Kopernika Revolūcija – zinātnes laikmeta simbols un klišeja

2021 ◽  
pp. 98-105
Author(s):  
Gunārs Brāzma
Keyword(s):  
Scientific Revolution ◽  
World View ◽  
Popular Science ◽  
17Th Century ◽  
Scientific Development ◽  
Historical Science ◽  
Privileged Position ◽  
Copernican Revolution ◽  
Contemporary Science ◽  
The Universe

According to a broadly accepted view, contemporary science emerged after the scientific revolution of the 17th century, which started with Copernican revolution in astronomy. Copernican revolution has become a symbol for characterizing a revolutionary scientific development. During the following centuries, the Copernican revolution has been generalised rethinking of humans’ place and significance in the Universe. Eventually, this has transformed into a claim that Copernicus began “dethronement” of humans from the privileged position in the centre of the Universe, and thus gave a severe blow to the religious world-view. In fact, the concept of Copernican revolution has been transformed into frequently repeated “Copernican cliché”, particularly promoted in many popular science publications and textbooks. Although indeed Copernican revolution led to rethink the significance of humans in the Universe, the “Copernican cliché” oversimplifies both the intentions of Copernicus and the historical science-religion relationship.

scholarly journals 'Absurd' Rationalist Cosmology: Copernicus, Kepler, Descartes and the Religious Basis for the end to Aristotelian Dogma

2016 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 7
Author(s):  
Nicholas Smit-Keding
Keyword(s):  
Solar System ◽  
Rene Descartes ◽  
World View ◽  
Scientific Development ◽  
History Of Astronomy ◽  
Johannes Kepler ◽  
René Descartes ◽  
History Of ◽  
Nicholas Copernicus ◽  
The Universe

Current popular narratives regarding the history of astronomy espouse the narrative of scientific development arising from clashes between observed phenomena and dogmatic religious scripture. Such narratives consider the development of our understandings of the cosmos as isolated episodes in ground-breaking, world-view shifting events, led by rational, objective and secular observers. As observation of astronomical development in the early 1600s shows, however, such a narrative is false. Developments by Johannes Kepler, for instance, followed earlier efforts by Nicholas Copernicus to refine Aristotelian-based dogma with observed phenomena. Kepler's efforts specifically were not meant to challenge official Church teachings, but offer a superior system to what was than available, based around theological justifications. Popular acceptance of a heliocentric model came not from Kepler's writings, but from the philosophical teachings of Rene Descartes. Through strictly mathematical and philosophical reasoning, Descartes not only rendered the Aristotelian model baseless in society, but also provided a cosmological understanding of the universe that centred our solar system within a vast expanse of other stars. The shift than, from the Aristotelian geocentric model to the heliocentric model, came not from clashes between theology and reason, but from negotiations between theology and observed phenomena. 

scholarly journals The Roles of Mathematics in the History of Science: The Mathematization Thesis

2020 ◽  
pp. 6
Author(s):  
Ciro Tomazella Ferreira ◽  
Cibelle Celestino Silva
Keyword(s):  
History Of Science ◽  
20Th Century ◽  
Scientific Revolution ◽  
Edmund Husserl ◽  
17Th Century ◽  
Scientific Development ◽  
Mathematical Approach ◽  
New Science ◽  
History Of

In this paper, we present an analysis of the evolution of the history of science as a discipline focusing on the role of the mathematization of nature as a historiographical perspective. Our study is centered in the mathematization thesis, which considers the rise of a mathematical approach of nature in the 17th century as being the most relevant event for scientific development. We begin discussing Edmund Husserl whose work, despite being mainly philosophical, is relevant for having affected the emergence of the narrative of the mathematization of nature and due to its influence on Alexandre Koyré. Next, we explore Koyré, Dijksterhuis, and Burtt’s works, the historians from the 20th century responsible for the elaboration of the main narratives about the Scientific Revolution that put the mathematization of science as the protagonist of the new science. Then, we examine the reframing of the mathematization thesis with the narrative of two traditions developed by Thomas S. Kuhn and Richard Westfall, in which the mathematization of nature shares space with other developments taken as equally relevant. We conclude presenting contemporary critical perspectives on the mathematization thesis and its capacity for synthesizing scientific development.

scholarly journals This world is full of vibrations

2018 ◽  
Vol 211 ◽  
pp. 01001
Author(s):  
J. S. Rao
Keyword(s):  
Gravitational Waves ◽  
Scientific Revolution ◽  
17Th Century ◽  
Tectonic Plate ◽  
Plate Movement ◽  
Naturally Occurring ◽  
Celestial Bodies ◽  
The Universe

Man ventured out of the caves nearly 15000 years ago and since then tried to explain earth vibrations as mythology. Naturally occurring earthquakes were observed and described over the last two thousand years. Though the Universe is nearly 14 billion years old and the trillions of celestial bodies are continuously colliding, sending gravitational waves passing energy to bodies like micro-earth that are responsible for tectonic plate movement on this macro-earth and earthquakes, the effects are recorded over two years ago. Ever since scientific revolution in 17th century machines became ubiquitous and their vibrations are felt in every day’s life. This paper summarizes these vibrations.

scholarly journals Holisme: Die herowering van ’n ou wysheid in ’n moderne konteks

1990 ◽  
Vol 46 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
M. J. Schoeman
Keyword(s):  
Scientific Revolution ◽  
New World ◽  
World View ◽  
17Th Century ◽  
The Real ◽  
Intimate Connection ◽  
The World ◽  
Man And Nature ◽  
Modern Era

Holism: Recovering an old wisdom in a modem context The modern epoch can be described as a progressive disenchantment of the world, leaving heavy traces in the structure of society and the psychological constitution of man. The Scientific Revolution of the 17th century and the rise of the mechanistic world view led to the destruction of the holistic, animistic tradition which viewed man as a participant in the cosmos, not as an isolated observer. Arguing that the holistic world view must be revived in some credible form before we destroy ourselves and our environment, this essay explores some possibilities for a holistic, participating consciousness appropriate to the modern era. Ecological rather than animistic, this new world view would be grounded in the real and intimate connection between man and nature.

scholarly journals Mysticism in the Fractal Structure of the Universe

2012 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 121-138
Author(s):  
Binoy Pichalakkattu
Keyword(s):  
Fractal Geometry ◽  
Fractal Structure ◽  
World View ◽  
Specific Reference ◽  
World Views ◽  
Contemporary Science ◽  
Critical Enquiry ◽  
Modern Era ◽  
The Universe ◽  
Traditional Understanding

In this paper a critical enquiry is made into the mystical dimension of science with specific reference to contemporary developments in fractal Geometry. The paper begins with a historical synthesis of the mystical roots of science to see how science lost its mystical nature, especially in the modern era, corresponding to the emergence of a dualistics world-view in philosophy. However, contemporary science, very specially 'fractals', takes us to a mystical realm in which the dichotomised world-views of matter-spirit, finite-infinite, microcosm and macrocosm are blurred. Such a mystical understanding re-defines and transcends the traditional understanding of mysticism which is confined to the sacred spheres.

The Writings of Skryabin

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Simon Nicholls ◽  
Michael Pushkin ◽  
Vladimir Ashkenazy
Keyword(s):  
World View ◽  
Creative Activity ◽  
Creative Play ◽  
Religious Feeling ◽  
The World ◽  
The Face ◽  
Section Viii ◽  
The Universe ◽  
Final Text ◽  
Life Work

An introduction by Boris de Schloezer gives the genesis of the final text in the section, the Preliminary Action, and explains its relation to Skryabin’s projected life-work, the Mystery. Section I: an effusion of Orthodox religious feeling from teenage years. Sections II-VII: Around 1900, an expression of rejection of God in the face of disillusion is followed by the text of the choral finale of the First Symphony, declaring faith in the power of art. An unfinished opera libretto, symbolic in narrative, expressing belief in Art’s power to seduce and persuade. Three notebooks develop a world view in which the world is the result of the self’s creative activity. The creation of art and of the universe are identical. There is a higher self, identical with divinity. Forgetfulness of individuality leads to freedom and universal consciousness. Section VIII: The literary poem written during the composition of the symphonic Poem of Ecstasy summarises the scenario developed in the notebooks. Life starts with the desire to create, delight in creative play meets opposition, the creative goal is achieved and disappointment sets in. The process is repeated until it is realized that the struggle is itself joyful and self-affirmation is achieved. Section IX: The text of the Preliminary Action is symbolic in structure. Primal Male and Female Principles emerge; the Female is identified with Death. Life arises from the union of energies. Struggle and bloodshed follow. The conclusion is an impulse towards unification, the synthesis of experience and dematerialisation. Both the complete first draft and the incomplete revision are included.

On the parallels between cosmology and astrobiology: a transdisciplinary approach to the search for extraterrestrial life

2016 ◽  
Vol 15 (4) ◽  
pp. 251-260 ◽  
Author(s):  
Charles Morphy D. Santos ◽  
Leticia P. Alabi ◽  
Amâncio C. S. Friaça ◽  
Douglas Galante
Keyword(s):  
Extraterrestrial Life ◽  
Transdisciplinary Approach ◽  
Research Areas ◽  
Copernican Revolution ◽  
Scientific Status ◽  
Intrinsic Complexity ◽  
Experimental Approaches ◽  
The Universe

AbstractThe establishment of cosmology as a science provides a parallel to the building-up of the scientific status of astrobiology. The rise of astrobiological studies is explicitly based on a transdisciplinary approach that reminds of the Copernican Revolution, which eroded the basis of a closed Aristotelian worldview and reinforced the notion that the frontiers between disciplines are artificial. Given the intrinsic complexity of the astrobiological studies, with its multifactorial evidences and theoretical/experimental approaches, multi- and interdisciplinary perspectives are mandatory. Insulated expertise cannot grasp the vastness of the astrobiological issues. This need for integration among disciplines and research areas is antagonistic to excessive specialization and compartmentalization, allowing astrobiology to be qualified as a truly transdisciplinary enterprise. The present paper discusses the scientific status of astrobiological studies, based on the view that every kind of life, Earth-based or not, should be considered in a cosmic context. A confluence between ‘astro’ and ‘bio’ seeks the understanding of life as an emerging phenomenon in the universe. Thus, a new epistemological niche is opened, pointing to the development of a pluralistic vision for the philosophy of astrobiology.

scholarly journals FILOSOFIJA IR XVII a. MOKSLO REVOLIUCIJA

Problemos ◽  
2006 ◽  
Vol 70 ◽  
Author(s):  
Evaldas Nekrašas
Keyword(s):  
Scientific Revolution ◽  
17Th Century ◽  
Special Science ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Intellectual Power ◽  
The Revolution

Straipsnyje nagrinėjama, kokią įtaką filosofijos raidai turėjo XVII a. mokslo revoliucija, daugiausia dėmesio skiriant jos padariniams reinterpretuojant filosofijos ir mokslo santykį. Argumentuojama, kad filosofijos, visų pirma metafizikos ir mokslo santykį transformavo aristoteliškosios mokslo plėtotės programos pakeitimas pitagoriškąja – matematizuotos eksperimentinės gamtotyros atsiradimas leido griežčiau atskirti fiziką nuo metafizikos. Specialiųjų mokslų ir metafizikos tikslų, metodų ir nagrinėjamų problemų pobūdžio supriešinimas sudarė pagrindą atsirasti pozityvistiniams filosofijos pertvarkymo į specialųjį mokslą projektams. Straipsnis baigiamas išvada, kad mokslas, jau XVII amžiuje ėmęs virsti intelektualine jėga, pranokstančia filosofiją pagal reikšmę ir įtaką, privertė filosofiją ir filosofus užimti vienokią ar kitokią poziciją savo atžvilgiu. Ši pozicija iš esmės nulemia tiek filosofavimo būdų spektrą, tiek skirtingų filosofavimo būdų santykį. Patys filosofai nebūtinai šią poziciją aiškiai reflektuoja ir fiksuoja, bet ji visada yra tam tikro filosofavimo būdo pasirinkimo pagrindas.Pagrindiniai žodžiai: Newtonas, Hume’as, metafizika, pozityvizmas. PHILOSOPHY AND THE 17TH CENTURY SCIENTIFIC REVOLUTIONEvaldas Nekrašas Summary The paper deals with the issue of the impact of the 17th century scientific revolution upon the development of philosophy. The main focus is relation between science and philosophy and effects of the revolution on the interpretation of that relation. The author argues that the relation between metaphysics and science has been transformed due to the replacement of the Aristotelian programme of the development of science by the Pythagorean one. The contraposition of aims, methods and problems characteristic of special science to those typical of metaphysics created preconditions for bringing forward the positivist schemes of the transformation of philosophy into one or another special science. The paper ends with the conclusion that science which already in the 17th century became an intellectual power excelling philosophy in significance and influence forced philosophy and philosophers to take a specific stance on it. This stance determines the spectrum of different ways of doing philosophy and their relation to each other. Some philosophers do not reflect the stance on science taken by them. But this stance always affects the choice of ways of doing philosophy.Keywords: Newton, Hume, metaphysics, positivism.

scholarly journals GENETINIS DISKURSAS MEDIJŲ KULTŪROJE: GUNDYMAS PREKINIU NEMIRTINGUMU

Problemos ◽  
2009 ◽  
Vol 76 ◽  
pp. 52-65
Author(s):  
Vytautas Rubavičius
Keyword(s):  
Genetically Modified Organisms ◽  
Private Property ◽  
World View ◽  
Human Life ◽  
Media Culture ◽  
Human Beings ◽  
Proper Form ◽  
The Future ◽  
The Difference ◽  
The Universe

Straipsnyje grindžiama nuomonė, jog postmodernybė yra iš modernybės kylantis kapitalizmo sistemos būvis, kuriam būdinga gyvybės suprekinimas ir suišteklinimas. Postmodernybę charakterizuoja populiariosios ir medijų kultūros išplitimas. Tos kultūros apima ne tik kultūros prekes, bet ir vartojimo būdus, įgūdžius ir jų lavinimą. Pastaruoju metu jos kuria nemirtingumo vaizdiniams bei nuojautoms palankią kultūrinę, intelektinę ir pasaulėvaizdinę terpę, kurioje struktūriškai įsitvirtina genetinis diskursas ir jo nustatomos žmogaus ir jo gyvenamo pasaulio aiškinimo gairės. Svarbus šio diskurso bruožas yra technologinis inžinerinis jo pobūdis, išryškėjęs susiejant nano ir biotechnologijas, kuriomis tikimasi įveikti gyvąją ir negyvąją gamtą skiriančią prarają, iš reikalingų atomų bei molekulių kuriant reikalingų ląstelių dalis ir klonuojant gyvas būtybes. Gyvybė suprekinama ir suišteklinama patentuojant gyvybės elementus – genus ir su jais susijusius procesus. Daroma išvada, jog visi genetikos, informatikos ir kitų mokslų laimėjimai, teikiantys žmogaus gyvenimo ilginimo galimybių, kurios palaiko gundančią nemirtingumo idėją, jau yra persmelkti prekinių santykių, tad ir pats nemirtingumas įmanomas tik kaip prekė. Aptariami kai kurie evoliuciniai ir religiniai techno sapiens sampratos aspektai. Detaliau gvildenamos dvi „nemirtingumo“ versijos: Z. Baumano, kuris nemirtingumo pažadą sieja su kompiuterinės technikos plėtra prasidėjus „Antrajai medijų erai“, ir J. Baudrillard’o, tegiančio, jog klonavimo technologijos „apgręžia“ evoliuciją ir žmogų gundo virusiniu ar vėžiniu belyčiu nemirtingumu.Pagrindiniai žodžiai: genetinis diskursas, klonavimas, medijų kultūra, nanobiotechnologijos, nemirtingumas, suprekinimas.Genetic Discourse in Media Culture: Temptation by Commodified ImmoralityVytautas Rubavičius   SummaryPostmodernity is maintained as a stage of the development of capitalism. The difference between modernity and postmodernity is explained in relation to the new sphere of commodification and resourcification, namely, that of life and of all natural living processes. Postmodern media culture, or popular culture, is peopled by signs of immortality and various kinds of immortals – cyborgs, clones, zombies, immortal human beings and others. Thus, culture accustoms a consumer to immortals and immortality which is concidered as the main goal of a human being and evolution. By nano-bio-technologies and genetic discourse this goal is made scientifically valid, thus reachable. Genetic discourse is becoming the fundamental world-view providing focal landmarks for the emerging future. Media culture supports the spreading of genetic discourse and facilitates its understanding. The temptation by immortality can be considered as a version of modernist ideology of human liberation from various natural, social and heavenly bonds. This liberation, and also secularization, is supported by a scientific genetic technological discourse which is becoming a stimulating factor of postmodern media production. The genetic explanation of the world is particularly handy for technological reflexivity: the entire world is as if encapsulated into human genes, which become the principle explaining the mystery of life, evolution and the future of humanity, thus rendering power to produce the human proper form and the future of people. All the possibilities stemming from the new genetic and biotech discoveries fell under the regulation of property relations by patenting, thus making “immortality” – as a temptation and brand – not only an exeptional commodity, but also a political tool and a commodifying force. As the relationships of private property have penetrated natural biogenetic diversity and, having turned it into a resource, the cognitive subject has reached the goal to secularise the Universe, which he has set for himself: only he as the owner and producer of genes lures people with the eternal shapes of the clones and their genetic information, which will be sustained in any location of the Universe. The temptation by “immortality” will become even stronger when the genetic code is mastered. The future of humanity is related to the mixed forms of life, trans-genic or otherwise genetically modified organisms and techno-human forms that will help to postpone, and later to conquer, death. Even thinkers with religious tendencies perceive the technological improvement of human beings as their evolution towards the techno sapiens and consider such a development as an advancement towards the Kingdom of God. The technologization of human beings is imagined in terms of their divination. Yet in this case the character of contemporary science secularising God and obliterating the perception of divinity is overlooked. Two versions of immortality are analyzed more closely – that of Z. Bauman, who links it with the development of computer technologies, and that of J. Baudrillard, who gives a warning that by cloning technologies humanity is trying to inverse the evolution and to return to the undifferentiated state of cells. The conclusion is drawn that regardless of how we understand ‘immortality,’ argue over its reality or unreality, all possibilities to prolong human life granted by genetics, informatics and other advances in science and technologies, which support the tempting idea of immortality, have already been penetrated by commodity relationships; therefore, “immortality” itself will be available only as a commodity.Keywords: cloning, commodification, genetic discourse, immortality, media culture, nano-bio-technologies.

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