scholarly journals CORONAVIRUS (TAXONOMY, VIRUS STRUCTURE)

2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (3) ◽  
pp. 69-81
Author(s):  
A. B. Khaitovich
Keyword(s):  
International Organizations ◽  
Taxonomic Group ◽  
Virus Structure ◽  
Literary Sources ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Coronavirus Infection ◽  
Medical Importance

The review is devoted to the little-known and insufficiently studied until recently taxonomic group of viruses - coronaviruses. The publication provides definitions: «coronaviruses» and «coronavirus infection». The issues of modern taxonomy of coronaviruses and its development from the discovery of the first coronavirus to the emergence of the last pandemic species - SARS-CoV-2 are discussed. The modern results of studying the morphology, structure and structure of the viral cell in coronaviruses, the characteristics of various representatives that cause diseases in humans and are of medical importance are described. The differences in the structure and structure of viruses of different types are pointed out and it is proposed to conditionally divide into «especially dangerous» and «banal» groups of coronaviruses. To analyze virological problems, modern literary sources, the opinion of international organizations, articles in the world’s leading medical and biological journals were used. In subsequent publications, the topic of coronaviruses and coronavirus infection will be continued.

scholarly journals CORONAVIRUS (GENOME STRUCTURE, REPLICATION)

2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (4) ◽  
pp. 78-95
Author(s):  
A. B. Khaitovich
Keyword(s):  
Genome Structure ◽  
Structural Genes ◽  
Replication Process ◽  
Literary Sources ◽  
Viral Particles ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Genes Encoding ◽  
Medical Importance ◽  
Genetic Structures

The overview presented in the article is a continuation of the publication on coronaviruses. The paper examines modern data on the structure of the genome and the replication process in various types of coronaviruses that cause diseases in humans and are of medical importance. The structure of the genomes of coronaviruses and the functions of genes that encode the structure of viral particles are presented; describes the function of structural genes and auxiliary genes; the role of genes encoding non-structural proteins in the structure of the viral particle and replication of coronaviruses is shown. The analysis of published studies made it possible to comparatively characterize the genomes of highly dangerous coronaviruses: SARS-CoV, MERS-CoV, SARS-CoV-2, describe their differences in structure and in the process of replication. The review analyzes the structure of the genome and the replication process of coronaviruses at the molecular level, taking into account the characteristics of different types of coronaviruses. To analyze the genetic structures and replication of coronaviruses, modern literary sources, articles in the world’s leading medical and biological journals were used.

Distribution and chromosome number of Sonchus palustris in Slovakia

2020 ◽  
Vol 62 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 7-21
Author(s):  
M. Dudáš ◽  
P. Eliáš jun. ◽  
D. R. Letz ◽  
Z. Bártová ◽  
V. Kolarčik
Keyword(s):  
Chromosome Number ◽  
Red List ◽  
Herbarium Specimens ◽  
Distribution Map ◽  
Literary Sources ◽  
Different Types ◽  
New Localities ◽  
Recent Version

The distribution of Sonchus palustris in Slovakia was studied using herbarium specimens and literary sources. The herbarium studies, supplemented with targeted field search in the years 2015–2018, revealed 61 new localities and confirmed many other older locations. The species has been recorded in 19 phytogeographical districts and sub-districts of Slovakia. Most of the records are concentrated in the Podunajská nížina lowland in SW Slovakia and in the Ipel'sko-rimavská brázda region in southern Slovakia. Our results showed that the species is relatively common in different types of wetlands and its re-evaluation in the recent version of the Slovak red list is not needed. Chromosome number data for two new populations in eastern Slovakia (both 2n = 18) were counted. The distribution map is given.

scholarly journals Delegating diplomacy: rhetoric across agents in the United Nations General Assembly

2021 ◽  
pp. 002085232199756
Author(s):  
Julia Gray ◽  
Alex Baturo
Keyword(s):  
United Nations ◽  
International Organizations ◽  
General Assembly ◽  
Government Officials ◽  
United Nations General ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Single Voice ◽  
United Nations General Assembly ◽  
The United Nations ◽  
Career Incentives

When political principals send agents to international organizations, those agents are often assumed to speak in a single voice. Yet, various types of country representatives appear on the international stage, including permanent representatives as well as more overtly “political” government officials. We argue that permanent delegates at the United Nations face career incentives that align them with the bureaucracy, setting them apart from political delegates. To that end, they tend to speak more homogeneously than do other types of speakers, while also using relatively more technical, diplomatic rhetoric. In addition, career incentives will make them more reluctant to criticize the United Nations. In other words, permanent representatives speak more like bureaucratic agents than like political principals. We apply text analytics to study differences across agents’ rhetoric at the United Nations General Assembly. We demonstrate marked distinctions between the speech of different types of agents, contradictory to conventional assumptions, with implications for our understandings of the interplay between public administration and agency at international organizations. Points for practitioners Delegations to international organizations do not “speak with one voice.” This article illustrates that permanent representatives to the United Nations display more characteristics of bureaucratic culture than do other delegates from the same country. For practitioners, it is important to realize that the manner in which certain classes of international actors “conduct business” can differ markedly. These differences in tone—even among delegates from the same principal—can impact the process of negotiation and debate.

The fight of Armenia against COVID-19 in the context of international cooperation

2021 ◽  
pp. 127-133
Author(s):  
M. A. Tamamyan
Keyword(s):  
Mass Media ◽  
Health System ◽  
International Cooperation ◽  
International Organizations ◽  
Full Range ◽  
Coronavirus Infection ◽  
The Mass Media ◽  
The Republic ◽  
The Government ◽  
External Actors

The article is devoted to the study of methods of combating coronavirus infection in the Republic of Armenia in the context of international cooperation. Attention is focused on the interaction of country with international organizations to overcome the pandemic in the country. This paper presents the author's table based on the analysis of the mass media in order to summarize the full range of cooperation between the Government of Armenia and external actors during the COVID-19. The article emphasizes the importance of creating an anti-crisis committee to combat coronavirus, as well as the need to increase funding for the health system.

Blessing or Curse?

2021 ◽  
Vol 27 (3) ◽  
pp. 433-459
Author(s):  
Lisa Katharina Schmid ◽  
Alexander Reitzenstein ◽  
Nina Hall
Keyword(s):  
International Relations ◽  
Transaction Costs ◽  
International Organizations ◽  
Development Programme ◽  
The Past ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Donor States

Abstract Earmarked funding to international organizations (IO s) has increased significantly over the past two decades. International relations scholars have examined the causes of this trend, but know less about its effects on UN entities. This article identifies different types of earmarked funding, varying from low to high discretion delegated to IO s. Secondly, it examines trends in the UN Development Programme and UN Children’s Fund and finds that both have significant proportions of earmarked funding with low discretion. Drawing on thirty interviews, the article notes four implications of tightly earmarked financing: 1) higher transaction costs for IO s; 2) less predictable funding; 3) overhead costs that are rarely covered; and 4) increasing competition for financing. Overall, the article highlights that earmarked financing exists on a spectrum from tight to minimal control by donor states, and this has important implications for multilateralism.

Part VIII International Institutional Law, Ch.45 Membership and Representation

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mathias Stephen ◽  
Trengove Stadler
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
United Nations ◽  
International Organizations ◽  
Geographic Area ◽  
Legal Framework ◽  
African Union ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Technical Function ◽  
The United Nations

This chapter explains the membership practices in international organizations (IOs). It focuses on criteria for membership, rights and obligations of membership, suspension, expulsion, and withdrawal. In addition to setting out the legal criteria in an international organization's constitutive treaty relating to membership, it also discusses how these criteria have been applied in practice and how decisions that are political in nature have been made within the established institutional and legal framework. The chapter focuses on three different types of IOs: the universal, represented by the United Nations (UN); the regional, such as the European Union (EU) and African Union (AU), where membership is restricted to countries from a particular geographic area; and the specialized agencies which, while fulfilling a limited and technical function, are often open to universal membership.

scholarly journals Prey and Venom Efficacy of Male and Female Wandering Spider, Phoneutria boliviensis (Araneae: Ctenidae)

Toxins ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (11) ◽  
pp. 622 ◽  
Author(s):  
Juan Carlos Valenzuela-Rojas ◽  
Julio César González-Gómez ◽  
Arie van der Meijden ◽  
Juan Nicolás Cortés ◽  
Giovany Guevara ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Trophic Ecology ◽  
Central American ◽  
Generalist Predators ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Invertebrate Prey ◽  
Immobilization Time ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Males And Females ◽  
Medical Importance

Spiders rely on venom to catch prey and few species are even capable of capturing vertebrates. The majority of spiders are generalist predators, possessing complex venom, in which different toxins seem to target different types of prey. In this study, we focused on the trophic ecology and venom toxicity of Phoneutria boliviensis F. O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1897, a Central American spider of medical importance. We tested the hypothesis that its venom is adapted to catch vertebrate prey by studying its trophic ecology and venom toxicity against selected vertebrate and invertebrate prey. We compared both trophic ecology (based on acceptance experiments) and toxicity (based on bioassays) among sexes of this species. We found that P. boliviensis accepted geckos, spiders, and cockroaches as prey, but rejected frogs. There was no difference in acceptance between males and females. The venom of P. boliviensis was far more efficient against vertebrate (geckos) than invertebrate (spiders) prey in both immobilization time and LD50. Surprisingly, venom of males was more efficient than that of females. Our results suggest that P. boliviensis has adapted its venom to catch vertebrates, which may explain its toxicity to humans.

Theorizing the role of executive heads in international organizations

2017 ◽  
Vol 24 (4) ◽  
pp. 865-886 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nina Hall ◽  
Ngaire Woods
Keyword(s):  
International Relations ◽  
International Organizations ◽  
Empirical Studies ◽  
Senior Management ◽  
Starting Point ◽  
Political Resource ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Global Agency ◽  
The Impact

International Relations scholars have long neglected the question of leadership in international organizations. The structural turn in International Relations led to an aversion to analysing or theorizing the impact of individuals. Yet, empirical studies suggest that different leaders affect the extent to which international organizations facilitate cooperation among states and/or the capacity of a global agency to deliver public goods. It is difficult to study how and under what conditions leaders have an impact due to the challenges of attributing outcomes to a particular leader and great variation in their powers and operating context. We offer a starting point for overcoming these challenges. We identify three different types of constraints that executive heads face: legal-political, resource and bureaucratic. We argue that leaders can navigate and push back on each of these constraints and provide illustrations of this, drawing on existing literature and interviews with executive heads and senior management of international organizations. Executive heads of international organizations may operate in a constrained environment but this should not stop scholars from studying their impact.

scholarly journals Coronavirus infection and ophthalmology

2020 ◽  
Vol 101 (3) ◽  
pp. 371-380 ◽  
Author(s):  
R F Akhmetshin ◽  
A A Rizvanov ◽  
S N Bulgar ◽  
Z G Kamalov ◽  
R F Gainutdinova ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Healthcare Workers ◽  
Virus Detection ◽  
Review Article ◽  
Intermediate Hosts ◽  
Ocular Manifestations ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Infection Source ◽  
Routine Physical Examination ◽  
Coronavirus Infection ◽  
Experimental Researches

This article presents a review of the ocular manifestations of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) by using materials of Russian and international researchers. After the outbreak of COVID-19 began in China in December 2019, isolated works on ocular manifestations of coronavirus infection began to appear in the literature. The review article summarizes data on the origin and species of viruses that infect humans, the structure of coronaviruses, and intermediate hosts of the virus. A separate chapter is devoted to the mode of transmission for infectious. Itis shown that the main route of COVID-19 transmission from person to person is airborne. Of great interest to the ophthalmologists is the review of works devoted to the virus detection in the conjunctival sac. In particular, some studies have shown that in patients with COVID-19, the virus is present in the lacrimal fluid. According to the authors, it indicates that coronavirus might be transmitted through the conjunctiva. These statements are confirmed by clinical and experimental researches. The presence of coronavirus in tears indicates the possibility to cause disease by the ocular route. That is a potential infection source for different types of physicians during routine examinations of patients, and especially by ophthalmologists. Therefore healthcare workers should wear eye protection when dealing with patients who may have COVID-19. Ophthalmologists must take necessary safety precautions, even in conducting a routine physical examination. It is also worth noting that conjunctivitis can be the first symptom of COVID-19. It is proved that the virus in the conjunctiva was detected even in patients without symptoms of eye inflammation. Also interesting for researchers is the manifestations of coronavirus infection in animals, which, according to the authors, is essential for understanding the possible mechanisms of disease development and manifestations in humans.

The main directions of non-specific prevention of infectious diseases

2021 ◽  
pp. 24-37
Author(s):  
Аnna Valer’evna Nozdrachevа ◽  
Tat’yana Pavlovna Gotvyanskaya ◽  
Anatoly Victorovich Semenenko ◽  
Sergej Aleksandrovich Afonin
Keyword(s):  
Infectious Diseases ◽  
Causes Of Death ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Epidemiological Studies ◽  
Source Of Infection ◽  
Transmission Mechanisms ◽  
Literary Sources ◽  
Coronavirus Infection ◽  
Prevention Of Infections ◽  
Susceptible Organism

Infectious pathology continues to occupy one of the leading places in the structure of causes of death worldwide and in developing countries prevails over somatic. The most cost-effective way to prevent infectious diseases is vaccination. However, the use of vaccines cannot be implemented to combat all known infectious diseases, given their massive nature and often occurring polyetiology. In this regard, non-specific prevention is of particular relevance. In order to systematize and generalize the data of the scientific literature on methods and means of non-specific prevention, as well as to assess their effectiveness, a search for literary sources using electronic bibliographic resources was carried out https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/ and https://elibrary.ru/ according to the keywords «non-specific prevention», «prevention of infections». The analysis of scientific works made it possible to evaluate non-specific prevention from the standpoint of classical epidemiology and the population approach to the organization of epidemiological studies and planning of preventive measures. The measures aimed at the source of infection, the mechanism of transmission and the susceptible organism in relation to different groups of infection are considered. Priority preventive and anti-epidemic measures were identified in relation to infections with aerosol, fecal-oral, contact and transmissible transmission mechanisms, and their effectiveness was evaluated. Special attention is paid to measures for the prevention of zoonotic and natural focal infections, as well as measures for the sanitary protection of the territory of the state from the import and spread of infectious diseases. The applicability of non-specific prevention of infectious morbidity in the conditions of the emergence of new biological threats is considered on the example of a new coronavirus infection COVID-19. It is established that the scientifically based tactics and methodology of non-specific prevention of infectious diseases are the property of domestic and world epidemiology, and its effectiveness has been tested by time and does not lose relevance today. The risk of new threats indicates that the improvement of this approach is a promising direction for the prevention of infectious diseases.

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