scholarly journals An Econometric Analysis of the Integrative Relationship between Rice Consumption Expenditure and Macroeconomics Factors: Saudi Arabia

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Duaa Al Abdullatif ◽  
Abda Emam
Keyword(s):  
Saudi Arabia ◽  
Consumer Price Index ◽  
National Income ◽  
Secondary Data ◽  
Consumption Expenditure ◽  
Macroeconomic Factors ◽  
Long Run ◽  
Equilibrium Relationship ◽  
Rice Consumption ◽  
Per Capita

Household consumption expenditure, of food and non-food items, is a component of macroeconomic factors in Saudi Arabia. The presence of the equilibrium relationship between the components of the macroeconomic factors is essential for economic growth. This research aimed to measure the extent to which the consumption expenditure of rice was affected by some of the macroeconomic factors, namely national income, per capita national income, and the consumer price index in Saudi Arabia from 1990 to 2018. This research relied on secondary data collected from various sources such as the Saudi Statistics Authority and the World Bank. Johanson’s cointegration test and Granger's causal test were used to achieve the specific goals (knowing the equilibrium relationship and the existence of causality between study variables). The results showed that there was a long-run relationship between the study variables. Also, the results reflected the existence of causality: It was found that the consumption spending on rice is affected by both the national income and the per capita national income separately. From these results, this study recommends that during papering socioeconomic planning, rice should be given more attention.

scholarly journals Testing the Existence of the Ricardian Equivalence in Ghana in this 21st Century

1970 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 16-27
Author(s):  
Okwan Frank ◽  
Kovacs Peter
Keyword(s):  
Time Series Data ◽  
Aggregate Demand ◽  
Government Expenditure ◽  
Gdp Per Capita ◽  
Series Data ◽  
Ricardian Equivalence ◽  
Consumption Expenditure ◽  
Model Framework ◽  
Long Run ◽  
Per Capita

The Ricardian Equivalence Hypothesis formulated by a classical British economist David Ricardo argues that a reduced tax now is a tax increase in the future, the substitution of debt for current taxes has no effect on aggregate demand. The main objective of this paper is to examine empirically the existence of the Ricardian equivalency in Ghana by using time series data running from 1990 to 2017 and ARDL bound testing approach to cointegration and Error Correction Model framework developed by Pesaran and Shin (1995,1999). We examined the long run relationship between the dependent variable household final consumption expenditure and independent variables government expenditure, deficit, GDP per capita and gross debt. The long run results showed a positive and significant relationship between GDP per capita and household consumption expenditure. The result of analysis supports the Keynesian conventional theory and found strong evidence against the existence of the Ricardian Equivalency Hypothesis in Ghana.

Peritoneal Dialysis in Iran and the Middle East

2009 ◽  
Vol 29 (2_suppl) ◽  
pp. 217-221 ◽  
Author(s):  
Iraj Najafi
Keyword(s):  
Saudi Arabia ◽  
Peritoneal Dialysis ◽  
Middle East ◽  
End Stage Renal Disease ◽  
National Income ◽  
Number Of Patients ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Per Capita ◽  
Stage Renal Disease ◽  
End Stage

The countries of the Middle East have a cumulative population of 261.1 million and a mean gross national income per capita of US$9500. The total number of patients with end-stage renal disease (ESRD) in the Middle East is almost 100000, the mean prevalence being 430 per million population (pmp). The first implementation of intermittent peritoneal dialysis (PD) in the Middle East occurred in Turkey in 1968; continuous ambulatory PD started in Saudi Arabia, Turkey, and Kuwait in the 1980s; and automated PD, in Turkey in 1998. The total active PD patients in the region number approximately 8170. With 5750 patients, Turkey ranks first, followed by Iran and Saudi Arabia with 1150 and 771 patients respectively. Penetration of PD with respect to the ESRD population is 7.5%, and with respect to dialysis overall is 10.2%. The dialysis rate in the region, 312 pmp, is almost half the European number of 581 pmp, with a PD prevalence of 32 pmp (range: 0 – 81 pmp). The number of active PD patients has risen dramatically in the main countries since the end of the 1990s: Turkey, to 5750 from 1030; Saudi Arabia, to 771 from 132; and Iran to 1150 from 0.

Correlations between energy consumption per capita, growth rate, industrialisation, trade volume and urbanisation: the case of Turkey

2018 ◽  
Vol 4 (10) ◽  
pp. 118-127
Author(s):  
Funda Yurdakul
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Energy Consumption ◽  
Least Squares ◽  
Ordinary Least Squares ◽  
Trade Volume ◽  
Long Run ◽  
Turkish Economy ◽  
Equilibrium Relationship ◽  
Per Capita ◽  
Relationship Of

This study examines the relationship of energy consumption per capita with growth rate, industrialisation, trade volume and urbanisation in Turkish economy throughout the 1980–2015 period using the Engle-Granger, Fully modified ordinary least squares (FMOLS), canonical cointegration regression (CCR) and dynamic ordinary least squares (DOLS) methods. Analysis results revealed a long-run equilibrium relationship between the change in energy consumption per capita and growth rate, industrialisation, trade volume and urbanisation. Urbanisation, industrialisation, growth rate and trade volume positively influence the change in energy consumption per capita. Keywords: Energy consumption, Engle-Granger method, fully modified ordinary least squares (FMOLS) method, canonical cointegration regression (CCR), dynamic ordinary least squares (DOLS) method.

The Impact of China’s Passenger Turnover Quantity on Farmer Income Increase

2014 ◽  
Vol 1065-1069 ◽  
pp. 3301-3305
Author(s):  
Cong Zhang
Keyword(s):  
Positive Influence ◽  
Rank Test ◽  
Net Income ◽  
The Road ◽  
Peasant Workers ◽  
Long Run ◽  
Equilibrium Relationship ◽  
Causality Tests ◽  
Per Capita ◽  
The Impact

Based on the data of passenger turnover quantity, agriculture gross production, peasant workers’ salary and rural per capita net income from 1973 to 2013 of China, this paper empirically analyzed the impact of China’s passenger person-kilometers on rural per capita net income. By build Var model, Co-integration Rank Test and Granger Causality Tests, author illustrate the relation between passenger person-kilometers and rural per capita net income. The results show that there are one way lead relations and long-run equilibrium relationship between them. The increase of person-kilometers has positive influence on rural per capita net income. We can promote the farmers' income by strengthen the construction of rural roads and planning the road network more reasonable.

scholarly journals Impact of Monetary and Macroeconomic Factors on Wheat Prices in Pakistan: Implications for Food Security

2011 ◽  
Vol 16 (1) ◽  
pp. 95-110 ◽  
Author(s):  
Khalid Mushtaq ◽  
Abdul Ghafoor Abdul Ghafoor ◽  
Abedullah Abedullah ◽  
Farhan Ahmad
Keyword(s):  
Trade Openness ◽  
Impulse Response Function ◽  
Macroeconomic Factors ◽  
Long Run ◽  
Equilibrium Relationship ◽  
The Us ◽  
Augmented Dickey Fuller ◽  
Us Dollar ◽  
Enhancing Production ◽  
The Impact

This paper attempts to evaluate the impact of monetary and macroeconomic factors on real wheat prices in Pakistan for the period 1976-2010, using Johansen’s co-integration approach. The Augmented Dickey-Fuller test reveals that all the variables used are first-difference stationary, except the trade openness indicator, which is second-difference stationary. There is also a longrun equilibrium relationship among these variables. The results indicate that real money supply, openness of the economy, and the real exchange rate have a significant effect on real wheat prices in the long run. The impulse response function shows that a trade openness shock impacted wheat prices to some extent and that it took three to four years for prices to become stable, following the shock. The findings of the study suggest that the policy thrust should focus on increasing wheat supply in the country by enhancing production or by liberalizing trade. Efforts should also be directed toward stabilizing the value of the Pakistani rupee against foreign currencies, especially the US dollar.

DETERMINANTS OF PRIVATE DOMESTIC SAVINGS IN NIGERIA (1981- 2015).

2018 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 21-40 ◽  
Author(s):  
Otiwu K. ◽  
Peter A Okere ◽  
Uzowuru L.N
Keyword(s):  
Capita Income ◽  
Secondary Data ◽  
Financial Inclusion ◽  
Coefficient Of Determination ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Per Capita Income ◽  
Long Run ◽  
Domestic Savings ◽  
Private Savings ◽  
Per Capita

This study empirically evaluates the determinants of private domestic savings in Nigeria (1981- 2015). Secondary data were sourced from CBN statistical bulletin and bureau of statistics. Hypotheses were formulated and tested using vector error correction model (VECM) and the test for stationarity proves that the variables are integrated in 1(1) order which implies that unit roots do not exist among the variables. There is also long-run equilibrium relationship between the variables and the result also confirms about 29 percent short-run adjustment speed from long-run disequilibrium. The coefficient of determination indicates that about 78 percent of the variations in private domestic savings are explained by changes in its determinants in Nigeria. The results show that per capita income and financial inclusion are major determinants of private domestic savings in Nigeria. The study therefore recommends that concerted and well articulated efforts should be made to make available and affordable credits to productive investments like small scale industries/businesses as they constitute an integral part of the growth and transformation process of an agro based economy like that of Nigeria this will induce employment, increase financial access and income of the various economic agents which will have a spillover effect on private savings. Secondly, since Per capita income and financial inclusion are the important factors that influence private savings in Nigeria, policy makers can promote growth of per capita income by improving productivity of workers and greater effort should be geared towards sustaining or improving on the financial inclusion strategies.

scholarly journals Determinants of Rice Import Demand in Nigeria

2020 ◽  
Vol 24 (5) ◽  
pp. 923-931
Author(s):  
W.A. Yusuf ◽  
S.A. Yusuf ◽  
A.A.A. Adesope ◽  
O.Z. Adebayo
Keyword(s):  
Exchange Rate ◽  
Error Correction ◽  
Capita Income ◽  
Import Price ◽  
Import Demand ◽  
Per Capita Income ◽  
Long Run ◽  
Short Run ◽  
Rice Consumption ◽  
Per Capita

Primarily, the study examined the determinants of rice import demand in Nigeria by assessing the short run and long run dynamic model  relationships among the determinants, trends and extent of causality among per capita income, population, exchange rate and price of rice imports were equally examined, using data obtained from the Central Bank of Nigeria (CBN) and National Bureau of statistics (NBS) over the period 1961 to 2013. Data obtained showed the perceived determinants of imports demand for rice in Nigeria were local rice production, rice import price, rice consumption, per capita income, and exchange rate, price of local rice, domestic stock variation, maize price, meat price and demographic  development. The short run dynamic model result showed that rice consumption, price of meat, price of maize, local rice quantity, demography development and stock variance are statistically significant at 5%. The significance of the coefficient of the error correction term confirmed theappropriateness of the error correction approach which also showed that ignoring the long run relationship is detrimental. The result however, revealed that rice import demand increases significantly with increasing rice consumption, increasing price of meat, increasing price of maize (keeping that for imported rice unchanged) and increasing demography development. Rice import price, per capita income, price of local rice and exchange rate had no significant effects on rice import demand. The study therefore recommends that locally-produced rice should be intensively improved. Keywords: demography, determinants, Error correction mechanism, rice import demand

Examining the nonlinear impact of selected macroeconomic determinants on FDI inflows in India

2020 ◽  
Vol 14 (5) ◽  
pp. 711-733 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rajesh Sharma ◽  
Pradeep Kautish
Keyword(s):  
Capita Income ◽  
Partial Information ◽  
Structural Break ◽  
Consumption Expenditure ◽  
Per Capita Income ◽  
Fdi Inflows ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Distributed Lag ◽  
Long Run ◽  
Per Capita

Purpose Over the years, India has witnessed irregular FDI inflows. Therefore, this study aims to explore the asymmetric impact of per capita income, final consumption expenditure, globalization index and exchange rate on FDI inflows in India. Design/methodology/approach Using the nonlinear autoregressive distributed lag bounds framework and unknown structural break, the study investigates the impacts of selected macroeconomic variables in driving FDI inflows in India during the study period (1979-2016). Findings The outcomes of the study confirm the asymmetric relationship between FDI inflows and its determinants during the study period. The results have confirmed that the improvement in per capita income, private consumption expenditure, globalization index and currency value appreciation play a crucial role in increasing FDI inflows in India. In contrast, the downside movements in the volume of consumption expenditure, globalization index and depreciation of the currency value in relation to the trade partners result in reducing the volume of FDI inflows in the long run. Originality/value For determining FDI inflows, previous studies have considered the overall impact of its potential determinants, which may provide partial information about the phenomenon. The adopted nonlinear approach highlights that both the types of fluctuations (i.e. upside and downside) in the independent variables may affect FDI inflows differently and substantially. The nonlinear association between FDI and selected determinants may be vital in formulating a long-term policy.

scholarly journals Financial Market Development and Pollution Nexus in Saudi Arabia: Asymmetrical Analysis

Energies ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 11 (12) ◽  
pp. 3462 ◽  
Author(s):  
Haider Mahmood ◽  
Abdullatif Alrasheed ◽  
Maham Furqan
Keyword(s):  
Saudi Arabia ◽  
Energy Consumption ◽  
Co2 Emissions ◽  
Financial Market ◽  
Market Development ◽  
Kuznets Curve ◽  
Long Run ◽  
Short Run ◽  
Per Capita ◽  
Financial Market Development

The study is aimed to scrutinize the presence of Environmental Kuznets Curve (EKC) hypothesis in Saudi Arabia by analyzing a period of 1971–2014. Asymmetrical impacts of Financial Market Development (FMD) and energy consumption per capita have also been tested on CO2 emissions per capita. The estimates buoyed the long and short-run relationships in the hypothesized model, and EKC is found to be true in terms of the relationship between income and pollution. Asymmetrical effects of FMD in the long run and asymmetrical effects of energy consumption per capita in the long and short run are presented on the CO2 emissions per capita. A decreasing FMD is found responsible for environmental degradation, and decreasing energy consumption per capita is found helpful in controlling CO2 emissions. The tested effect of the financial crisis is found insignificant on CO2 emissions.

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