scholarly journals Bulk Cargo Marine Transportation Industry

Economics ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 104 (10-12) ◽  
pp. 70-78
Author(s):  
Bagrat Devadze Bagrat Devadze
Keyword(s):  
Major Part ◽  
Main Part ◽  
Transportation Cost ◽  
Transportation Industry ◽  
Bulk Carrier ◽  
Marine Transportation ◽  
High Level ◽  
Oil Tanker ◽  
Freight Market ◽  
Oil And Oil Products

Bulk cargo is being transported in large parcels to reduce transportation cost calculated per unit of cargo. Its main categories are: liquid cargo, dry bulk cargo and special bulk cargo. The deadweight of the fleet of ships carrying bulk cargo by sea increased 3.4 times in 1990-2020. Dry carriers account for 55% of the fleet and their deadweight increased 4.4 times during the same period. The Oil and oil products tankers account for 37% of the deadweights which has been increased by 2.4 times. The majority of the oil tanker tonnage (over 98%) comes from VLCC, Suezmax and Aframax type vessels. 60% of this is 200 thousands tankers sized more than dwt. The oil tanker freight market in 2002-2019 was characterized by a high level of volatility. VLCC tanker time-charter equivalent ranged from $ 8.7-95.2 thousand in 2002-2019. The variability of time-charter rates in other oil tanker categories was similar. The major part of the tonnage of product tankers (more than 90%) is derived from from LR2, LR1 and MR2 type of vessels. 43% of these are LR2 tankers. This segment of the freight market was also highly variable. LR2 tanker time-charter equivalent ranged from $ 7.5-28.8 thousand in 2011-2019 years. The main part of the tonnage of dry cargo vessels (over 69%) comes from Capesize, Panamax and Supramax type vessels. This segment of the freight market has been declining and highly volatile in recent years. The capesize-type ship time charter equivalent ranged from $ 3.5-30.8 thousands in 2011-2019. Keywords: bulk cargo, oil tanker, bulk carrier, gas carrier, chemical tanker, time charter equivalent.

scholarly journals CONTENT OF AMINO ACID COMPOSITION AND CHANGE OF TENANE IN TEA LEAF IN THE AZERBAIJAN REPUBLIC

2018 ◽  
pp. 75-82 ◽  
Author(s):  
Мухендис (Mukhendis) Мамедгусейин оглы (Mamedgusejin ogly) Джахангиров (Cahangirov) ◽  
Микаил (Mikail) Акпер оглы (Аkper ogly) Магеррамов (Маharrаmov)
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Amino Acid ◽  
Main Part ◽  
Black Tea ◽  
Extraction Time ◽  
Extraction Temperature ◽  
Leaf Processing ◽  
High Level ◽  
Tea Leaf

It was shown that the scent and taste of tea are determined by the level of protein and amino acid. Certainly, protoingens that make up most part of proteins are noted among amino acids. All of them are considered L-shaped. Green tea mostly consists of proteins. Even the high level protein doesn’t adversely impact the quality of tea yet that of black tea might be negatively influenced by that. Also, its taste will also be worsened by that.As a result of analysis 16 amino acids and 8 unsubstituted substance was found. The main part of amino acid is taken by teanin. It take 41.3% of Azerbaijan-1, 38.8% of Kolxida types respectively. In all stages of tea leaf processing the decrease of teanin and increase of glutamin is witnessed. Also, the loss of teanin happens during the purification (by 34%) and the fading stages.As a result of the work carried out, it has been found that the size of the tea leaf particle, the temperature and the extraction time influence the extraction of the theanine. The optimum are: the size of the tea leaf particle is 200–450 mkm, the extraction temperature is 80–85 °C, and the extraction time is 20–25 minutes.

scholarly journals Melcior Febrer, poeta i dramaturg del Baix Mestrat (primera meitat del segle XVII)

2018 ◽  
Vol 11 (11) ◽  
pp. 52
Author(s):  
Enric Querol Coll
Keyword(s):  
Major Part ◽  
Main Part ◽  
New Name

Resum: Aquest article incorpora un nou poeta al panorama de la literatura barroca valenciana: Melcior Febrer (Vinaròs, 1578 – Traiguera, ? 1648). La major part del corpus d’aquest autor es conserva al manuscrit 3895 de la Biblioteca Nacional de España. El volum recull tant composicions pròpies, majorment en castellà, com també d’altres del gust de l’autor, tot conformant un cançoner molt representatiu dels gustos literaris del primer Barroc hispànic. Paral·lelament a aquest autors emblemàtics, el cançoner aplega una sèrie de composicions generades a l’àrea valenciana per Melcior Febrer i altres literats amb els quals estava en contacte, com ara Marc Antoni Ortí, Vicent Esquerdo i Francesc Cros. Editem en apèndix l’epístola en vers, Resposta mia a una carta en valencià escrita per el señor y amich March Antoni Ortí tant per l’interès intrínsec com per les observacions metaliteràries que hi conté. Paraules clau: Melcior Febrer, Cosme Gómez de Tejada, barroc valencià, Maestrat Abstract: This paper incorporates a new name to the list of Valencian Baroque poets: Melcior Febrer: (Vinaròs, 1578 – Traiguera, ? 1648). The main part of the corpus of his works, unattended by the critics, is preserved in the manuscript 3895 (Biblioteca Nacional de España). This volume contains his own compositions, mainly written in Spanish, as well as others of his favourite poets, thus creating a highly representative collection of the poetical taste of the time. Besides this group of referential pan-Hispanic writers, the volume also contains a series of works generated in the Valencian area due to Febrer and some of his literary friends and acquaintances, such as Marc Antoni Ortí, Vicent Esquerdo or Francesc Cros. Due to its metaliterary interest, an edition of the poem Resposta mia a una carta en valencià escrita per el señor y amich March Antoni Ortí is provided in appendix. Keywords: Melcior Febrer, Cosme Gómez de Tejada, valencin barroque, Maestrat

Academic Entrepreneurship and Its Challenges

2019 ◽  
pp. 321-337
Author(s):  
Bhaskar Bhowmick ◽  
Rosalin Sahoo
Keyword(s):  
Higher Education ◽  
Economic Growth ◽  
Economic Development ◽  
Major Part ◽  
Academic Entrepreneurship ◽  
Higher Education Institutions ◽  
Regional Growth ◽  
Grant Program ◽  
Emerging Country ◽  
High Level

An emerging country like India demands a high level of entrepreneurial development for its economic growth as the scope of entrepreneurship is tremendous here. There is a particular reason that developing countries are trying to put in to entrepreneurship education in the higher education institutions (HEIs). Higher education institutions (HEIs) have been playing a major part in current economic development through innovation grant program. The idea of entrepreneurial university can be seen as the universities those have proved to be the best in critical economic development condition. The prime focus of this chapter is to understand the concept of academic entrepreneurship efficiently, to analyze the entrepreneurial challenges in Indian technology universities and how it is related to regional growth. The literature on these entrepreneurial pillars are still quite sparse, and the authors have tried to focus on all the important aspects of them. These orientations of this archetype for facilitating Indian economic growth are discussed, and the challenges are identified.

A Computational Model for Estimating the Cost of Spent Fuel and High-Level Radioactive Waste Transport

2003 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. R. Johnson ◽  
R. E. Best
Keyword(s):  
Radioactive Waste ◽  
Spent Nuclear Fuel ◽  
Cost Model ◽  
Transportation Cost ◽  
Cost Calculation ◽  
Spent Fuel ◽  
Transport Costs ◽  
High Level Radioactive Waste ◽  
High Level ◽  
The Cost

JAI has developed a simple computer program for use in determining a preliminary estimate of costs for transporting spent nuclear fuel or high-level radioactive waste by legal weight truck or by rail. The JAI Corporation Spent Fuel and High-Level Radioactive Waste Transportation Cost Model © is a Microsoft Excel 2000-based collection of spreadsheets. Both the truck and rail sub-models consist of three spreadsheets, or modules — as follows: • The “Input” spreadsheet accepts the user’s inputs (the user’s configuration of the transportation scenario to be modeled); • The “Cost Calculations” spreadsheet lists cost components and associated calculations; • The “Results” spreadsheet summarized the calculated transportation costs. The program does not calculate costs between two specific points, but rather over a specific distance. The individual inputs required can be entered by the user — or the user can accept the default values built into the program. The input to the program is divided into the following elements: 1. Scenario configuration; 2. Financial assumptions; 3. Capital-related costs; 4. Operating costs; 5. Freight-related costs; 6. Security-related costs. The rail portion of the program also permits the calculation of the cost of heavy haul and barge transport. The cost calculation spreadsheet contains all the algorithms used for calculating each element of cost and summing them — and the results spreadsheet shows the separate cost of capital, operations, freight, security and miscellaneous costs, plus the total cost for the shipment(s). The program offers an easy way for obtaining preliminary estimates of the cost of transporting spent fuel or high-level radioactive waste, and a way to quickly estimate the sensitivity of transport costs to changes in conditions or shipping scenarios.

scholarly journals Identification of advantages (benefits) and barriers (threats) in the work of a hotel animator

2020 ◽  
Vol 30 (2) ◽  
pp. 61-77
Author(s):  
Daniel Borodeńko ◽  
Olga Ilona Smoleńska
Keyword(s):  
Questionnaire Survey ◽  
Main Part ◽  
Working Hours ◽  
Continuous Development ◽  
Online Questionnaire ◽  
Main Hypothesis ◽  
Long Working Hours ◽  
Travel Agencies ◽  
High Level

During a single season, animators work with several thousand hotel guests. Parents and their children expect entertainment and attractions at a high level. Certainly, animation is a lot of fun. However, it is associated with numerous challenges. The aim of this study described in this article was to identify the most common benefits and challenges reported by animators in the survey conducted the by authors. The first part outlines the job of a leisure animator in the light of the literature. The main part is concerned with the benefits of working as an animator and challenges that animators can face in their work. The study is based on data collected during an online questionnaire survey involving 110 animators from Poland, working in various travel agencies. The findings confirm the main hypothesis of the study: opportunities to interact with people and travel are the most frequently reported advantages of leisure animation. Animation is also seen as a chance for self-fulfillment and continuous development. However, the job is associated with a lot of stress and long working hours, which constitute one of its challenges.

scholarly journals Shipbuilding in the Aral Sea and the Amu Darya River

2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (4) ◽  
pp. 7679-7684
Keyword(s):  
Central Asia ◽  
Major Part ◽  
Aral Sea ◽  
Ecological Situation ◽  
Passenger Transport ◽  
Amu Darya ◽  
History Of ◽  
High Level ◽  
Amu Darya River

This article is focused on the history of the emergence and development of shipbuilding in the Khorezm oasis in the 19th and 20th centuries. The history of Butakov's study of the Aral Sea and the discovery of sea routes in Amu Darya river has a two-hundred-year period. During this time, the navy and the seafaring reached a high level and almost ended. During this period, the major part of cargo transported to the Khorezm oasis by ships was a huge flotilla in this area. The deterioration of the ecological situation, the extreme degradation of the river and the complication of ships, the efficiency of rail, automobile, airfreight and passenger transport - all led to the limitation of ships' movement on the rivers of Central Asia.

scholarly journals Caracterización del zooplancton en el agua de lastre de los buques internacionales que arriban al puerto de Santa Marta (Caribe colombiano)

2008 ◽  
pp. 164-178
Author(s):  
Mónica Montoya Aguirre ◽  
Mendy Calero Navarro ◽  
Carolina Uribe Acosta
Keyword(s):  
Bulk Carrier ◽  
General Cargo ◽  
Oil Tanker

Entre enero y septiembre de 2006 se monitorearon las aguas de lastre de 34 buques internacionales que arribaron a la zona del Puerto de Santa Marta (Caribe colombiano), con el fin de determinar su composición biológica, estableciendo cuáles especies no se encontraban reportadas para el área. Para ello, se efectuaron evaluaciones del zooplancton, así como mediciones de la salinidad, una valoración preliminar de riesgos de las especies y análisis de los formatos A.868(1997) de la IMO. Entre los resultados, se ubicaron 25 puertos fuente de los cuales provenían buques del tipo Bulk carrier, Cape Size y General Cargo (97%), Oil tanker (2%) y Container (1%). De igual manera, se identificaron 56 especies, de las cuales 34 se definieron como nativas al figurar como reportadas para la región de Santa Marta y Caribe colombiano, 20 exóticas y dos criptogénicas. De otro lado, las mediciones de salinidad sugirieron que, en general, la mayor parte de las muestras analizadas provenían de áreas templadas, tropicales y subtropicales, con tendencia a ser marinas y costeras (30 – 31 UPS) y algunas estuarinas o dulces (<0.5 – 29 UPS). El análisis de los formatos A.868 (1997) de la IMO, permitió también establecer tiempos de confinamiento y métodos de recambio a bordo y su correlación con la abundancia del zooplancton.

scholarly journals Optimization of Container Terminal Layouts in the Seaport—Case of Port of Montreal

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (3) ◽  
pp. 1165
Author(s):  
Tareq Abu Aisha ◽  
Mustapha Ouhimmou ◽  
Marc Paquet
Keyword(s):  
Container Terminal ◽  
Transportation Cost ◽  
Intermodal Transportation ◽  
Transportation Industry ◽  
Final Destination ◽  
Transportation Sector ◽  
Rapid Pace ◽  
Negative Impacts ◽  
Total Transportation Cost

The intermodal transportation system plays a pivotal role in a global supply chain. Despite the benefits of intermodal transportation, it still has negative impacts, which are associated with congestion and emission. Greenhouse Gas (GHG) emission is highly associated with the transportation industry, and the share of the transportation sector is growing at a rapid pace. This paper discusses intermodal transportation and its effects on port efficiency. We proposed a new layout for the container terminal in the seaport in order to decrease cost as well as emission generated by the port operations. The proposed layout can improve the sustainability of port activities by decreasing the distance between the berth and interface points as well as avoiding double handling. We propose multi-objective optimization using the ε-constraint method to solve this problem. The model was tested through a case study of the Port of Montreal in Canada. The findings reveal that the proposed layout resulted in considerable emissions and costs reduction. Compared with the current layout of Port of Montreal, the proposed layout achieved a reduction of 46.5% in the total transportation cost of the containers to their final destination, as well as 21.6% in the emission.

scholarly journals Study on ultimate strength of ship’s hull considering cross section and beam finite element.

2018 ◽  
Vol 177 ◽  
pp. 01030
Author(s):  
Muhammad Zubair Muis Alie ◽  
Juswan ◽  
Wahyuddin ◽  
Taufiqur Rachman
Keyword(s):  
Finite Element ◽  
Ultimate Strength ◽  
Cross Section ◽  
Bending Moment ◽  
Bulk Carrier ◽  
Longitudinal Bending ◽  
The Cross ◽  
The One ◽  
Double Hull ◽  
Oil Tanker

The objective of the present research is to study the ultimate strength of ship’s hull considering cross section and beam finite element under longitudinal bending. The single hull bulk carrier and double hull oil tanker are taken to be analysed. The one-frame space of ship is considered in the calculation. The cross section of ship’s hull is divided into element composed plate and stiffened plate. The cross section is assumed to be remained plane and the simply supported is imposed to both side of the cross section. The longitudinal bending moment is applied to the cross section for hogging and sagging condition. The Smith’s method is adopted and implemented into the in-house program of the cross section and beam finite element to calculate the ultimate strength of ship’s hull. The result of the ultimate strength for hogging and sagging condition obtained by considering the cross section and beam finite element is compared with one another.

Tankers and the U. S. Energy Environmental Analysis

1974 ◽  
Vol 11 (04) ◽  
pp. 340-364
Author(s):  
Joseph D. Porricelli ◽  
Virgil F. Keith
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Transportation Cost ◽  
The United States ◽  
Transportation Systems ◽  
Ecological Problem ◽  
Energy Problem ◽  
Marine Transportation ◽  
The Past ◽  
Port Facilities ◽  
Marine System

The United States is facing an energy problem. The range of solutions varies from "the advancement of technology at any cost" to "a reversion to a bucolic society." Many of these solutions, while solving the energy problem, create an associated ecological problem. This paper illustrates a method by which additional oil can be safely imported to the U. S. by a marine transportation system. This marine system actually reduces the transportation cost of providing this energy and, more importantly, reduces the ecological damage to the oceans and beaches when compared with existing systems. The prospect of increasing oil imports for the United States at six or seven times the rate experienced in the past decade adds a new dimension to U. S. external petroleum logistics, particularly with respect to tankers and port facilities to accommodate them. The paper is divided into four major areas:The U. S. energy situation and projected oil requirements;economics of tankers to import that oil to the U. S.;the environmental impact of tanker transportation systems upon the U. S.; andthe cost and effectiveness of those systems.

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