scholarly journals The Epidemiological Trend of Oral Carcinoma in Eastern Europe

2019 ◽  
Vol 70 (8) ◽  
pp. 2917-2922
Author(s):  
Ramona Camelia Rumel ◽  
Laura Cristina Rusu ◽  
Pusa Nela Gaje ◽  
Ramona Amina Popovici ◽  
Marius Raica
Keyword(s):  
Oral Cancer ◽  
World Health ◽  
Pharyngeal Cancer ◽  
East Europe ◽  
Epidemiological Trend ◽  
Incidence And Mortality ◽  
Oral And Pharyngeal Cancer ◽  
Specific Mortality ◽  
Health Organization ◽  
Very High

Oral and pharyngeal cancer is estimated by World Health Organization (WHO) to be the eighth most common cancer worldwide with signi�cant regional variation with increasing and decreasing incidence trend. The aim of the study was to evaluate the oral cancer epidemiological trend, incidence and mortality in Central and East Europe (CEE), and to compare the incidence of oral cancer with other regions from the world. The analyzed data was from NORDCAN and GLOBOCAN, using ASR (age- standardize rate) incidence and mortality overall and by sexes. The incidence of oral and pharyngeal cancer is higher in CEE than the global incidence. This is in accord with specific mortality from oral and pharyngeal cancer that is higher in CEE than the regions other submitted to the current evaluation. The incidence of oral cancer is very high at man, especially in Hungary, which is the most affected from oral cancer from CEE.

Oral and Pharyngeal Cancer

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jennifer R. Rider ◽  
Paul Brennan ◽  
Pagona Lagiou
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Fruits And Vegetables ◽  
Hpv Infection ◽  
World Health ◽  
Sufficient Evidence ◽  
Pharyngeal Cancer ◽  
Oral And Pharyngeal Cancer ◽  
Oral And Oropharyngeal Cancer ◽  
Considerable Morbidity ◽  
Health Organization

This chapter covers cancer of the oral cavity and the oropharynx, which includes the base of the tongue, soft palate, tonsils, and back and side walls of the throat. Many important risk factors for oral and oropharyngeal cancer have been identified, and in 2007 the World Health Organization determined there was sufficient evidence to include human papilloma virus (HPV) type 16 as a cause of these cancers. Tobacco and alcohol remain important modifiable risk factors, but the increasing incidence of HPV-associated tumors is now evident. While these tumors are more amenable to treatment than HPV-negative tumors, they are still a source of considerable morbidity and mortality. Moreover, the lack of a precursor lesion and limited data on efficacy of the HPV vaccine in preventing oral HPV infection are barriers to primary and secondary prevention efforts. Dietary patterns high in fruits and vegetables and low in meats may confer some protection.

How India Fights with COVID-19 with Learning from Highly Affected Countries

2020 ◽  
Vol 15 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pooja Sharma ◽  
Karan Veer
Keyword(s):  
Risk Assessment ◽  
Gene Sequencing ◽  
Lessons Learned ◽  
World Health ◽  
Global Risk ◽  
The World ◽  
Global Risk Assessment ◽  
Health Organization ◽  
Very High ◽  
Breathing Problem

: It was 11 March 2020 when the World Health Organization (WHO) declared the name COVID-19 for coronavirus disease and also described it as a pandemic. Till that day 118,000 cases were confirmed of pneumonia with breathing problem throughout the world. At the start of New Year when COVID-19 came into knowledge a few days later, the gene sequencing of the virus was revealed. Today the number of confirmed cases is scary, i.e. 9,472,473 in the whole world and 484,236 deaths have been recorded by WHO till 26 June 2020. WHO's global risk assessment is very high [1]. The report is enlightening the lessons learned by India from the highly affected countries.

scholarly journals Occupational health risk among healthcare workers during COVID-19 pandemic: actions to limit the risk

2021 ◽  
Vol 96 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Eman Casper
Keyword(s):  
Occupational Health ◽  
Health Risk ◽  
Healthcare Workers ◽  
World Health ◽  
High Morbidity ◽  
Wuhan City ◽  
Coronavirus Infection ◽  
Health Organization ◽  
Respiratory Droplets ◽  
Very High

AbstractThe World Health Organization declared coronavirus infection 2019 (COVID-19) as a pandemic in March 2020. The infection with coronavirus started in Wuhan city, China, in December 2019. As of October 2020, the disease was reported in 235 countries. The coronavirus infection 2019 (COVID-19) is a disease with high morbidity and mortality. As of February 2021, the number of confirmed cases of COVID-19 globally is 102,942,987 and 2,232,233 deaths according to WHO report. This infection is caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2), which is a ribonucleic acid (RNA) β-coronavirus. The infection is mainly transmitted through respiratory droplets.Healthcare workers (HCWs) play an essential role at the front lines, providing care for patients infected with this highly transmittable disease. They are exposed to very high occupational health risk as they frequently contact the infective persons. In order to limit the number of infected cases and deaths among healthcare workers, it is crucial to have better awareness, optimistic attitude, efficient PPE, and adequate health practices about COVID-19.

PUBLIC HEALTH, NURSING AND MEDICAL SOCIAL WORK

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1951 ◽  
Vol 8 (4) ◽  
pp. 570-572
Keyword(s):  
Premature Infants ◽  
The United States ◽  
World Health ◽  
Multiple Birth ◽  
Expert Committee ◽  
Medical Social Work ◽  
Incidence And Mortality ◽  
Health Nursing ◽  
Health Organization ◽  
Intrinsic Variable

IN THE summary of the report of the Expert Committee on Prematurity of the World Health Organization, published in this column in February 1951, Dr. Ethel Dunham indicated the concern of the Expert Committee in regard to uniformity of information on the incidence and mortality of prematurity. The need for uniformity is particularly urgent in a field where there are so many intrinsic variable factors. It has been shown time and again that the ability of a premature infant to survive, under the best of care, is closely correlated with the birth weight, which in itself reflects the stage of maturity. In turn, the stage of maturity at a given weight is affected by sex, race, and whether the child is a single or one of a multiple birth. Uniformly, at a particular stage of maturity, male infants are larger than female, single births are larger than multiple births and, in the United States, white babies are larger than Negro babies. These considerations underline the danger of misinterpretation of so-called over-all rates for the incidence of prematurity and for the mortality of premature infants. For example, at any given weight, Negro premature infants are probably more mature and consequently have a better chance of surviving.

scholarly journals Motion – Screening and Surveillance of Barrett’s Epithelium Is Practical and Cost Effective: Arguments against the Motion

2002 ◽  
Vol 16 (8) ◽  
pp. 541-545 ◽  
Author(s):  
Naoki Chiba
Keyword(s):  
Cost Effective ◽  
World Health ◽  
Endoscopic Screening ◽  
Effective Screening ◽  
Screening And Surveillance ◽  
Screening Protocol ◽  
Surveillance Programs ◽  
Prolongation Of Life ◽  
Health Organization ◽  
Very High

The issue of whether to screen individuals for Barrett’s esophagus (BE) to prevent esophageal adenocarcinoma (EAC) is highly controversial. Important considerations are that BE is not highly prevalent in the general population and that not many patients with BE develop or die from EAC. Studies that suggest an improved prognosis from surveillance programs are susceptible to lead-time bias. Most of the principles for effective screening, as outlined by the World Health Organization, are not met by endoscopic screening and surveillance protocols. The diagnosis of BE (and dysplasia) is often unclear. Most patients with BE are not identified by screening, and few deaths would be prevented by surveillance. A decision analysis found that the most cost effective screening protocol would be every five years, but the costs associated with prolongation of life are very high, even if a group at high risk for EAC could be identified.

scholarly journals Scope of Conventional and Fractal Morphometry in Oral Potentially Malignant Disorders and Oral Cancer

2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (6) ◽  
Author(s):  
Paresh Kumar Behera ◽  
Diksha Mohapatra
Keyword(s):  
Image Analysis ◽  
Fractal Dimension ◽  
Oral Cancer ◽  
World Health ◽  
Oral Potentially Malignant Disorders ◽  
Potentially Malignant Disorders ◽  
Risk Of Malignancy ◽  
Potentially Malignant ◽  
Health Organization

World Health Organization (WHO) defined the terminology ‘Oral Potentially malignant disorders’ (OPMD) as the presence of risk of malignancy in a lesion or condition either during the time of initial diagnosis or at a future date with the commonly accepted prevalence of 1–5%. All OPMDs may not transform into malignancy, many factors have been explored which effectively assess the risk of malignant transformation in OPMDs including many clinical, pathological and molecular factors. Qualitative & experimental factors of different cells in cytological preparations and/or biopsy specimens are reliable parameters for pathologists. The analysis and assessment of histological units can be enhanced by image analysis assisted by a computer that can be used for statistical comparisons. Fractal geometry is considered to be an ideal method of image analysis in quantitative microscopy & histopathology. Fractal dimension analysis is not only limited to determining cell and tumour types but can also be used for determining cellular behaviours in vitro such as cell migration, apoptosis and cellular differentiation, which can be a useful characterization of oral cancer lines and further help in the treatment planning. Keywords: Oral Cancer, Oral Potentially Malignant Disorders (OPMDs), Conventional morphometry, Fractal Dimension, Photomicrograph

Prediabetes, undiagnosed diabetes and diabetes risk in Italy in 2017–2018: results from the first National screening campaign in community pharmacies

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
P Brunetti ◽  
L Baldessin ◽  
S Pagliacci
Keyword(s):  
High Risk ◽  
Diabetes Risk ◽  
World Health ◽  
Undiagnosed Diabetes ◽  
Community Pharmacies ◽  
Glucose Levels ◽  
Blood Glucose Levels ◽  
Health Organization ◽  
Very High

Abstract Background Effective policies for diabetes prevention remain urgent. We conducted a mass screening campaign in Italy to identify subjects potentially having undiagnosed diabetes, prediabetes or at diabetes risk. Methods This cohort study was conducted in community pharmacies joining the unitary National federation of pharmacy holders (Federfarma) and participating in the 7-day screening campaign ‘DiaDay’ in 2017–2018. Capillary blood glucose levels and the risk of developing diabetes in 10 years (through the Finnish Diabetes Risk Score) were assessed. Results 145 651 volunteers aged ≥20 years without known diabetes were screened at 5671 community pharmacies in 2017 and 116 097 at 5112 in 2018. Overall, 3.6% had glucose values suggestive of undiagnosed diabetes; under fasting conditions (N = 94 076), 39.9% and 16.4% had values suggestive of prediabetes by the American Diabetes Association and the World Health Organization criteria, respectively. Of those without diabetes (N = 252 440), 19.2% had scores compatible with a high risk (1:3) and 2.7% with a very high risk (1:2) of developing the disease; in the prediabetes group, the risk rose with higher impaired fasting glucose values. Conclusions DiaDay, the first National screening campaign, highlights the need to screen the population and the key role of the pharmacist both in screening activities and education promotion.

Comparative Analysis of Convolutional Neural Networks Applied in the Detection of Pneumonia Through X-Ray Images of Children

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (2) ◽  
pp. 4-15
Author(s):  
Luan Oliveira Silva ◽  
◽  
Leandro dos Santos Araújo ◽  
Victor Ferreira Souza ◽  
Raimundo Matos Barros Neto ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Neural Networks ◽  
Convolutional Neural Networks ◽  
Standard Of Care ◽  
Classification Problem ◽  
World Health ◽  
X Rays ◽  
Medical Problems ◽  
Learning Techniques ◽  
Incidence And Mortality ◽  
Health Organization

Pneumonia is one of the most common medical problems in clinical practice and is the leading fatal infectious disease worldwide. According to the World Health Organization, pneumonia kills about 2 million children under the age of 5 and is constantly estimated to be the leading cause of infant mortality, killing more children than AIDS, malaria, and measles combined. A key element in the diagnosis is radiographic data, as chest x-rays are routinely obtained as a standard of care and can aid to differentiate the types of pneumonia. However, a rapid radiological interpretation of images is not always available, particularly in places with few resources, where childhood pneumonia has the highest incidence and mortality rates. As an alternative, the application of deep learning techniques for the classification of medical images has grown considerably in recent years. This study presents five implementations of convolutional neural networks (CNNs): ResNet50, VGG-16, InceptionV3, InceptionResNetV2, and ResNeXt50. To support the diagnosis of the disease, these CNNs were applied to solve the classification problem of medical radiographs from people with pneumonia. InceptionResNetV2 obtained the best recall and precision results for the Normal and Pneumonia classes, 93.95% and 97.52% respectively. ResNeXt50 achieved the best precision and f1-score results for the Normal class (94.62% and 94.25% respectively) and the recall and f1-score results for the Pneumonia class (97.80% and 97.65%, respectively).

Hydrogeochemical investigation and groundwater quality in Essaouira region, Morocco

2019 ◽  
Vol 70 (9) ◽  
pp. 1317 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mohammed Bahir ◽  
Driss Ouazar ◽  
Salah Ouhamdouch
Keyword(s):  
High Salinity ◽  
Total Dissolved Solids ◽  
Major Elements ◽  
Geographical Information ◽  
World Health ◽  
Total Hardness ◽  
Essaouira Basin ◽  
Kelly’S Ratio ◽  
Health Organization ◽  
Very High

Given the scarcity, or even absence, of surface water and the domination of the semi-arid climate in the coastal zone of the Essaouira basin (Morocco), the Plio-Quaternary, Turonian, Barremian–Aptian and Hauterivian aquifers represent the main source of water for fine consumption and agriculture. However, the study of their quality is a priority. So as to reach the objective of this study, the combination of the two hydrogeochemical and geographical information system tools was used. The results obtained showed that the facies characterising the Plio-Quaternary aquifer was a combination of Ca–Mg–Cl and Na–Cl, and that characterising the Turonian, Barremian–Aptian and the Hauterivian aquifer was a combination of Ca–Mg–Cl. However, flagship ions in the study area are Cl, Na, Ca and Mg. For consumptions purpose, the comparison of the concentrations of major elements with the standards of the World Health Organization showed that all the elements presented concentrations below the threshold, except for chlorides, the concentrations of which exceeded the threshold. For the agricultural purposes, the two Wilcox and United States Salinity Laboratory (USSL) diagrams, and the spatial distribution of parameters total dissolved solids, total hardness, permeability Kelly’s ratio, sodium hazard, sodium percentage and nitrates showed that the groundwater in the study area is adequate for persistent plants with a high to very high salinity tolerance.

scholarly journals Expression of a Splice Variant of CYP26B1 in Betel Quid-Related Oral Cancer

2014 ◽  
Vol 2014 ◽  
pp. 1-8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ping-Ho Chen ◽  
Ka-Wo Lee ◽  
Cheng-Chieh Hsu ◽  
Jeff Yi-Fu Chen ◽  
Yan-Hsiung Wang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Oral Cancer ◽  
Splice Variant ◽  
Full Length ◽  
Betel Quid ◽  
Human Gingival Fibroblast ◽  
Cancer Tissue ◽  
Gingival Fibroblast ◽  
Dependent Manner ◽  
Pharyngeal Cancer ◽  
Oral And Pharyngeal Cancer

Betel quid (BQ) is a psychostimulant, an addictive substance, and a group 1 carcinogen that exhibits the potential to induce adverse health effects. Approximately, 600 million users chew a variety of BQ. Areca nut (AN) is a necessary ingredient in BQ products. Arecoline is the primary alkaloid in the AN and can be metabolized through the cytochrome P450 (CYP) superfamily by inducing reactive oxygen species (ROS) production. Full-length CYP26B1 is related to the development of oral pharyngeal cancers. We investigated whether a splice variant of CYP26B1 is associated with the occurrence of ROS related oral and pharyngeal cancer. Cytotoxicity assays were used to measure the effects of arecoline on cell viability in a dose-dependent manner.In vitroandin vivostudies were conducted to evaluate the expression of the CYP26B1 splice variant. The CYP26B1 splice variant exhibited lower expression than did full-length CYP26B1 in the human gingival fibroblast-1 and Ca9-22 cell models. Increased expression of the CYP26B1 splice variant was observed in human oral cancer tissue compared with adjacent normal tissue, and increased expression was observed in patients at a late tumor stage. Our results suggested that the CYP26B1 splice variant is associated with the occurrence of BQ-related oral cancer.

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