PUBLIC HEALTH, NURSING AND MEDICAL SOCIAL WORK

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1951 ◽  
Vol 8 (4) ◽  
pp. 570-572
Keyword(s):  
Premature Infants ◽  
The United States ◽  
World Health ◽  
Multiple Birth ◽  
Expert Committee ◽  
Medical Social Work ◽  
Incidence And Mortality ◽  
Health Nursing ◽  
Health Organization ◽  
Intrinsic Variable

IN THE summary of the report of the Expert Committee on Prematurity of the World Health Organization, published in this column in February 1951, Dr. Ethel Dunham indicated the concern of the Expert Committee in regard to uniformity of information on the incidence and mortality of prematurity. The need for uniformity is particularly urgent in a field where there are so many intrinsic variable factors. It has been shown time and again that the ability of a premature infant to survive, under the best of care, is closely correlated with the birth weight, which in itself reflects the stage of maturity. In turn, the stage of maturity at a given weight is affected by sex, race, and whether the child is a single or one of a multiple birth. Uniformly, at a particular stage of maturity, male infants are larger than female, single births are larger than multiple births and, in the United States, white babies are larger than Negro babies. These considerations underline the danger of misinterpretation of so-called over-all rates for the incidence of prematurity and for the mortality of premature infants. For example, at any given weight, Negro premature infants are probably more mature and consequently have a better chance of surviving.

PUBLIC HEALTH, NURSING AND MEDICAL SOCIAL WORK

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1953 ◽  
Vol 11 (3) ◽  
pp. 290-293
Keyword(s):  
World Health Organization ◽  
Health Program ◽  
International Health ◽  
World Health ◽  
Expert Committee ◽  
Medical Social Work ◽  
The World ◽  
Health Nursing ◽  
Health Organization ◽  
Sales Agents

STANDARDIZATION of terminology for drugs and scientific substances appears to be a highly desirable goal. Exchange of information through publication and individual communication would be far less subject to misinterpretation if nomenclature were precise and unchanged. Furthermore, increase in world travel makes it more necessary than ever that patients, physicians, and pharmacists be able severally to request and comply with requests for drugs without worry about differences in names. International health co-operation and regional health program would obviously benefit from simplification of terminology. The situation has recently been reviewed by P. Blanc, Secretary of the World Health Organization Expert Committee on the International Pharmacopoeia, before the International Pharmaceutical Federation. His paper has been summarized in the Chronicle of the World Health Organization, for November 1952, volume 6, page 322, from which the following extracts are taken: "At first sight it might seem that, for the numerous drugs which are chemical compounds, the chemical names could be used; but the latter are often so complicated that manufacturers and sales agents spontaneously adopt simpler and shorter names. Obviously `riboflavine' sounds better and is more easily remembered than 6:7-dimethyl-9-(D-1'-ribityl)izo-alloxazine. But, unfortunately, the same substance is known elsewhere by the name of `lactoflavine' or `vitamin B2'. Another example may be cited, namely that of the methadone hydrochloride of the Pharmacopoea Internationalis (6-dimethylamino-4,4-diphenyl-3-heptanone), which is known in different countries under the following names: amidone, miadone, diadone, diaminon, mephenon, symoron, etc.

scholarly journals The global burden of tuberculous meningitis in adults: A modelling study

2021 ◽  
Vol 1 (12) ◽  
pp. e0000069
Author(s):  
Peter J. Dodd ◽  
Muhammad Osman ◽  
Fiona V. Cresswell ◽  
Anna M. Stadelman ◽  
Nguyen Huu Lan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Tuberculous Meningitis ◽  
Odds Ratio ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Case Fatality ◽  
The United States ◽  
World Health ◽  
People Living With Hiv ◽  
Surveillance Systems ◽  
Incidence And Mortality ◽  
Health Organization

Tuberculous meningitis (TBM) is the most lethal form of tuberculosis. The incidence and mortality of TBM is unknown due to diagnostic challenges and limited disaggregated reporting of treated TBM by existing surveillance systems. We aimed to estimate the incidence and mortality of TBM in adults (15+ years) globally. Using national surveillance data from Brazil, South Africa, the United Kingdom, the United States of America, and Vietnam, we estimated the fraction of reported tuberculosis that is TBM, and the case fatality ratios for treated TBM in each of these countries. We adjusted these estimates according to findings from a systematic review and meta-analysis and applied them to World Health Organization tuberculosis notifications and estimates to model the global TBM incidence and mortality. Assuming the case detection ratio (CDR) for TBM was the same as all TB, we estimated that in 2019, 164,000 (95% UI; 129,000–199,000) adults developed TBM globally; 23% were among people living with HIV. Almost 60% of incident TBM occurred in males and 20% were in adults 25–34 years old. 70% of global TBM incidence occurred in Southeast Asia and Africa. We estimated that 78,200 (95% UI; 52,300–104,000) adults died of TBM in 2019, representing 48% of incident TBM. TBM case fatality in those treated was on average 27%. Sensitivity analysis assuming improved detection of TBM compared to other forms of TB (CDR odds ratio of 2) reduced estimated global mortality to 54,900 (95% UI; 32,200–77,700); assuming instead worse detection for TBM (CDR odds ratio of 0.5) increased estimated mortality to 125,000 (95% UI; 88,800–161,000). Our results highlight the need for improved routine TBM monitoring, especially in high burden countries. Reducing TBM incidence and mortality will be necessary to achieve the End TB Strategy targets.

scholarly journals Regulation of nursing practice in the Region of the Americas

2020 ◽  
Vol 44 ◽  
pp. 1
Author(s):  
Silvia Helena De Bortoli Cassiani ◽  
Kimberly Lecorps ◽  
Luz Karina Rojas Cañaveral ◽  
Fernando A Menezes da Silva ◽  
James Fitzgerald
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Continuing Education ◽  
The United States ◽  
Nursing Schools ◽  
World Health ◽  
Regulatory Body ◽  
Regulatory Bodies ◽  
Health Nursing ◽  
Professional Registration ◽  
Health Organization

Objective. To describe and analyze the current nursing regulations across countries in the Region of the Americas. Methods. A country comparative analysis was carried out by gathering information from the ministries of health, nursing schools, councils, associations, and boards in 2018. The main categories evaluated were type of regulatory bodies, requirements for initial professional registration, and registration renewal. Results. All countries regulate the nursing profession through a regulatory body. Competency exams for initial registration are required in the United States, Canada, and most Caribbean countries. Registration renewal is required in 54.3% of the countries. Continuing education is required for professional registration renewal in the United States, Canada, and 53% of Caribbean countries. Labor hours are required in the United States and Canada. Conclusion. Regulations promote and protect professional integrity. The Pan American Health Organization/World Health Organization recommends that countries make efforts to evaluate competency and training, consider the use of competency exams for initial registration, and add continuing education as requirements for registration renewal.

RABIES: A RARE DISEASE BUT A SERIOUS PEDIATRIC PROBLEM

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1970 ◽  
Vol 45 (5) ◽  
pp. 839-844
Author(s):  
James J. Cereghino ◽  
Harold T. Osterud ◽  
Jacob L. Pinnas ◽  
Monroe A. Holmes
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
The United States ◽  
Domestic Animals ◽  
World Health ◽  
Human Rabies ◽  
Expert Committee ◽  
Age Group ◽  
Risk Of Infection ◽  
Human Contact ◽  
Health Organization

Human rabies encephalitis is of particular interest to the pediatrician in the United States since the highest incidence occurs in the under 15 age group. When a child has been exposed to wild or domestic animals, specific antirabic treatment must be considered. Factors to consider in establishing treatment include the health status and changes in the behavior of the biting animal, the extent and location of the bite, and the relative risk of infection in the involved species. Recommendations for immunization following exposure have been made by the World Health Organization Expert Committee on Rabies. A case of human rabies encephalitis was imported to the United States from Egypt in 1967. The diagnosis was suspected but could not be confirmed antemortem. There are no readily available reliable tests for the diagnosis of rabies in the human prior to death. The risk of obtaining rabies from a human contact may be small, but death is the only outcome if the disease is contracted. Screening of hospital personnel involved in the care of a human rabies patient revealed that isolation procedures had not eliminated possibility of exposure. The value of rabies vaccines has been documented. Two forms of vaccine are presently available and others are in the experimental state. Antirabies serum is available for severely exposed individuals.

PUBLIC HEALTH, NURSING, MEDICAL SOCIAL WORK

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1957 ◽  
Vol 19 (2) ◽  
pp. 317-324
Author(s):  
Pinchas Robinson
Keyword(s):  
Child Health ◽  
World Health ◽  
Regional Office ◽  
Medical Social Work ◽  
The World ◽  
Health Nursing ◽  
Health Organization ◽  
Opening Paragraph ◽  
North And South America ◽  
North And South

When this column presented the paper by Dr. Lowe on "Observations on the Care of Children in Afghanistan," there was considerable interest in the rather unusual conditions presented. The way children live and are cared for in other countries of the world interests pediatricians, both because of their catholic interest in child health and the possible lessons to be learned from such a study which can be applied in one's own situation. Dr. Robinson has been serving as Consultant in Maternal and Child Health in the Regional Office for South East Asia of the World Health Organization, one of the most populous regions in the world. India itself, as Dr. Robinson indicates in the cold figures of his opening paragraph, has a population larger than that of the 21 American republics, that is of North and South America combined. It is clear that variations within the region must be great and that generalizations must be made with great care.

PUBLIC HEALTH, NURSING AND MEDICAL SOCIAL WORK

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1950 ◽  
Vol 5 (4) ◽  
pp. 751-753
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Communicable Disease ◽  
Communicable Diseases ◽  
World Health ◽  
National Defense ◽  
Medical Social Work ◽  
Foreign Countries ◽  
Pan American ◽  
Health Nursing ◽  
Health Organization

IN ANY community, the problem of the spread of disease, directly or indirectly, from one human being to another is a concern of every physician who cares for children. All pediatricians, therefore, will welcome the publication of a new version of the most authoritative statement of accepted procedures in this field—the seventh edition of The Control of Communicable Diseases in Man. This document is a report of the Subcommittee on Communicable Disease Control of the Committee on Research and Standards of the American Public Health Association. Haven Emerson, M.D., is Chairman of the Subcommittee. In addition to the distinguished epidemiologists who are members of the Committee itself, collaboration was given by the Academy of Pediatrics, whose representative was Dr. Archibald Hoyne, the Pan-American Sanitary Bureau, the Department of National Defense, the Ministry of Health of Great Britain and the World Health Organization. The report has been adopted as official by many foreign countries, and many states lean upon it heavily for their regulations. It is pointed out, however, that: "Inasmuch as the laws under which various local, state and national boards and departments of health operate require differences in the legal phraseology of rules, regulations, or sections of sanitary codes dealing with the control of communicable diseases, formal regulations under each disease are not given.

PUBLIC HEALTH, NURSING AND MEDICAL SOCIAL WORK

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1954 ◽  
Vol 14 (5) ◽  
pp. 557-559
Author(s):  
JOHN A. LICHTY
Keyword(s):  
Health Services ◽  
School Health ◽  
Group Living ◽  
World Health ◽  
Child Health Services ◽  
Expert Committee ◽  
School Life ◽  
Private Practitioners ◽  
Health Nursing ◽  
Health Organization

Previous discussions in this column have reviewed the logic behind health services for children of school age and have discussed the kinds of plans likely to be successful and to be of benefit to the children, the community, and the practicing pediatrician. Several recent reports, notably the First Report of the Expert Committee on School Health Services of the World Health Organization, have called attention to the specific reasons why particular attention needs to be given school children in the broad spectrum of child health services, as well as in the practice of the clinical pediatrician. There are two unusual needs—the ever present process of growth and development with its complications in adolescence, and the stress, strain, and exposure to contagion in the group living characteristic of school life; there are two unusual opportunities—the inherent educational environment with its possibilities for lifelong sound health attitudes and habits, and the existence of the school as a community unit, involving participation by almost the entire population. There has been repeated emphasis on the need for wholehearted participation by private practitioners in this program, particularly because of the recognized and accepted fact that the most desirable status is for each child to be followed continuously by his own pediatrician.

A Collaborative Study of a Proposed International Standard for Tissue Plasminogen Activator (t-PA)

1985 ◽  
Vol 53 (01) ◽  
pp. 134-136 ◽  
Author(s):  
P J Gaffney ◽  
A D Curtis
Keyword(s):  
Plasminogen Activator ◽  
Tissue Plasminogen Activator ◽  
Collaborative Study ◽  
International Committee ◽  
World Health ◽  
Clot Lysis ◽  
Expert Committee ◽  
International Standard ◽  
Tissue Plasminogen ◽  
Health Organization

SummaryAn international collaborative study involving seven laboratories was undertaken to assess which of three lyophilised preparations might serve as an International Standard (I.S.) for tissue plasminogen activator (t-PA). Two of the preparations were isolates from human melanoma cell cultures while one was of pig heart origin. A clot lysis assay was used by all participants in the study.The data suggested that both preparations of human cell origin were comparable, in that their log dose-response lines were parallel, while that of the porcine preparation was not. Accelerated degradation studies indicated that one melanoma extract (denoted 83/517) was more stable than the other and it was decided to recommend preparation 83/517 as the standard for t-PA. The International Committee for Thrombosis and Haemostasis (Stockholm 1983) has recommended the use of this material as a standard and it has been established by the Expert Committee on Biological Standardization of the World Health Organization as the International, Standard for tissue plasminogen activator, with an assigned potency of 1000 International Units per ampoule.

scholarly journals Malaria continues to select for sickle cell trait in Central Africa

2015 ◽  
Vol 112 (22) ◽  
pp. 7051-7054 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eric Elguero ◽  
Lucrèce M. Délicat-Loembet ◽  
Virginie Rougeron ◽  
Céline Arnathau ◽  
Benjamin Roche ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sickle Cell ◽  
Sickle Cell Trait ◽  
Genetic Disorder ◽  
Central Africa ◽  
The United States ◽  
Malaria Prevalence ◽  
Current Data ◽  
World Health ◽  
Human Populations ◽  
Health Organization

Sickle cell disease (SCD) is a genetic disorder that poses a serious health threat in tropical Africa, which the World Health Organization has declared a public health priority. Its persistence in human populations has been attributed to the resistance it provides to Plasmodium falciparum malaria in its heterozygous state, called sickle cell trait (SCT). Because of migration, SCT is becoming common outside tropical countries: It is now the most important genetic disorder in France, affecting one birth for every 2,400, and one of the most common in the United States. We assess the strength of the association between SCT and malaria, using current data for both SCT and malaria infections. A total of 3,959 blood samples from 195 villages distributed over the entire Republic of Gabon were analyzed. Hemoglobin variants were identified by using HPLCy (HPLC). Infections by three species of Plasmodium were detected by PCR followed by sequencing of a 201-bp fragment of cytochrome b. An increase of 10% in P. falciparum malaria prevalence is associated with an increase by 4.3% of SCT carriers. An increase of 10 y of age is associated with an increase by 5.5% of SCT carriers. Sex is not associated with SCT. These strong associations show that malaria remains a selective factor in current human populations, despite the progress of medicine and the actions undertaken to fight this disease. Our results provide evidence that evolution is still present in humans, although this is sometimes questioned by scientific, political, or religious personalities.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document