scholarly journals CORONAVIRUS (GENOME STRUCTURE, REPLICATION)

2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (4) ◽  
pp. 78-95
Author(s):  
A. B. Khaitovich
Keyword(s):  
Genome Structure ◽  
Structural Genes ◽  
Replication Process ◽  
Literary Sources ◽  
Viral Particles ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Genes Encoding ◽  
Medical Importance ◽  
Genetic Structures

The overview presented in the article is a continuation of the publication on coronaviruses. The paper examines modern data on the structure of the genome and the replication process in various types of coronaviruses that cause diseases in humans and are of medical importance. The structure of the genomes of coronaviruses and the functions of genes that encode the structure of viral particles are presented; describes the function of structural genes and auxiliary genes; the role of genes encoding non-structural proteins in the structure of the viral particle and replication of coronaviruses is shown. The analysis of published studies made it possible to comparatively characterize the genomes of highly dangerous coronaviruses: SARS-CoV, MERS-CoV, SARS-CoV-2, describe their differences in structure and in the process of replication. The review analyzes the structure of the genome and the replication process of coronaviruses at the molecular level, taking into account the characteristics of different types of coronaviruses. To analyze the genetic structures and replication of coronaviruses, modern literary sources, articles in the world’s leading medical and biological journals were used.

COVID-19: An Update on Pathogenesis and Treatment

2020 ◽  
Vol 26 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marwa Abduallah AL Dhamen ◽  
Abrar Fouad Alhashim ◽  
Hawra Hussain Alqattan ◽  
Faheem Hyder Pottoo
Keyword(s):  
Genome Structure ◽  
Genetic Material ◽  
Severe Pneumonia ◽  
Current Treatment ◽  
Nonstructural Proteins ◽  
Replication Process ◽  
Reading Frame ◽  
The Family ◽  
Transmission Pathways

: In 2019, a new virus –SARS-COV2 emerged in china which infected many people affecting mainly the respiratory system. SARS-COV2 gets transmitted by inhalation of droplets from infected persons. Symptoms start to appear after the incubation period of the virus which ranges from 2 to 14 days. In most people, symptoms are usually mild such as fever, sore throat, cough, chest tightness and fatigue. In other people, the disease might progress into severe pneumonia leading to several fatal consequences. Treatment is usually supportive and the role of antiviral is not established yet. Home isolation for mild cases is important for the prevention of the transmission of infection. Although the rate of transmission of this virus is faster than other viruses from the family such as MERS-CoV, it has a lower fatality rate. The main difference in the genome structure of this family which make it distinguishable from other viruses is its use of (+) ssRNA as its genetic material which is comprised of 5’ cap located at one end and 3' polyadenylation tract at the other end. During infection of an exposed host cell, viral-encoded protease cleaves the polyprotein that results from translation of 5’ open reading frame (ORF) of the genome, culminating in releasing of multiple nonstructural proteins such as helicase (Hel), adenosine triphosphate (ATPase) and RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (Rep). These proteins are responsible for the replication process in addition to the syntheses of the sub genomic mRNA used as transcription templet strand. In this review article we discussed the transmission pathways, genetic sequence and current treatment approach of COVID-19.

scholarly journals CORONAVIRUS (TAXONOMY, VIRUS STRUCTURE)

2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (3) ◽  
pp. 69-81
Author(s):  
A. B. Khaitovich
Keyword(s):  
International Organizations ◽  
Taxonomic Group ◽  
Virus Structure ◽  
Literary Sources ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Coronavirus Infection ◽  
Medical Importance

The review is devoted to the little-known and insufficiently studied until recently taxonomic group of viruses - coronaviruses. The publication provides definitions: «coronaviruses» and «coronavirus infection». The issues of modern taxonomy of coronaviruses and its development from the discovery of the first coronavirus to the emergence of the last pandemic species - SARS-CoV-2 are discussed. The modern results of studying the morphology, structure and structure of the viral cell in coronaviruses, the characteristics of various representatives that cause diseases in humans and are of medical importance are described. The differences in the structure and structure of viruses of different types are pointed out and it is proposed to conditionally divide into «especially dangerous» and «banal» groups of coronaviruses. To analyze virological problems, modern literary sources, the opinion of international organizations, articles in the world’s leading medical and biological journals were used. In subsequent publications, the topic of coronaviruses and coronavirus infection will be continued.

So FPTT is associated with two different types of D antigen and three different types of Ce antigens (Table IV). These results suggest that a similar amino acid sequence corresponding to the FPTT antigen is encoded by D genes and by CE genes. Since the genes are highly homologous and proteins very similar, it is possible that similar changes may have occurred. Several mechanisms could be involved: mutation, recombination or gene conversion have been invoked in other blood group systems to explain rare phenotypes. The large number of Rh antigens and their quantitative and qualitative variants will not be easy to explain. Variation in the Rh genes may explain some variants but we know that Rh expression is affected by suppressors unlinked to RH, homozygosity of one unlinked suppressor causes the regulator type of Rhnu|j. Mutation in one of the genes encoding a non-Rh protein required for formation of the Rh protein complex may affect the presentation of some Rh antigens at the cell surface. Rh groups will continue to be clinically and immunologically important until their genetic control is fully understood. Xga AND THE RELATED 12E7 ANTIGEN Unlike Rh antigens, Xga is not clinically significant but was a very valuable marker for studies of the X chromosome. Our interest in Xga and the related 12E7 antigen was rekindled recently by a report of PBDX, a candidate gene for XG [38], and by speculation of the role of 12E7 antigen as an adhesion molecule [39,40]. Xga is red cell specific; in contrast, 12E7 antigen is almost ubiquitous. 12E7 antigen, the MIC2 gene product, has been numbered CD99 at the fifth Leucocyte Workshop and this

1995 ◽  
pp. 196-196
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acid ◽  
Amino Acid Sequence ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Genes Encoding ◽  
Valuable Marker ◽  
Clinically Significant ◽  
Or Gene ◽  
D Antigen ◽  
Similar Amino Acid

DNA methylation in satellite repeats disorders

2019 ◽  
Vol 63 (6) ◽  
pp. 757-771 ◽  
Author(s):  
Claire Francastel ◽  
Frédérique Magdinier
Keyword(s):  
Dna Methylation ◽  
Human Genome ◽  
Repetitive Dna ◽  
Dna Sequences ◽  
Satellite Repeats ◽  
Tremendous Progress ◽  
Genes Encoding ◽  
Dna Elements ◽  
Near Future

Abstract Despite the tremendous progress made in recent years in assembling the human genome, tandemly repeated DNA elements remain poorly characterized. These sequences account for the vast majority of methylated sites in the human genome and their methylated state is necessary for this repetitive DNA to function properly and to maintain genome integrity. Furthermore, recent advances highlight the emerging role of these sequences in regulating the functions of the human genome and its variability during evolution, among individuals, or in disease susceptibility. In addition, a number of inherited rare diseases are directly linked to the alteration of some of these repetitive DNA sequences, either through changes in the organization or size of the tandem repeat arrays or through mutations in genes encoding chromatin modifiers involved in the epigenetic regulation of these elements. Although largely overlooked so far in the functional annotation of the human genome, satellite elements play key roles in its architectural and topological organization. This includes functions as boundary elements delimitating functional domains or assembly of repressive nuclear compartments, with local or distal impact on gene expression. Thus, the consideration of satellite repeats organization and their associated epigenetic landmarks, including DNA methylation (DNAme), will become unavoidable in the near future to fully decipher human phenotypes and associated diseases.

Potential Uses of Vinegar as a Medicine and Related in vivo Mechanisms

2016 ◽  
Vol 86 (3-4) ◽  
pp. 127-151 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zeshan Ali ◽  
Zhenbin Wang ◽  
Rai Muhammad Amir ◽  
Shoaib Younas ◽  
Asif Wali ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Structure ◽  
Review Paper ◽  
Heart Diseases ◽  
Folk Medicine ◽  
Active Role ◽  
Current Review ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Positive Effect

While the use of vinegar to fi ght against infections and other crucial conditions dates back to Hippocrates, recent research has found that vinegar consumption has a positive effect on biomarkers for diabetes, cancer, and heart diseases. Different types of vinegar have been used in the world during different time periods. Vinegar is produced by a fermentation process. Foods with a high content of carbohydrates are a good source of vinegar. Review of the results of different studies performed on vinegar components reveals that the daily use of these components has a healthy impact on the physiological and chemical structure of the human body. During the era of Hippocrates, people used vinegar as a medicine to treat wounds, which means that vinegar is one of the ancient foods used as folk medicine. The purpose of the current review paper is to provide a detailed summary of the outcome of previous studies emphasizing the role of vinegar in treatment of different diseases both in acute and chronic conditions, its in vivo mechanism and the active role of different bacteria.

The Diagnosis of Lupus Anticoagulants by the Activated Partial Thromboplastin Time - The Central Role of Phosphatidyl Serine

1984 ◽  
Vol 52 (02) ◽  
pp. 172-175 ◽  
Author(s):  
P R Kelsey ◽  
K J Stevenson ◽  
L Poller
Keyword(s):  
Screening Method ◽  
Coagulation Factors ◽  
Phosphatidyl Serine ◽  
Test System ◽  
Specific Factor ◽  
Marginal Effect ◽  
Constant Composition ◽  
Lupus Anticoagulants ◽  
Different Types

SummaryLiposomes of pure phospholipids were used in a modified APTT test system and the role of phosphatidyl serine (PS) in determining the sensitivity of the test system to the presence of lupus anticoagulants was assessed. Six consecutive patients with lupus anticoagulants and seven haemophiliacs with anticoagulants directed at specific coagulation factors, were studied. Increasing the concentration of phospholipid in the test system markedly reduced the sensitivity to lupus anticoagulants but had marginal effect on the specific factor inhibitors. The same effect was achieved when the content of PS alone was increased in a vehicle liposome of constant composition.The results suggest that the lupus anticoagulants can best be detected by a screening method using an APTT test with a reagent of low PS content. The use of a reagent rich in PS will largely abolish the lupus anticoagulant’s effect on the APTT. An approach using the two different types of reagent may facilitate differentiation of lupus inhibitors from other types of anticoagulant.

The issue of radioactive contamination in context of ecosystem services development

2016 ◽  
Vol 3 (3) ◽  
pp. 48-53 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. Chobotko ◽  
L. Raychuk ◽  
I. McDonald
Keyword(s):  
Ecosystem Services ◽  
The State ◽  
Natural Ecosystems ◽  
Type Region ◽  
State Register ◽  
Agrarian Policy ◽  
Literary Sources ◽  
Radiation Contamination ◽  
Logical Research

The aim of the article was to defi ne the role of the radioactive environment contamination in the formation of ecosystem services strategy. Methods. Monographic, systemic and structural, factor analysis, abstract and logical research methods have been used. The data from the State Statistics Service of Ukraine, the Ministry of Agrarian Policy and Food of Ukraine, the Ministry of Ecology and Natural Resources of Ukraine, materials of scientifi c researches, international materials and reports and other literary sources on the issues investigated have been used as an information base. Results. Retrospective analysis of sources and state of radioactive eco- systems contamination was conducted and the priority steps in developing the concept of ecosystem services in conditions of radiation contamination were found. Conclusions. The current socio-ecological paradigm of the transition from environmental use to environmental management should be refl ected in the relevant envi- ronmental management mechanisms. Currently, when assessing the state of ecosystem services in Ukraine and worldwide one must take into account the changes in food demand of residents of radioactively contaminated areas, the exploitation of radioactively safe ecosystems growth, their overload and degradation. All of this re- quires an inventory of ecosystem services by type, region, consumers, etc. and the formation of a state register of ecosystem services with a clear assignment of area of responsibility for appropriate natural ecosystems. This will help to make the economic evaluation of different ecosystem services and mechanisms of charges for ecosystem services.

Distribution and chromosome number of Sonchus palustris in Slovakia

2020 ◽  
Vol 62 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 7-21
Author(s):  
M. Dudáš ◽  
P. Eliáš jun. ◽  
D. R. Letz ◽  
Z. Bártová ◽  
V. Kolarčik
Keyword(s):  
Chromosome Number ◽  
Red List ◽  
Herbarium Specimens ◽  
Distribution Map ◽  
Literary Sources ◽  
Different Types ◽  
New Localities ◽  
Recent Version

The distribution of Sonchus palustris in Slovakia was studied using herbarium specimens and literary sources. The herbarium studies, supplemented with targeted field search in the years 2015–2018, revealed 61 new localities and confirmed many other older locations. The species has been recorded in 19 phytogeographical districts and sub-districts of Slovakia. Most of the records are concentrated in the Podunajská nížina lowland in SW Slovakia and in the Ipel'sko-rimavská brázda region in southern Slovakia. Our results showed that the species is relatively common in different types of wetlands and its re-evaluation in the recent version of the Slovak red list is not needed. Chromosome number data for two new populations in eastern Slovakia (both 2n = 18) were counted. The distribution map is given.

The Role of Evaluative Tools in the Creation of the Memorial Media Portrait of Jacques Chirac (1932—2019)

2020 ◽  
pp. 97-110
Author(s):  
E. N. Mikhailova ◽  
V. A. Telegina
Keyword(s):  
Print Media ◽  
Political Elite ◽  
Systematic Analysis ◽  
Research Material ◽  
Political Orientations ◽  
Different Types ◽  
The Media ◽  
The Creation ◽  
Entire Text

The article is devoted to the study of evaluative tools used in modern French media in order to form the media image of a representative of the political elite. The techniques used in the creation of a memorial media portrait of Jacques Chirac (1932—2019), President of France from 1995 to 2007 are considered. The research material was the most prestigious French print media of various political orientations, published in late September — early October 2019 in connection with the death of the ex-President of the French Republic. The relevance of the research topic is dictated by the close attention of modern linguistics to axiological phenomena, differently presented in different types of discursive practices. The novelty of the study is due to the appeal to the analysis of the complex of evaluation tools used in the French print media when characterizing the former leader of the state during the nation’s farewell period. The estimated potential of the title of the article and its influence on the formation of the estimated vector of the entire text of the publication are shown. A systematic analysis of the assessment expression means, reflected in the memorial media portrait of the politician, is given. The factors that influenced the peculiarities of their use in this type of media portrait are revealed.

The influence of information relevance on the continued influence effect of misinformation

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hua Jin ◽  
Lina Jia ◽  
Xiaojuan Yin ◽  
Shilin Wei ◽  
Guiping Xu
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Study ◽  
Questionnaire Survey ◽  
Personal Involvement ◽  
Influence Effect ◽  
Information Relevance ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Role Of Information

Misinformation often continues to influence people’s cognition even after corrected (the ‘continued influence effect of misinformation’, the CIEM). This study investigated the role of information relevance in the CIEM by questionnaire survey and experimental study. The results showed that information with higher relevance to the individuals had a larger CIEM, indicating a role of information relevance in the CIEM. Personal involvement might explain the effects of information relevance on the CIEM. This study provides insightful clues for reducing the CIEM in different types of misinformation and misinformation with varying relevance.

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