scholarly journals Hybrid and cyber warfare - international problems and joint solutions

2020 ◽  
Vol 21 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 23-48
Author(s):  
Darko Trifunović ◽  
Darko Obradović
Keyword(s):  
Public Diplomacy ◽  
Political Leadership ◽  
Cultural Barriers ◽  
Cyber Warfare ◽  
Hybrid Warfare ◽  
The Balkans ◽  
State Apparatus ◽  
Administrative Employees ◽  
Hybrid War ◽  
Media Narratives

Hybrid warfare is a significant threat to National Security and Countries in last 10 years. Hybrid activities are not new, but environment of cyberspace is completely different than before. We are witnessing a great expansion of the aforementioned fifth combat space, which knows no borders, fences, social or cultural barriers. Hybrid war as a form of endangering the security of sovereign states is primarily based on subversive activities in order to paralyze the state apparatus with the ultimate goal of changing the political leadership. This change of political leadership in the earlier period of history was far simpler and most often began and ended with armed aggression, the use of armed rebellion, or a coup. As modern societies increasingly turn to reliable alliances, mechanisms of collective security, conventional methods have become for quite some time less effective and outdated. The use of disinformation as an integral method of Hybrid Warfare has its roots in the concept of "ideological subversion". Ideological subversion is a term firstly defined by KGB in 1970th. KGB invented “Ideological subversion” as a tool of special warfare against civilians and administrative employees. To make it easier to follow the case study, the authors of the Hybrid War operation divide it into four phases: Demoralization, Destabilization, Crisis, and Stabilization. For Russia, the Balkans hold significant historic, cultural, and religious connections—shared ties that are actively propagated, and at times exaggerated, by Russian public diplomacy efforts and media narratives.

scholarly journals Informative Combat of the Russian Hybrid War

2020 ◽  
Vol 25 (1) ◽  
pp. 9-17
Author(s):  
Marian-Valentin Bînă ◽  
Cristian Dragomir
Keyword(s):  
Control System ◽  
Cyber Warfare ◽  
Information Warfare ◽  
Hybrid Warfare ◽  
Electronic Warfare ◽  
National Media ◽  
The Media ◽  
Hybrid War ◽  
Conflict Information ◽  
Media Channels

AbstractThe objective of this paper is to analyze the control system that the media offered to Russian disinformation campaigns in a supposed context of hybrid warfare. The exposure of the news offered by the main media channels allows the analysis of the concept of hybrid warfare to be concentrated and its comparison with the traditional strategic conception, in order to determine if the activities in question can be classified in this type of conflict. Information warfare and related components such as cyber warfare, electronic warfare and more, are becoming increasingly complex and can be used both defensively and offensively in the current security context offered by the national media.

The Subtle Knife

2019 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 25
Author(s):  
Peter Rautenbach
Keyword(s):  
Nuclear Weapons ◽  
Psychological Effects ◽  
Nuclear Deterrence ◽  
Cyber Warfare ◽  
Nuclear War ◽  
Hybrid Warfare ◽  
Key Concepts ◽  
Polar Opposite

This article looks to tie together the polar opposite of hybrid warfare and nuclear deterrence. The reason for this is that hybrid warfare and its effects on nuclear deterrence need to be explored as there appears to be substantial increases in hybrid warfare’s usage. This article found that hybrid warfare has an erosion like effect on nuclear deterrence because it increases the likelihood that nuclear weapons will be used. This may be due to both the fact that hybrid warfare can ignore conventional redlines, but also because the cyber aspect of hybrid warfare has unintended psychological effects on how deterrence functions. how does this relate to nuclear war? In short, cyber warfare attacks key concepts which make nuclear deterrence a viable strategy including the concepts of stability, clarity, and rationality. Therefore, hybrid warfare increases the chance of nuclear use.

scholarly journals The role of euphemisms in Spanish-language media in combination of the information-hybrid warfare

2020 ◽  
pp. 96-103
Author(s):  
O. A. Shabas ◽  
◽  
P. M. Shekhavtsova ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Armed Conflict ◽  
Publishing House ◽  
Research Work ◽  
Spanish Language ◽  
Hybrid Warfare ◽  
Present Information ◽  
Hybrid War ◽  
Linguistic Groups ◽  
Concept Of Information

This article describes the concept of „euphemism” in the Spanish-language media in the context of the information-hybrid war in the eastern part of Ukraine. We have investigated the ways of the emergence and spread of euphemisms in the sphere of the Spanish-speaking environment. We also analyzed the concept of "information-hybrid warfare", which is constantly used in everyday politics, especially considering the situation in the east of Ukraine, to designate a deliberately negative, inappropriate, informational impact of one state to another due to various psychological manipulations. In addition, in our research work we found out that Western media, as well as Spanish, usually use more laconic or simplified speech to present information concerning other states. At any rate, we figured out that most of the Spanish publishers try to be more delicate and objective in informing people of the country by looking at the situation from different angles. By analyzing journalistic materials contained in Spanish publicistic sources, we identified politically correct innovations, regarding the armed conflict in Eastern Ukraine, which were mostly adopted. Based on the example of one of the Spanish publishing house articles of Universidad de Navarra, we created a comparative table, based on which we divided the euphemistic expressions used by Spanish journalists into 2 main linguistic groups. The first group includes veiled expressions, and the other - the replacement of veiled units with words with a direct meaning in the context of the article, but still in a more relaxed sense. Eventually, euphemisms have become an integral part of military journalism in the context of information-hybrid warfare, which have gained particular popularity in the last decade.

The Defeat

2021 ◽  
pp. 123-130
Author(s):  
William Klinger ◽  
Denis Kuljiš
Keyword(s):  
High School ◽  
Armed Conflict ◽  
Political Leadership ◽  
The Balkans ◽  
The Military ◽  
The Revolution

This chapter cites the military conference in Stolice, in which the participants in attendance formed the wartime political leadership that was to command armies and the revolution in the Balkans. It tells of the mop-up operation that started in the northern Serbian province of Mačva, where 2,000 people were shot and more than 20,000 were deported to the Reich. It also recalls the mass executions that took place in the centrally located Kragujevac, in which many civilians perished, including students and professors of a high school. The chapter talks about the armed conflict between Partisans and Chetniks that flared up in Užice, which turned their cohabitation into an open clash. It explores Marshal Tito's information to Moscow about his evidence that General Mihailović has been overtly collaborating with the Germans.

scholarly journals Lawfare in Hybrid Wars: The 21st Century Warfare

2016 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 63-87 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andres B. Munoz Mosquera ◽  
Sascha Dov Bachmann
Keyword(s):  
Rule Of Law ◽  
21St Century ◽  
Hybrid Warfare ◽  
Ethical Approach ◽  
Peace And Security ◽  
Hybrid War ◽  
International Rule

In the context of ‘Hybrid Warfare’ as 21st Century’s threat to peace and security, this paper intends to address the role of Lawfare. The use of law as a weapon, Lawfare, 1 can have a tangible impact on democratic States when their adversaries use it in an exploitative way. Lawfare can be used in the context of Hybrid War. 2 Examples of Hybrid Warfare as witnessed in the Russian/Ukrainian conflict of 2014/2015 and the ongoing conflict with Daesh are particularly sensitive to Lawfare due to an apparent asymmetric adherence to the international rule of law among involved actors. The different legal and ethical approach of democratic States in warfare and their non-democratic opponents in Hybrid War scenarios has the potential to impact negatively on the eventual prompt success of Western military actions. The authors argue that against this backdrop it is essential for law-abiding nations to adapt an approach which uses counter-Lawfare means in support of its own legitimate objectives and to prevent opponents from using it law as a weapon for their own strategic purposes.

THE STRATEGY OF WAGING HYBRID WARFARE IN THE 21ST CENTURY

2020 ◽  
Vol XIV ◽  
pp. 0-1
Author(s):  
Adrian Mitręga
Keyword(s):  
21St Century ◽  
Global Community ◽  
Hybrid Warfare ◽  
Security Issues ◽  
Hybrid Threats ◽  
Hybrid War

Over the last decade, the concept of hybrid warfare has aroused great in-terest among the global community dealing with security issues, both military, and non-military. The specificity of hybrid warfare is that the fight is not for territories, but for the minds, and attitudes of citizens of other countries, and the means of combat are very sophisticated. Any hybrid war is based on a strategy that involves achievement victory by setting goals, overall plan and systematic impact on ene-my's vulnerabilities using a hybrid threat complex. In connection with the above, the aim of the article is to present the role of the strategy in waging hybrid war-fare, as well as in developing mechanisms to counteract hybrid threats.

scholarly journals HYBRID WAR AS A MODERN FORM OF VIOLENCE

2021 ◽  
Vol 1 (48) ◽  
pp. 133-145
Author(s):  
Володимир Вікторович Чалапко
Keyword(s):  
Careful Analysis ◽  
Scientific Concept ◽  
Main Body ◽  
Hybrid Warfare ◽  
Public Consciousness ◽  
New Type ◽  
Points Of View ◽  
Hybrid War ◽  
The Military ◽  
Modern Form

Problem setting. One of the modern forms of violence that requires careful analysis is hybrid war. The events of recent decades have shown that hybrid war is not only a scientific concept, but also a reality today. The phenomenon of hybrid war requires a comprehensive study from both theoretical and practical points of view. Recent research and publications analysis. The problem of hybrid wars is reflected in the scientific works of both foreign and domestic scientists. Among foreign scientists, research in this direction was carried out by R. Glenn, D. Lasik, M. McLuhan, F. Hoffman, who focused on determining the characteristics of hybrid wars in comparison with classical wars, analyzed the strategies and tactical algorithms for conducting such wars, and focused on poly-straightness and multimodality of this type of violence. On the other hand, domestic scientists, in particular V. Kravchenko, focus on the fact that hybrid war is not an absolutely new phenomenon in world history and gives a number of examples of manifestations of "hybridity" in wars of the past. In turn, M. Senchenko, analyzing hybrid war as an integral phenomenon, defines its information component as the main one which the strategy of this type of war is built around. Paper objective. The purpose of this work is to define the essential characteristics of hybrid war as a new form of violence. Paper main body. The understanding of the essence and content of hybrid warfare in the scientific literature is presented by a number of points of view that complement the understanding of this complex and little-studied phenomenon. As you know, the concept of "hybrid war" was introduced into scientific circulation by the American scientist M. McLuhan. Domestic scientists generally understand hybrid war as military actions that are carried out by combining militaristic, quasi-militaristic, diplomatic, informational, economic and other means in order to achieve strategic political goals. The specificity of this combination lies in the fact that each of the military and non-military methods of conducting a hybrid conflict is used for military purposes and is used as a weapon. The researchers note that hybrid warfare is not a fundamentally new type of violence, and its elements have been used by opponents in wars throughout the entire existence of mankind. "Hybridity" in this sense is understood as the complex application of various means and strategies of warfare – from information-psychological to purely military ones. Conclusions of the research.  Thus, hybrid war as a modern form of violence is aimed primarily not at the seizure of territories, but at mastering the public consciousness of the target country and at dominating its information and cultural field. The victory on the "information and cultural front" provides further economic and political dividends for the initiator of the hybrid war.

scholarly journals Hybrid War as a Phenomenon of Semantic Postmodern Discourse with Emphasis on the Military Constant as a Factor of National Security

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (3) ◽  
pp. 190-215
Author(s):  
Andriy Tkachuk ◽  
Pavlo Tkachuk
Keyword(s):  
National Security ◽  
Physical Reality ◽  
Hybrid Warfare ◽  
The Core ◽  
Cognitive Semantic ◽  
Hybrid War ◽  
The Military ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Modes Of Existence ◽  
Practical Representation

The article states the core thesis about two asymmetric modes of existence of war – physical and discursive. The purpose of the article is to substantiate the analytical and practical necessity of distinguishing between two modes of existence of hybrid warfare as a phenomenon of physical reality and as a discursive construct, as well as to raise questions about the value specificity of the relationship between them. The methodology of work represents the implication of two asymmetric modes of war existence – physical and discursive. The relationship between the two modes can be described in particular through modern cognitive-semantic and communicative approaches. Analysis, synthesis (thesis-antithesis), description, distinction, historical perspective, forecasting and hermeneutic tools of comprehension are the core methods of this work. In the military (material) dimension, any military confrontation in general (and the Russian-Ukrainian conflict in particular) is localized, while the discourse of this hybrid war has become global. The interpretive component of hybrid warfare is implemented through discursive verbal-semiotic means. Particular attention is paid to the analysis of the concept of victory. The Ukrainian dimension embodies the postmodern practical representation of the analysis of the problem of hybrid warfare as a war of interpretations.

scholarly journals “Hybrid Threats” to Russia’s Security: Identification and Counteraction

2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (2) ◽  
pp. 44-71
Author(s):  
S. I. Kodaneva
Keyword(s):  
Roman Empire ◽  
National Security ◽  
Soft Power ◽  
Scientific Literature ◽  
Mutual Influence ◽  
Grey Zone ◽  
Hybrid Warfare ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Hybrid Threats ◽  
Hybrid War

In the scientific literature, it is customary to consider and analyze war exclusively as a violent (conventional) confrontation of subjects of international politics. However, this does not take into account that modern wars are increasingly unfolding in the “grey zone”, that is, outside the framework of international law, they are conducted both in physical and in other dimensions – informational, cybernetic, cultural, cognitive – and mainly by non-military means and with the involvement of irregular formations (rebels, terrorists, etc.). As a result, today’s interstate confrontation is becoming more complex and hybrid, presenting new mechanisms for non-nuclear deterrence.It is important to understand that the inability to recognize the enemy’s ongoing war in time, to determine the direction of the strike destroyed many states, starting with the Roman Empire and ending with the USSR. This determines the relevance and timeliness of this study, which is aimed at analyzing the content of the phenomenon of hybrid war, determining the main methods of its conduct used today and proposing counteraction measures.It should be recognized that in the modern scientific literature there is no single approach to understanding what a hybrid war is, which is quite understandable precisely because of its essence – the variability and complexity of ways of it conducting, as well as flexibility and adaptability to specific circumstances. There are quite a lot of disparate studies on individual components of hybrid war, such as “soft power”, information, economic and cyberwar, “color revolutions”, etc.The subject of this research is the phenomenon of hybrid warfare, its content and specific ways of conducting hybrid warfare. The purpose of this work is to conduct a comprehensive analysis of the subject of research, as well as to structure the manifestation that form the phenomenon of hybrid war in its complex, determine their correlation and mutual influence of various methods of conducting hybrid war, as well as to develop specific proposals for countering threats to Russia’s national security.The importance of developing comprehensive strategic approaches aimed primarily at identifying vulnerabilities, as well as including spiritual security as the basis of the entire security system and countering hybrid threats is emphasized.Taking into account the specified subject and purpose, the introduction reveals the relevance of the study of the phenomenon of hybrid war and the danger that this type of interstate confrontation poses for Russia. Then we analyze the concept of hybrid war and its content, as well as the four main ways of conducting it. The results of the analysis are followed by conclusions and proposals on countering threats to Russia’s national security.

scholarly journals Book review: Informacyjny wymiar wojny hybrydowej, red. Marek Wrzosek, Szymon Markiewicz, Zbigniew Modrzejewski, Akademia Sztuki Wojennej, Warszawa 2018, ss. 183

2020 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 201-205
Author(s):  
Anna Skibińska
Keyword(s):  
Technological Development ◽  
Interesting Case ◽  
Hybrid Warfare ◽  
Domestic Literature ◽  
Hybrid War ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
The Military ◽  
Original Information

A review of the monograph titled “The Information Dimension of Hybrid Warfare,” edited by scientific editors Marek Wrzosk, Szymon Markiewicz, and Zbigniew Modrzejewski, presents the most important issues discussed in this book. Attention was paid to the extensive request of the authors - both in foreign and domestic literature. Although it did not result in a universal, generally accepted definition of "hybrid war", it outlined the context of hybrid conflicts with a particular emphasis on informational actions (including propaganda, disinformation) that are used during this type of conflict. The review also provides an interesting case study. This concerns the course of the hybrid war on the example of the Russian-Ukrainian conflict, which has been going on since 2014. Despite the difficulties associated with describing the existing conflict, the authors managed to identify several of the most important areas of action on both sides, and then outline three predictive scenarios, "events". The reviewer also recreates the military doctrine of the Russian Federation and the evolution that took place in the 21st century. The electronic and media dimension of hybrid warfare was also analyzed, which is related to technological development and globalization, which is an increasingly important aspect of this type of conflict. The review also highlights the practical implications of skillfully securing information transmitted over wireless networks and protecting the original information from being captured or lost. According to the reviewer, government agencies should strive to create the appropriate infrastructure necessary to counter potential hybrid conflicts.

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