scholarly journals Drone Payload and Flying Speed Effects on Rotor Blades' RPM and Traveling Pattern for Agricultural Chemical Spraying

2021 ◽  
Vol 34 ◽  
pp. 157-170
Author(s):  
Siti A. Ismail ◽  
Azmi Yahya ◽  
Ahmad S. Mat Su ◽  
Norhayu Asib ◽  
Anas M. Mustafah
Keyword(s):  
Rotor Blade ◽  
Application Rate ◽  
Rotor Blades ◽  
Airflow Pattern ◽  
Agricultural Chemical ◽  
Starting Point ◽  
Test Flight

The sprayed chemicals by drones have been widely reported to be off-targeted and not uniformly distributed. This study aims to evaluate the drone blade’s revolutions per minute (RPM) and its travelling pattern at different payloads and flight speeds. The obtained results were used to relate to the potential effects on the quantity and quality of spraying. In a test flight on an area of 1000 m2, a hexacopter, Advansia A1 was tested in 6 different flying paths of 56 m length. The drone was set to fly at 5 payloads (10, 8, 6, 4, and 2 kg) and 4 flying speeds (i.e. 1, 3, 5, and 7 m.s-1) combinations. The drone travelling pattern and individual rotor blade rpm at each payload-flying speed combinations were analysed. From the result, the RPM of each rotor blade were found to decrease by 14 to 20% as the payload was decreased from 10kg to 0kg. Thus, in actual spraying activities, the changes in RPM could produce a downwash airflow pattern that continually varies from starting point up to the finishing point that would effect on pesticide's distribution along the flying path. On drone travelling pattern, at higher flying speed, a much lesser time and distance was required for the drone to be stabilized to the targeted speed. This relates to the longer time needed by the drone to accelerate and decelerate. The average real speed of the drone was notably reduced to 0.96, 2.72, 3.83 and 4.05  m.s-1, in which, it was, far less than the initial specified speed set at 1, 3, 5, and 7  m.s-1, respectively. The drone flying pattern during spraying needs to be considered for application rate determination to avoid for the crops to be under or over pesticide applications. The obtained finding is remarkably critical and useful in ensuring the efficiency of agricultural chemical spraying activities using drone.

Application of membrane technology in the pretreatment of cheese dairies wastes and co-treatment in a municipal conventional biological unit

1997 ◽  
Vol 36 (2-3) ◽  
pp. 361-367 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eleftheria Papachristou ◽  
Costas T. Lafazanis
Keyword(s):  
Cheese Whey ◽  
Treatment Plant ◽  
Membrane Technology ◽  
Biological Unit ◽  
Urban Sewage ◽  
Dairy Wastes ◽  
Starting Point ◽  
Quality Of Milk ◽  
Cheese Production

A great number of cheese dairies and dairy industries in Greece are disposing their wastes, mainly cheese whey, either on land or in surface receivers, in large quantities creating a major environmental problem. A typical agricultural and pastoral provincial town of 70,000 inhabitants, Trikala, became the starting point of this research. A co-treatment of the urban sewage and the dairy wastes in the municipal treatment plant was recommended. The successful application of the above statement is based primarily on the pretreatment of the cheese dairies wastes. So far for cheese whey the recovery of the lactose serum in the contemporary central unit applying membrane technology has been suggested. As far as the wastewaters of the washing and refrigeration are concerned a pretreatment is required for the defatting in a grease trap, the grating, the adjustment of pH and the equalisation in an appropriate tank. Finally, this research has also focussed on the importance of membrane technology in improving the quality of milk and cheese production.

PENERAPAN PEMBELAJARAN METODE DISKUSI UNTUK MENINGKATKAN AKTIVITAS BELAJAR SISWA PADA PEMBELAJARAN IPS TERPADU DI KELAS VIII.B SMP NEGERI 5 KOTA SOLOK

2019 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 35-42
Author(s):  
Erma Yenis
Keyword(s):  
Student Learning ◽  
Learning Outcomes ◽  
Learning Process ◽  
Teaching And Learning ◽  
Student Learning Outcomes ◽  
Learning Activities ◽  
Good Teaching ◽  
Starting Point ◽  
Class Viii

Abstractlearning process  good teaching  can create a situation that allows children to learn, so that is the starting point of the success of teaching. The low quality of education depends on the management of the teaching and learning process which can be interpreted as being less effective in the teaching and learning process, the causes: (1) Low learning activities, (2) Inadequate facilities and infrastructure. The case in Solok City Middle School, the low level of student learning activities allegedly influenced the low student learning outcomes. Based on observations on class VIII A which included the superior class had not yet achieved the desired completeness, the class with the least completeness was class VIII B which was 33.33% with KKM 65 criteria. Seeing this reality, teachers were required to motivate students and foster enthusiasm student learning. Therefore, to foster students' enthusiasm for learning, the author tries to apply student learning activities through discussion methods in small groups.Keywords: Learning, discussion AbstrakProses belajar mengajar yang baik dapat menciptakan situasi yang mmemungkinkan anak belajar, sehingga merupakan titik awal keberhasilan pengajaran. Rendahnya mutu pendidikan tergantung pada pengelolaan proses belajar mengajar yang dapat diartikan kurang efektifnya proses belajar mengajar, penyebabnya: (1) Rendahnya aktifitas belajar,  (2) Sarana dan prasarana yang belum memadai. Kasus pada SMP Negeri % Kota Solok rendahnya aktifitas belajar siswa diduga berpengaruh terhadap rendahnya hasil belajar siswa. Berdasarkan pengamatanpada  kelas VIII A yang termasuk kelas unggul belum mencapai ketuntasan yang di inginkan, sedangkan kelas yang paling sedikit ketuntasannya adalah kelas VIII B yaitu sebanyak 33,33 % dengan kriterian KKM 65. Melihat kenyataan tersebut, guru dituntut untuk dapat memotivasi siswa dan menumbuhkan semangat belajar siswa. Karena itu, untuk menumbuhkan semangat belajar siswa, penulis mencoba untuk menerapkan aktivitas belajar siswa melalui metode diskusi dalam kelompok kecil. Kata kunci: Pembelajaran, diskusi

scholarly journals How can electric lighting contribute to human health and well-being?

2021 ◽  
Vol 53 (5) ◽  
pp. 515-522
Author(s):  
P Raynham
Keyword(s):  
Human Health ◽  
Psychological Impact ◽  
Health Benefits ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Health Problems ◽  
Starting Point ◽  
Electric Light ◽  
Health And Well Being ◽  
Hypothetical Explanation

Electric light in buildings may provide some health benefits; however, for most people these benefits are likely to be small. It is possible for electric lighting to cause health problems, if there is too little light or there is glare, but for the most part there is good guidance available and these problems can be avoided. The quality of the lit environment can have a psychological impact and this may in turn impact well-being. A starting point for this is perceived adequacy of illumination. Related lighting metrics are examined and a hypothetical explanation is suggested.

scholarly journals Thermal Physics and Glaucoma II: Preliminary Evidences for a Thermophysical Design of a Possible Visible-Light-Photons Therapy

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (14) ◽  
pp. 6301
Author(s):  
Giulia Grisolia ◽  
Mariarosa Astori ◽  
Antonio Ponzetto ◽  
Antonio Vercesi ◽  
Umberto Lucia
Keyword(s):  
Quality Of Life ◽  
Thermodynamic Approach ◽  
Equilibrium Thermodynamic ◽  
Pharmacological Treatments ◽  
Light Stimulation ◽  
Cell Behaviour ◽  
Thermal Physics ◽  
Starting Point

Recently, a non-equilibrium thermodynamic approach has been developed in order to model the fundamental role of the membrane electric potential in the cell behaviour. A related new viewpoint is introduced, with a design of a photobiomodulation treatment in order to restore part of the visual field. Here, a first step in experimental evidence of the validity of the thermodynamic approach is developed. This result represents the starting point for future experimental improvements for light stimulation in order to improve the quality of life of the patients. The future possible therapy will be in addition to the pharmacological treatments.

Analysis of the Stress Intensity of Rotor Blade in Hydraulic Retarder

2011 ◽  
Vol 179-180 ◽  
pp. 1453-1458
Author(s):  
Jun Yan
Keyword(s):  
Stress Intensity ◽  
Coordinate Transformation ◽  
Rotor Blade ◽  
Distribution Functions ◽  
Rotor Blades ◽  
Fea Model ◽  
Numeric Simulation ◽  
Braking Torque ◽  
Flow Pressure ◽  
Hydraulic Retarder

Based on CFD numeric simulation for hydraulic retarder under full-filled condition, the pressure distribution functions of the rotor blades surfaces are approached by coordinate transformation and surface fitting. Through the APDL program, loads which involved not only centrifugal force but also flow pressure are loaded on the FEA model according to the approximating pressure functions. The FEA model is solved and the blades strength is analyzed more accurately. Noted moment and speed, that is respectively 4000 N • m and 1343rpm, is determined under the promise of blade strength, and controlling strategy is made that constant braking torque shoud be carried out when speed is higher than noted value .

scholarly journals Quality and Operations Management in Food Supply Chains: A Literature Review

2018 ◽  
Vol 2018 ◽  
pp. 1-14 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yong He ◽  
Hongfu Huang ◽  
Dong Li ◽  
Chunming Shi ◽  
Sarah J. Wu
Keyword(s):  
Literature Review ◽  
Supply Chains ◽  
Operations Research ◽  
Operations Management ◽  
Food Supply ◽  
Research Field ◽  
Food Supply Chains ◽  
The Past ◽  
Starting Point

We present a literature review on quality and operations management problems in food supply chains. In food industry, the quality of the food products declines over time and should be addressed in the supply chain operations management. Managing food supply chains with operations management methods not only generates economic benefit, but also contributes to environmental and social benefits. The literature on this topic has been burgeoning in the past few years. Since 2005, more than 100 articles have been published on this topic in major operations research and management science journals. In this literature review, we concentrate on the quantitative models in this research field and classify the related articles into four categories, that is, storage problems, distribution problems, marketing problems, and food traceability and safety problems. We hope that this review serves as a reference for interested researchers and a starting point for those who wish to explore it further.

Influence of long-term manure application on mineral composition of irrigated barley silage

2015 ◽  
Vol 95 (4) ◽  
pp. 759-770 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. J. Miller ◽  
B. W. Beasley ◽  
C. F. Drury ◽  
F. J. Larney ◽  
X. Hao
Keyword(s):  
Mineral Composition ◽  
Application Rate ◽  
Land Application ◽  
Wood Chips ◽  
Fertilizer Treatment ◽  
Manure Application ◽  
Feed Quality ◽  
Barley Silage

Miller, J. J., Beasley, B. W., Drury, C. F., Larney, F. and Hao, X. 2015. Influence of long-term manure application on mineral composition of irrigated barley silage. Can. J. Plant Sci. 95: 759–770. The long-term effect of land application of manure type (composted vs. stockpiled manure), bedding type (wood-chips vs. straw), and application rate on feed quality of barley silage as feed for beef cattle is unknown. We measured selected minerals [P, Ca, Ca:P ratio, Mg, K, K:(Ca+Mg) ratio, Na, Fe, Mn, Zn, Cu] of irrigated barley silage (Hordeum vulgare L.) on a clay loam soil after 4 (2002), 7 (2005) and 11 (2009) years of annual applications of composted (CM) or stockpiled (SM) feedlot manure with wood-chips (WD) or straw (ST) bedding at three application rates (13, 39, 77Mg ha−1 dry wt.). The treatments also included an unamended control and inorganic fertilizer treatment. Manure type generally had inconsistent or no significant (P≤0.05) effect on the concentrations of these minerals in barley silage. Most crop minerals were generally greater under ST than WD. The findings for P, K, Na, and K:(Ca+Mg) ratio generally supported our hypothesis of greater crop concentrations with greater application rate, but Ca and Mg decreased at higher rates. Overall, our findings suggest that bedding and application rate have more potential than manure type for managing the feed quality of barley silage.

Who is a “Senior”? Looking for a definition in the healthcare system

2021 ◽  
Vol ahead-of-print (ahead-of-print) ◽  
Author(s):  
Monica Consolandi
Keyword(s):  
Quality Of Life ◽  
Health Care ◽  
Healthcare System ◽  
Health Care System ◽  
Design Methodology ◽  
Social Role ◽  
Content Type ◽  
The Core ◽  
Starting Point

Purpose Seniors are nowadays at the core of important reflections to understand both how to ensure them a proper quality of life and better recognize their social role, providing them services and proper health care to value them as persons and resources. This paper aims to find a through definition about who is a senior, in the author’s opinion the starting point to help them flourishing. Design/methodology/approach As an example of definitions, an online dictionary and two geriatric text-books are quoted, highlighting qualities and rights referred to seniors especially in the delicate context of the health-care system. Findings The lack of a commonly shared perspective on this delicate kind of patient entails the difficulty to reach a coherent and satisfying definition about who a senior is. Originality/value The lack of a commonly shared definition leads to inevitable misunderstandings and could explain the arduousness of considering seniors in all their aspects. Further investigations are suggested.

Degradation of Aerodynamic Performance of an Intermediate-Pressure Steam Turbine Due to Erosion of Nozzle Guide Vanes and Rotor Blades

2018 ◽  
Vol 141 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Koichi Yonezawa ◽  
Tomoki Kagayama ◽  
Masahiro Takayasu ◽  
Genki Nakai ◽  
Kazuyasu Sugiyama ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Numerical Simulations ◽  
Steam Turbine ◽  
Rotor Blade ◽  
Rotor Blades ◽  
Flow Angle ◽  
Guide Vanes ◽  
Intermediate Pressure ◽  
Pressure Steam ◽  
Nozzle Guide ◽  
Nozzle Guide Vanes

Deteriorations of nozzle guide vanes (NGVs) and rotor blades of a steam turbine through a long-time operation usually decrease a thermal efficiency and a power output of the turbine. In this study, influences of blade deformations due to erosion are discussed. Experiments were carried out in order to validate numerical simulations using a commercial software ANSYS-cfx. The numerical results showed acceptable agreements with experimental results. Variation of flow characteristics in the first stage of the intermediate pressure steam turbine is examined using numerical simulations. Geometries of the NGVs and the rotor blades are measured using a 3D scanner during an overhaul. The old NGVs and the rotor blades, which were used in operation, were eroded through the operation. The erosion of the NGVs leaded to increase of the throat area of the nozzle. The numerical results showed that rotor inlet velocity through the old NGVs became smaller and the flow angle of attack to the rotor blade leading edge became smaller. Consequently, the rotor power decreased significantly. Influences of the flow angle of at the rotor inlet were examined by parametric calculations and results showed that the angle of attack was an important parameter to determine the rotor performance. In addition, the influence of the deformation of the rotor blade was examined. The results showed that the degradation of the rotor performance decreased in accordance with the decrease of blade surface area.

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