FUNCTIONS OF DISTANCE EDUCATION IN PROMOTING SOCIAL ENTERPRISES IN RURAL AREAS OF PAKISTAN: TEACHERS’ AND STUDENTS’ BELIEFS

Social enterprise is an important idea to resolve many societal issues at micro and macro level. This global concept appeared to have a significant impact on the improvement of communities. Like other countries, Pakistan has also been depositing significant resources in framework of social enterprise to supplement community services. This paper therefore, examined the beliefs about the functions of distance education in promoting social enterprises in rural areas of Punjab. Total 360 students and 120 teachers (with rural background) from 06 universities were the sample of the study. The data were collected purposively using two separate questionnaires. Multilevel analyses were performed to measure the participants’ beliefs. It is obvious from the findings that distance education performed significantly to enhance the awareness of social enterprises in the rural setting. This awareness also demonstrates as social services and attempt to enhance social set-up of the rural residents.

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Sticking to the social mission: Microinsurance in bottom of the pyramid markets

Journal of General Management ◽

10.1177/0306307018822592 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 44 (4) ◽

pp. 209-219

Author(s):

B Elango ◽

Stephen Chen ◽

Jim Jones

Keyword(s):

Emerging Markets ◽

Social Services ◽

Social Enterprise ◽

Social Enterprises ◽

Bottom Of The Pyramid ◽

Social Mission ◽

The Social ◽

Bop Markets

The purpose of this article is to understand what drives social enterprises in bottom of the pyramid (BOP) markets to stick to or drift away from their social mission. Based on an analysis of 192 microinsurance operators in 26 emerging markets, we find that (1) when donors are involved in the operations of the social enterprise, this leads to a greater commitment to the social mission and (2) social enterprises located in countries with poorly performing governments tend to have a lower commitment to their social mission. Given the need for social services in such countries, we offer some suggestions to increase the chances of social enterprises staying committed to their social mission.

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Beds, budgets and burdens: Learning disability expenditure v. workload across English health authorities

The British Journal of Psychiatry ◽

10.1192/bjp.181.3.200 ◽

2002 ◽

Vol 181 (3) ◽

pp. 200-207 ◽

Cited By ~ 21

Author(s):

Bunny Forsyth ◽

Paul Winterbottom

Keyword(s):

Learning Disabilities ◽

Learning Disability ◽

Social Services ◽

Rural Areas ◽

Population Distribution ◽

National Database ◽

Health Authorities ◽

Audit Commission ◽

Using Data ◽

Set Up

BackgroundFollowing the closure of asylums and widespread changes in the population distribution of people with learning disabilities, there has been little investigation of changing expenditure requirements of health authorities in England.AimsTo compare expenditure on learning disability health services across England with the burden of services regionally, as estimated by numbers of people with learning disabilities.MethodA national database was set up using data from the National Audit Commission and the Department of Health. The spend/burden ratio was calculated and correlation tests for likely causes of inequality were applied.ResultsThere is widespread discrepancy from the median spend/burden ratio of £10 260 per person with learning disability. There is a positive correlation between ratios and levels of net exports of people funded by their local authority social services to reside ‘out of area’. Comparative underspending occurs in rural areas.ConclusionsThere are inequalities in levels of spending on learning disability services. Comparison of regions suggests resources may not be allocated fairly. Health authorities should ensure that population increases are mirrored by appropriate adjustments in expenditure.

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The Evaluation Model on an Application of SROI for Sustainable Social Enterprises

Journal of Open Innovation Technology Market and Complexity ◽

10.3390/joitmc6010007 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 6 (1) ◽

pp. 7 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Dong-Joo Kim ◽

Yong-Seung Ji

Keyword(s):

Social Services ◽

Return On Investment ◽

Social Enterprise ◽

Process Analysis ◽

Evaluation Model ◽

Social Enterprises ◽

The Social ◽

Community Contribution ◽

Newly Hired ◽

Vulnerable Workers

The evaluation of social enterprises has been criticized for not being able to reflect the positive social aspects of the company through the financial evaluation. SROI (Social Return on Investment) is a social concept applied to the measurement of economic return on investment that aims to measure the social added value of social enterprises and reflect them in their performance. It is necessary to research for the provision of support and management for sustainable social enterprises, and to prepare a method for evaluating social enterprise by applying SROI. The Delphi 1st and 2nd surveys for the development of evaluation model for social enterprises using SROI were conducted by 50 social enterprise CEOs and experts. To produce the results of this study, the SPSS 20.0, AMOS 24 and Expert Choice 11 programs were used and the pairwise comparison analysis method was performed to analyze importance and priority. The results of the Delphi and AHP (Analytic Hierarchy Process) analysis showed that employment was the most important factor in social enterprises with the highest share of newly hired personnel. Employment-type social enterprises have the highest priority in terms of employment, income (income increase for vulnerable workers), and community contribution (affordable of social services), while the social service type was in order of employment, community contribution, and income (income increase for the vulnerable workers). On the other hand, the mixed type was employment (newly hired personnel), income (income increase of vulnerable workers), employment (social work participants’ switch to similar work after contract expiration), and community contribution (affordable of social services). This study makes efforts to form social capital by raising the public’s awareness of social value with efficient management through various evaluations of social enterprises and the emergence of various social enterprises. This study also emphasizes the need to better understand social enterprises as a multi-scholar and multi-dimensional organization that includes a multi-faced mechanism of social, economic, and environmental community development, away from understanding social enterprises as a specific business model.

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SUPPORT STRUCTURES FOR THE DEVELOPMENT OF SOCIAL ENTREPRENEURSHIP

Knowledge International Journal ◽

10.35120/kij2901021t ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 29 (1) ◽

pp. 21-25

Author(s):

Venelin Terziev ◽

Natalia Bekiarova ◽

Marin Georgiev

Keyword(s):

Social Services ◽

Social Entrepreneurship ◽

Social Enterprise ◽

Social Inclusion ◽

Social Economy ◽

People With Disabilities ◽

Social Enterprises ◽

Persons With Disabilities ◽

The Social ◽

The One

In the last decade the concept of development and promotion of social economy and social entrepreneurship are part of EU policy to tackle the social exclusion of persons in a vulnerable position. Also, the model of social economy is one of the key instruments for achieving social objectives within the framework of the sustainable and inclusive growth. Social benefits are measured by integration and employment of disadvantaged people, the contribution to the process of social inclusion of other vulnerable people, and the economic indicator is expressed by saved public funds for social welfare, on the one hand, and the additional funds compensating the social costs of long-term unemployment. What is important to happen is to create suitable conditions for the development of social enterprises with the widest possible range - vulnerable groups themselves and their problems are diverse and different, and the "answer" to their needs must be flexible in order to be efficient and effective; "way to solutions" is not important (the path may be different, as are diverse and vast opportunities for economic initiatives) that leads to the result itself, the result is important - better integration and sustainable tackling of social exclusion.The Economic and Social Council of the Republic of Bulgaria (ESC) believes that social enterprises in Bulgaria are still an untapped business model. Current social enterprises are mainly non-governmental organizations by applying the relevant legislation creating social enterprises whose business is focused on the realization of the social purpose and mission of the organization. Social enterprises in Bulgaria operate in various sectors, the most serious part are in: the delivery of social services; providing jobs for people with disabilities; mediation in finding employment of unemployed persons; provision of health services; аctivities in the field of education and others.In realizing these activities the leading is not the end product but the achieved social effect on individuals themselves expressed in obtaining the necessary support to integrate into society. In this sense, there are three basic models of social enterprises: The most common model is the one that creates jobs and develops the workforce. By business jobs are created primarily for people with disabilities. Most often the social enterprise is the employer of people with disabilities in order to achieve the integration of persons with disabilities in the labor market and create conditions for a better life. Another popular model of a social enterprise is the one in which the enterprise produces goods and seeks markets, also engaging with their distribution. Most often social enterprises involve persons with disabilities in the form of occupational therapy involved in the production of certain goods. Existing social enterprises in Bulgaria within this model are engaged in the manufacture of certain products by persons who are unemployed or socially excluded. The aim is to enable them to work and improve their social inclusion. The third existing model in Bulgaria is related to the provision of social services generally through payment of external customers, while social enterprise provides social services to its members. Payment is under contract with the state or a municipality. Within this model, services are provided to different users paid directly to social enterprise for direct service.

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DISPARITIES IN DEPRESSION AMONG CHINESE OLDER ADULTS

Innovation in Aging ◽

10.1093/geroni/igz038.3222 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 3 (Supplement_1) ◽

pp. S879-S880

Author(s):

Zhichao Hao ◽

qingyi Li ◽

Nicole Ruggiano

Keyword(s):

Older Adults ◽

Social Services ◽

Rural Areas ◽

Research Policy ◽

Oldest Old ◽

Life Quality ◽

Community Services ◽

Policy And Practice ◽

Chinese Older Adults ◽

Old Adults

Abstract Depression has become one of the major health issues among older adults. In turn, various factors can facilitate or impede the occurrence of depression, socially, economically and culturally. Around 2050, China will have 487 million older adults or nearly 35 percent of the total population. Due to the different background of society, economy and culture, what explanations and knowledge can China provide based on present experiences and practices to help better understand depression among older adults from more comprehensive way? This study was conducted on the latest wave (2011-2014) of the Chinese Longitudinal Healthy Longevity Survey (CLHLS, 1998-2014). The sample included 7,107 Chinese older adults age from 65 to 117 years in China. A binomial hierarchical logistic regression was performed to examine the likelihood of having depression among older adults predicted by geographic characteristics, quality of life, chronic diseases, personal community services, social community services, and demographic variables including gender, age, and current marital status. Analysis indicated that approximately 10% of Chinese older adults in the sample reported depression. Compared to female and young-old adults (age 65-74), males (OR=.636, p<.001) and oldest-old adults (age 95+) (OR=.822, p<.001) were less likely to have depression. Older adults who lived in rural areas (OR=.681, p<.001) showed less likelihood of having depression. Older adults who had better life quality (OR=.553, p<.001) revealed less likely to have depression. Having social services in the community (OR=.908, p<.05) significantly lowered the likelihood of having depression among Chinese older adults. Implications for research, policy, and practice are discussed.

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SOCIAL ENTERPRISES AND THEIR IMPACT IN BULGARIA

Knowledge International Journal ◽

10.35120/kij30061645t ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 30 (6) ◽

pp. 1645-1649

Author(s):

Venelin Terziev ◽

Nikolay Nichev ◽

Marin Georgiev

Keyword(s):

Social Services ◽

Social Enterprise ◽

People With Disabilities ◽

Social Enterprises ◽

Persons With Disabilities ◽

Governmental Organizations ◽

Non Governmental Organizations ◽

The Social ◽

The Republic ◽

The One

The Economic and Social Council of the Republic of Bulgaria (ESC) believes that social enterprises in Bulgaria are still an untapped business model. Current social enterprises are mainly non-governmental organizations by applying the relevant legislation creating social enterprises whose business is focused on the realization of the social purpose and mission of the organization. Social enterprises in Bulgaria operate in various sectors, the most serious part are in: the delivery of social services; providing jobs for people with disabilities; mediation in finding employment of unemployed persons; provision of health services; аctivities in the field of education and others.In realizing these activities the leading is not the end product but the achieved social effect on individuals themselves expressed in obtaining the necessary support to integrate into society. In this sense, there are three basic models of social enterprises:The most common model is the one that creates jobs and develops the workforce. By business jobs are created primarily for people with disabilities. Most often the social enterprise is the employer of people with disabilities in order to achieve the integration of persons with disabilities in the labor market and create conditions for a better life.Another popular model of a social enterprise is the one in which the enterprise produces goods and seeks markets, also engaging with their distribution. Most often social enterprises involve persons with disabilities in the form of occupational therapy involved in the production of certain goods. Existing social enterprises in Bulgaria within this model are engaged in the manufacture of certain products by persons who are unemployed or socially excluded. The aim is to enable them to work and improve their social inclusion.The third existing model in Bulgaria is related to the provision of social services generally through payment of external customers, while social enterprise provides social services to its members. Payment is under contract with the state or a municipality. Within this model, services are provided to different users paid directly to social enterprise for direct service.

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Work Integration Social Enterprises (WISEs): Their Potential Contribution to Labour Market (Re-)Integration of At Risk Populations

10.32920/ryerson.14641602.v1 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Pauline O'Connor ◽

Agnes Meinhard

Keyword(s):

At Risk ◽

Labour Market ◽

Social Services ◽

Social Enterprise ◽

Nonprofit Sector ◽

Social Enterprises ◽

Potential Contribution ◽

Non Profit ◽

Working Paper ◽

Work Integration

Canada’s nonprofit sector contributes significantly to the (re-) integration of economically at risk individuals into the workforce by providing employment related and social services. Over the last decade, more non-profit organizations (and a few for-profit organizations) have turned to a creative new strategy to help (re-)integrate highly disadvantaged populations into the workforce— the creation of social enterprise businesses that provide jobs for disadvantaged workers as well as training, placement and other supports. These jobs can be transitional, stops on the way to integration into the mainstream labour market, or stable, long-term alternatives to existing mainstream jobs. Restaurants, retail stores, courier services, cottage industries, and construction companies are common social enterprise businesses employing vulnerable populations in Canada (e.g. Elson & Hall, 2010). Recent surveys suggest that these organizations, known in Europe as WISEs (Work Integration Social Enterprises), are among the most common social enterprises in Canada’s emergent social enterprise sector (e.g. Elson & Hall, 2010; O’Connor et al, 2012; Flatt et al 2013). Keywords: CVSS, Centre for Voluntary Sector Studies, Working Paper Series,TRSM, Ted Rogers School of Management Citation:

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Work Integration Social Enterprises (WISEs): Their Potential Contribution to Labour Market (Re-)Integration of At Risk Populations

10.32920/ryerson.14641602 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Pauline O'Connor ◽

Agnes Meinhard

Keyword(s):

At Risk ◽

Labour Market ◽

Social Services ◽

Social Enterprise ◽

Nonprofit Sector ◽

Social Enterprises ◽

Potential Contribution ◽

Non Profit ◽

Working Paper ◽

Work Integration

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The mediating effect of job engagement on the relationship between psychological empowerment and social enterprise sustainability

Restaurant Business ◽

10.26643/rb.v118i8.7711 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 118 (8) ◽

pp. 347-355

Author(s):

Hye- RimPark ◽

Yen-Yoo You

Keyword(s):

Human Resources ◽

Social Enterprise ◽

Psychological Empowerment ◽

Social Enterprises ◽

Mediating Effect ◽

Limited Resources ◽

Job Engagement ◽

Non Profit ◽

The Poor ◽

The Relationship

Unlike non-profit organizations, social enterprises must be sustainable through profit-making activities in order to pursue social purposes.However, the most important of the poor limited resources is also human resources, and for the efficient use of human resources, empowerment should be given to members. This study proves whether job engagement mediates the effect on sustainability when psychological empowerment is given to employees in social enterprises.

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DISTANCE EDUCATION IN THE CONTEXT OF GLOBALIZATION: PROBLEMS, SEARCH FOR A SOLUTION// Social Sciences: Achievements and Prospects Journal 4(12), 2019/ OEAPS Inc.(Open European Academy of Public Sciences); Chief Editor Mark Freeman - Barcelona, Spain. 16.05.2019: OEAPS Inc., 2019. - pp. 29-33.

10.31219/osf.io/kvb8q ◽

2019 ◽

Author(s):

Zhanna Borisovna Erzhanova ◽

Olga Alexandrovna Manankova

Keyword(s):

Social Sciences ◽

Quality Of Life ◽

Distance Education ◽

Chief Editor ◽

Learning System ◽

Spiritual Needs ◽

European Academy ◽

Distance Learning System ◽

Teachers And Students

The article deals with the analysis of distance education in the modern globalization, as well as the problems and difficulties faced by teachers and students in the process of this form of training. Distance learning system provides an excellent opportunity for higher education to those who did not have or want to get a second education with the aim of improving the quality of life, as well as their material and spiritual needs. This article, highlighting some of the difficulties and problems of training in modern globalization, can help teachers to allow and overcome some of these new problems.

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