymol significantly decreased spontaneous motor activity at a dosage of 0.3 mg/cage, without affecting motor performance. Thus, γ-terpinene was estimated to be the main active component. Reduction in spontaneous motor activity by γ-terpinene in the open field test was not observed in intranasal zinc sulfate irrigation-induced anosmic mice. In the pentobarbital sleep test, both Kabuchii essential oil and diazepam potentiated pentobarbital-induced loss of the righting reflex (LRR). The LRR duration prolonging effects of both treatments were inhibited by pretreatment with flumazenil, a benzodiazepine receptor antagonist. The LRR latency reducing effect of Kabuchii was not affected by flumazenil, while that of diazepam was suppressed by it. γ-Terpinene showed similar potentiating effects on pentobarbital-induced sleep. Thus, vaporized Kabuchii essential oil and its active component, γ-terpinene, have sedative effects comparable with diazepam without inducing motor incoordination, which is a well-known side effect of diazepam.

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Anxiolytic-Like Behavioural Effects of Head Electroacupuncture in Rats Susceptible to Stress

Acupuncture in Medicine ◽

10.1136/acupmed-2015-010978 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 34 (3) ◽

pp. 235-240 ◽

Cited By ~ 6

Author(s):

Jia Chen ◽

Douglas W Barrett ◽

Yuxin He ◽

F Gonzalez-Lima

Keyword(s):

Motor Activity ◽

Open Field ◽

Average Velocity ◽

Open Field Test ◽

Electrical Current ◽

Control Group ◽

Acupuncture Points ◽

Test Experiment ◽

Behavioural Effects ◽

Forced Swim

Aim To evaluate the behavioural effects of head electroacupuncture (EA) using the Holtzman rat model, a genetic strain showing susceptibility to stress-evoked helplessness. Methods Putative anxiolytic and antidepressant behavioural effects of head EA were investigated using the light-dark and forced swim tests, respectively. The open field test was used to investigate motor activity. A total of 28 rats were used in two experiments, each with two groups (n=7 rats each). Rats were restrained and randomised to handling only (control) or 2Hz EA on the midline head anteriorly (at Yintang) and posteriorly (at GV20) for 3 days (experiment 1) or 4 days (experiment 2). Results One day of EA did not modify behaviour in any of the tests (p>0.1); however, 2 days of 2 Hz EA treatment to the head had anxiolytic-like effects, as indicated by an improvement in ambulatory time and average velocity in the light-dark test (experiment 2). Relative to the control group, the EA group demonstrated greater ambulatory time (37.0±3.7 vs 25.2±3.6 s, p<0.05) and lower average velocity (2.73±0.06 vs 3.08±0.13 cm/s, p<0.05). However, EA treatment had no significant effects on the open field and forced swim tests in either experiment. Conclusions Two days of EA treatment using 2 Hz pulsating electrical current at midline anterior and posterior acupuncture points on the head induces behavioural effects suggestive of anxiolysis.

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Correlation between Two Parameters of Mice Behaviour in the Open Field Test

Acta Facultatis Medicae Naissensis ◽

10.1515/afmnai-2017-0032 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 34 (4) ◽

pp. 321-327

Author(s):

Nikola M. Stojanović ◽

Pavle J. Randjelović ◽

Niko S. Radulović

Keyword(s):

Drug Discovery ◽

Motor Activity ◽

Open Field ◽

Field Test ◽

Direct Observation ◽

Open Field Test ◽

Video Recording ◽

Animal Behaviour ◽

Two Parameters

Summary The open field test is being used extensively for the determination of different aspects of animal behaviour for over seventy years. The correlation between different behavioural parameters obtained in this test, although previously studied, is still debatable. Thus, we aimed to analyze and correlate behaviour scores to estimate the importance of individual parameters in this type of experiment. The open field test was performed on male BALB/c mice treated with either saline (10 ml/kg) or diazepam (2 mg/kg), one hour before the experiment. The behaviour scores (number of squares crossed and rearings performed) obtained either by video recording or direct observation, during a five-minute experiment, were compared using a t-test and were tested for correlation. As expected, diazepam caused an increase in the number of squares crossed and rearings performed by the animals. The number of rearings was statistically different between the groups monitored in two different ways. The correlations between the behaviour scores obtained in the two modes of monitoring for all groups were moderate/strong positive ones. The correlation analyses revealed that the amount of information conveyed by a single behaviour parameter, either the number of squares crossed or the number of rearings, could be sufficient to estimate the animals’ motor activity in the open field test. Also, the results of this test could provide clues to very important piece of information in drug discovery, i.e. the general animal behaviour under the influence of CNS acting drugs in an experiment.

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