scholarly journals Increased severity in SARS-CoV-2 infection of minorities in Spain

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Adrián Valls Carbó ◽  
Juan González del Castillo ◽  
Oscar Miró ◽  
Pedro Lopez-Ayala ◽  
Sonia Jimenez ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Latin American ◽  
Capita Income ◽  
Random Effect ◽  
Multivariable Analysis ◽  
Case Series ◽  
Per Capita Income ◽  
Case Series Study ◽  
Incidence And Mortality ◽  
Per Capita ◽  
Zip Code

Introduction. With the global spread of COVID-19, studies in the US and UK have shown that certain communities have been strongly impacted by COVID-19 in terms of incidence and mortality. The objective of the study was to determine social determinants of health among COVID-19 patients hospitalized in the two major cities of Spain. Material and methods. A multicenter retrospective case series study was performed collecting administrative databases of all COVID-19 patients ≥18 years belonging to two centers in Madrid and two in Barcelona (Spain) collecting data from 1st March to 15th April 2020. Variables obtained age, gender, birthplace and residence ZIP code. From ZIP code we obtained per capita income of the area. Predictors of the outcomes were explored through generalized linear mixed-effects models, using center as random effect. Results. There were 5,235 patients included in the analysis. After multivariable analysis adjusted by age, sex, per capita income, population density, hospital experience, center and hospital saturation, patients born in Latin American countries were found to have an increase in ICU admission rates (OR 1.56 [1.13-2.15], p<0.01) but no differences were found in the same model regarding mortality (OR 1.35 [0.95-1.92], p=0.09). Conclusions. COVID-19 severity varies widely, not only depending on biological but also socio-economic factors. With the emerging evidence that this subset of population is at higher risk of poorer outcomes, targeted public health strategies and studies are needed.

scholarly journals Analysis of Factors Affecting Economic Growth in Bangka Belitung Province, Indonesia with LSDV And FGLS Methods

2018 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 24
Author(s):  
Darman Saputra
Keyword(s):  
Panel Data ◽  
Local Governments ◽  
Capita Income ◽  
Oil And Gas ◽  
Random Effect ◽  
Least Square ◽  
Per Capita Income ◽  
Processing Industry ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Per Capita

The Least Square Dummy Variable (LSDV) method can be used to estimate parameters in the panel data regression model incomplete one-way fixed effect. To produce the best model with GDP data of GRASB. Variables that do not occur heteroscedasticity and models that meet the smallest sum square of error is the variable Mining and Processing Industry, this variable affects the per capita income. The Feasible Generalized Least Square (FGLS) method can be used to estimate the regression parameters for incomplete panel data for a one-way random effect. In this model produce the best model with non-oil and gas GRDP data. The variables that fulfill it are the processing Industry, service, and agriculture of Forestry and Fishery.  Therefore looking at the above model can be concluded non-oil and Gas GRDP has three factors that affect per capita income in Bangka Belitung. This should be a reference of local governments to further improve the quality or production in agriculture and services because this potential is more promising for the future. Software used to analyze data in this paper is with R.

scholarly journals UKURAN PASAR UKURAN PASAR (Market Size) DAN INVESTASI ASING LANGSUNG DI ASEAN

2016 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 26
Author(s):  
Adi Lumadya
Keyword(s):  
Economic Growth ◽  
Panel Data ◽  
Foreign Investment ◽  
Capita Income ◽  
Random Effect ◽  
Direct Foreign Investment ◽  
Market Size ◽  
Per Capita Income ◽  
Variable Size ◽  
Per Capita

The main objective of this study was to examine the influence of some economic variables that include market size proxied with income per capita, economic growth, and exports to the Foreign Direct Investment in the member countries of ASEAN-9. The analytical tool used is the Least Squares Regression (Ordinary Least Square) and Panel Data. In the Data Panel will look for similarities in effect is Fixed (Fixed Effect) and the effect is Random (Random Effect). The results of the analysis are: Based on the analysis of OLS concluded that the variable size of the market (market size) were proxied with Per Capita Income (GDPP), Economic Growth (EG), and exports (EG) significantly affects the Direct Foreign Investment. Based on the analysis of Panel Data with Fixed Effect Method concluded that the variable size of the market (market size) were represented with per capita income (GDP), Economic Growth (EG), and exports (EG) significantly affects the Direct Foreign Investment. Based on the analysis of Panel Data with Random Effect method concluded that the variable size of the market (market size) were proxied with per capita income (GDP), Economic Growth (EG), and exports (EG) significantly affects the Direct Foreign Investment. Keywords: Foreign Direct Investment, Fixed Effect, Random Effect

scholarly journals Analyzing the 2019 Chilean social outbreak: Modelling Latin American economies

PLoS ONE ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (8) ◽  
pp. e0256037
Author(s):  
Sergio Curilef ◽  
Diego González ◽  
Carlos Calderón
Keyword(s):  
Income Distribution ◽  
Latin American ◽  
Capita Income ◽  
Input Parameter ◽  
Kolmogorov Equation ◽  
Diffusion Reaction ◽  
Per Capita Income ◽  
Public Data ◽  
Depth Analysis ◽  
Per Capita

In this work, we propose a quantitative model for the 2019 Chilean protests. We utilize public data for the consumer price index, the gross domestic product, and the employee and per capita income distributions as inputs for a nonlinear diffusion-reaction equation, the solutions to which provide an in-depth analysis of the population dynamics. Specifically, the per capita income distribution stands out as a solution to the extended Fisher-Kolmogorov equation. According to our results, the concavity of employee income distribution is a decisive input parameter and, in contrast to the distributions typically observed for Chile and other countries in Latin America, should ideally be non-negative. Based on the results of our model, we advocate for the implementation of social policies designed to stimulate social mobility by broadening the distribution of higher salaries.

Club convergence in Latin America

2015 ◽  
Vol 15 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Victor Martin ◽  
Guillermo Vazquez
Keyword(s):  
Latin America ◽  
Latin American ◽  
Capita Income ◽  
Per Capita Income ◽  
Club Convergence ◽  
Convergence Test ◽  
Per Capita ◽  
Transition Modeling ◽  
Latin American Countries

AbstractThis paper assesses the convergence in per capita income of a group of 18 Latin American countries over the period 1950–2008. We employ a novel regression based convergence test proposed by (Phillips, P. C. B., and D. Sul. 2007. “Transition Modeling and Econometric Convergence Tests.”

The Problem of Agricultural Taxation in West Pakistan and an Alternative Solution: A Comment (Notes & Comments)

1973 ◽  
Vol 12 (4) ◽  
pp. 433-437
Author(s):  
Sarfaraz Khan Qureshi
Keyword(s):  
Capita Income ◽  
Agricultural Sector ◽  
Central Government ◽  
Policy Implications ◽  
Farm Size ◽  
Per Capita Income ◽  
Tax Rate ◽  
Water Rate ◽  
Per Capita ◽  
The Government

In the Summer 1973 issue of the Pakistan Development Review, Mr. Mohammad Ghaffar Chaudhry [1] has dealt with two very important issues relating to the intersectoral tax equity and the intrasectoral tax equity within the agricultural sector in Pakistan. Using a simple criterion for vertical tax equity that implies that the tax rate rises with per capita income such that the ratio of revenue to income rises at the same percentage rate as per capita income, Mr. Chaudhry found that the agricultural sector is overtaxed in Pakistan. Mr. Chaudhry further found that the land tax is a regressive levy with respect to the farm size. Both findings, if valid, have important policy implications. In this note we argue that the validity of the findings on intersectoral tax equity depends on the treatment of water rate as tax rather than the price of a service provided by the Government and on the shifting assumptions regard¬ing the indirect taxes on imports and domestic production levied by the Central Government. The relevance of the findings on the intrasectoral tax burden would have been more obvious if the tax liability was related to income from land per capita.

A Successful Population Policy: Potentials and Constraints (Distinguishedl Lecture)

1993 ◽  
Vol 32 (4I) ◽  
pp. 411-431
Author(s):  
Hans-Rimbert Hemmer
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Economic Development ◽  
Population Growth ◽  
Capita Income ◽  
Population Policy ◽  
Mortality Rates ◽  
Per Capita Income ◽  
Access To Health Services ◽  
Industrial Countries ◽  
Per Capita

The current rapid population growth in many developing countries is the result of an historical process in the course of which mortality rates have fallen significantly but birthrates have remained constant or fallen only slightly. Whereas, in industrial countries, the drop in mortality rates, triggered by improvements in nutrition and progress in medicine and hygiene, was a reaction to economic development, which ensured that despite the concomitant growth in population no economic difficulties arose (the gross national product (GNP) grew faster than the population so that per capita income (PCI) continued to rise), the drop in mortality rates to be observed in developing countries over the last 60 years has been the result of exogenous influences: to a large degree the developing countries have imported the advances made in industrial countries in the fields of medicine and hygiene. Thus, the drop in mortality rates has not been the product of economic development; rather, it has occurred in isolation from it, thereby leading to a rise in population unaccompanied by economic growth. Growth in GNP has not kept pace with population growth: as a result, per capita income in many developing countries has stagnated or fallen. Mortality rates in developing countries are still higher than those in industrial countries, but the gap is closing appreciably. Ultimately, this gap is not due to differences in medical or hygienic know-how but to economic bottlenecks (e.g. malnutrition, access to health services)

Income-Based Poverty among Non-Farm Households in Rural Punjab

2020 ◽  
pp. 204-210
Keyword(s):  
World Bank ◽  
Capita Income ◽  
Poverty Line ◽  
Farm Households ◽  
Farm Household ◽  
Expert Group ◽  
Per Capita Income ◽  
Service Category ◽  
Self Employment ◽  
Per Capita

This paper focuses upon the magnitude of income-based poverty among non-farm households in rural Punjab. Based on the primary survey, a sample of 440 rural non-farm households were taken from 44 sampled villages located in all 22 districts of Punjab.The poverty was estimated on the basis of income level. For measuring poverty, various methods/criteria (Expert Group Criteria, World Bank Method and State Per Capita Income Criterion) were used. On the basis of Expert Group Income criterion, overall, less than one-third of the persons of rural non-farm household categories are observed to be poor. On the basis, 40 percent State Per Capita Income Criteria, around three-fourth of the persons of all rural non-farm household categories are falling underneath poverty line. Similarly, the occurrence of the poverty, on the basis of 50 percent State Per Capita Income Criteria, showed that nearly four-fifths of the persons are considered to be poor. As per World Bank’s $ 1.90 per day, overall, less than one-fifth of rural non-farm household persons are poor. Slightly, less than one-fourth of the persons are belonging to self-employment category, while, slightly, less than one-tenth falling in-service category. On the basis of $ 3.10 per day criteria, overall, less than two-fifth persons of all rural non-farm household categories were living below the poverty line.

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