scholarly journals Analisa Kuantitatif Pengaruh Penambahan Konstruksi Sekat Melintang dan Double Bottom Kapal SPOB 3500 DWT Terhadap Lightship

2020 ◽  
Vol 22 (2) ◽  
pp. 104-111
Author(s):  
Panut Widodo
Keyword(s):  
Crude Product

Pada saat pembaharuan sertifikat class BKI, kapal harus mengikuti dan memenuhi persyaratan peraturan BKI yang terbaru tahun 2019. Kapal SPOB 3500 DWT pengangkut Crude Product Oil  (CPO) dan dibangun tahun 1984 ini, harus menambah sekat melintang di tanki muatnya dan merubah konstruksi bottom dari dasar tunggal menjadi dasar ganda (double bottom). Terkait dengan persyaratan peraturan BKI tersebut, maka perlu dilaksanakan perhitungan konstruksi  double bottom  dan  penambahan sekat melintangnya. Dengan penambahan konstruksi sekat melintang dan dasar ganda ini, tentunya akan menambah berat lightship (LWT) kapal. Dalam penelitian ini dilakukan studi terhadap data gambar konstruksi lama yang tersedia, dan perhitungan ukuran konstruksi sekat melintang tambahan dan double bottom berdasarkan rule BKI 2019 Volume II. Dari ukuran dan data konstruksi tersebut dapat dihitung berat konstruksi akibat penambahan sekat dan double bottom dengan metode matematis. Berdasarkan hasil perhitungan maka ada penambahan 2 sekat melintang tebal 8,0 mm dan inner bottom tebal 8,0 mm, total penambahan berat konstruksi adalah 91032 kg, berat lightship kapal semula 678.84 ton berubah menjadi 768,872 ton, sehingga ada penambahan berat sebesar 13,41%

Application of free-flow electrophoresis to the purification of trichosanthin from a crude product of acetone fractional precipitation

1998 ◽  
Vol 19 (7) ◽  
pp. 1097-1103 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jin-Fang Song ◽  
Tao Liu ◽  
Xin Shen ◽  
Gao-de Wu ◽  
Qi-chang Xia
Keyword(s):  
Free Flow ◽  
Fractional Precipitation ◽  
Crude Product

A SYNTHESIS OF α-NAPHTHYL-ACETIC ACID AND SOME HOMOLOGUES

1939 ◽  
Vol 17b (1) ◽  
pp. 14-20 ◽  
Author(s):  
Richard H. F. Manske ◽  
Archie E. Ledingham
Keyword(s):  
Acetic Acid ◽  
Methyl Ether ◽  
Valeric Acid ◽  
Diacetic Acid ◽  
Standard Procedures ◽  
Crude Product ◽  
By Products

In the course of a study of the synthesis of α-naphthyl-acetic acid, a method was elaborated by Dr. A. Cambron that made available large quantities of α-chloromethyl-naphthalene. During the purification of the crude product and in the later stages of the synthesis we have encountered a number of by-products. Among others, these include methyl α-naphthyl-methyl ether, di-α-naphthyl-methyl ether, α-naphthyl carbinol, and 1:5-bis-chloromethyl-naphthalene. The last-named was converted into 1:5-naphthylene-diacetic acid, m.p. 280 °C., via the corresponding nitrile. δ-(1-Naphthyl)-valeric acid, m.p. 84 °C., and ε-(1-naphthyl)-hexoic acid, m.p. 62 °C., were synthesized by standard procedures.

scholarly journals STUDI PERBANDINGAN BIOSURFAKTAN Pseudomonas aeruginosa IA7d DAN SURFAKTAN SINTETIK Tween-80 DALAM BIODEGRADASI SOLAR OLEH MIKROBA PERAIRAN PELABUHAN TANJUNG PERAK SURABAYA

2006 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 13-18 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ni’matuzahroh Ni’matuzahroh ◽  
Arif Yachya ◽  
Mulyadi Tanjung
Keyword(s):  
Pseudomonas Aeruginosa ◽  
Diesel Fuel ◽  
Room Temperature ◽  
Surfactant Solution ◽  
Tween 80 ◽  
Synthetic Surfactant ◽  
Microbial Count ◽  
Crude Product ◽  
And Control ◽  
Biodegradation Test

This research aimed to know the influence of addition crude product Pseudomonas aeruginosa IA7d biosurfactant from substrate hexadecane and diesel fuel in supporting activity of diesel fuel biodegradation and both potention to replace synthetic surfactant for hydrocarbon remediation. Biodegradation test was done by experimental in laboratory scale by Tween-80 as synthetic surfactant comparator. Growth culture was from seawater of Tanjung Perak Harbor Surabaya include various microbe types in its. 2 percent (w/v) of diesel fuel and three surfactants test (0.70 percent w/v crude product P. aeruginosa IA7d biosurfactant from hexadecane substrate; 60,69 percent w/v crude product P. aeruginosa IA7d biosurfactant from diesel fuel substrate; and 0.10 percent w/v synthetic surfactant Tween 80) at uniform surface tension of surfactant solution (54.03 mN/m) were added into 30 ml seawater sample. Cultures were incubated at room temperature (30 °C) during 14 days with shaking (90 rpm). Result of biodegradation test showed the third addition of surfactants test had an effect on acceleration of diesel fuel biodegradation activity that proved at the increased of microbial count (bacterium, yeast, and mould) and decreased of diesel fuel concentration was shown by chromatograms area of diesel fuel. Highest degradation was successively reached by culture got crude product P. aeruginosa IA7d biosurfactant from diesel fuel substrate (88.034 percent), crude product P. aeruginosa IA7d biosurfactant from hexadecane substrate (80.908 percent), synthetic surfactant Tween-80 (54.732 percent), and control that was without addition surfactant test (0.132 percent). Base on number of microbial count, percentage of decreasing chromatogram peaks of diesel fuel from each surfactant test, and price substrate produce (diesel fuel and hexadecane) among both crude product P. aeruginosa IA7d biosurfactant, known that the crude product P. aeruginosa IA7d biosurfactant from diesel fuel substrate had highest ability acceleration to biodegradation activity on diesel fuel and had a potency to replace synthetic surfactant for remediation hydrocarbon application in environment.

scholarly journals 2,3-Diaminopropanols Obtained from d-Serine as Intermediates in the Synthesis of Protected 2,3-l-Diaminopropanoic Acid (l-Dap) Methyl Esters

Molecules ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 25 (6) ◽  
pp. 1313
Author(s):  
Andrea Temperini ◽  
Donatella Aiello ◽  
Fabio Mazzotti ◽  
Constantinos M. Athanassopoulos ◽  
Pierantonio De Luca ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acid ◽  
Reductive Amination ◽  
Methyl Esters ◽  
Primary Amines ◽  
Synthetic Approach ◽  
Protecting Group ◽  
Synthetic Strategy ◽  
Crude Product ◽  
Diaminopropanoic Acid ◽  
Acid Labile

A synthetic strategy for the preparation of two orthogonally protected methyl esters of the non-proteinogenic amino acid 2,3-l-diaminopropanoic acid (l-Dap) was developed. In these structures, the base-labile protecting group 9-fluorenylmethyloxycarbonyl (Fmoc) was paired to the p-toluensulfonyl (tosyl, Ts) or acid-labile tert-butyloxycarbonyl (Boc) moieties. The synthetic approach to protected l-Dap methyl esters uses appropriately masked 2,3-diaminopropanols, which are obtained via reductive amination of an aldehyde prepared from the commercial amino acid Nα-Fmoc-O-tert-butyl-d-serine, used as the starting material. Reductive amination is carried out with primary amines and sulfonamides, and the process is assisted by the Lewis acid Ti(OiPr)4. The required carboxyl group is installed by oxidizing the alcoholic function of 2,3-diaminopropanols bearing the tosyl or benzyl protecting group on the 3-NH2 site. The procedure can easily be applied using the crude product obtained after each step, minimizing the need for chromatographic purifications. Chirality of the carbon atom of the starting d-serine template is preserved throughout all synthetic steps.

scholarly journals Development of Multifunctional Cosmetic Cream Using Bioactive Materials from Streptomyces sp. T65 with Synthesized Mesoporous Silica Particles SBA-15

Antioxidants ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (4) ◽  
pp. 278
Author(s):  
Ram Hari Dahal ◽  
Tuan Manh Nguyen ◽  
Dong Seop Shim ◽  
Joon Young Kim ◽  
Jangyul Lee ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mesoporous Silica ◽  
Cell Lines ◽  
Radical Scavenging ◽  
Antimicrobial Activities ◽  
Diffusion Method ◽  
Type I ◽  
Mushroom Tyrosinase ◽  
Dpph Radical ◽  
Crude Product ◽  
Dpph Radical Scavenging

Various cosmetics having a single function are increasingly being used, but cosmetics having multifunctional activities remain limited. We aimed to develop a multifunctional cosmetic cream having antioxidant, anti-tyrosinase, anti-aging and antimicrobial activities. Antimicrobial activities were performed by disc-diffusion method. Cell toxicity and cell proliferations were evaluated in a 96-well plate with different cell lines such as HaCaT, RAW264.7, CCD-986Sk, B16F1, and B16F10. Mushroom tyrosinase inhibition, elastase inhibition, and 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging activities were evaluated and IC50 was calculated. Mesoporous silica particle was synthesized using Pluronic P123 and tetraethyl ortho-silicate (TEOS). Facial pictures were captured by VISIA-CR (Facial Imaging System for Clinical Research). Roughness of image was analysed by PRIMOS software and brightness of image was analyzed by Chromameter CR-400. The crude product of strain T65 inhibited the different human pathogenic bacteria such as Bacillus subtilis, Escherichia coli, Propionibacterium acnes, Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Staphylococcus epidermidis. The IC50 of T65 crude product for mushroom tyrosinase, elastase, and DPPH radical scavenging activities were 58.73, 14.68, and 6.31 µg/mL, respectively. T65 crude product proliferated collagen type I in CCD-986Sk cell up to 145.91% ± 9.11% (mean ± SD; mean of 24, 48, and 72 h) at 250 pg/mL. Synthesized mesoporous particles (SBA-15) confirmed the sustainable performance by control-release for three days. Formulated functional cosmetic cream containing T65 embedded SBA-15, significantly decreased the skin roughness by 4.670% and increased the skin brightness by 0.472% after application of 4 weeks. T65 crude product inhibited both Gram-positive and Gram-negative pathogens. Synthesized mesoporous particle, SBA-15, confirmed the physiologically active substance was released in sustainable release condition. T65 crude product showed impeccable antimicrobial, antioxidant, anti-aging, and whitening activities with non-cytotoxic effects to different cell lines related to the human skin.

scholarly journals Eine neue Methode zur Herstellung und Reinigung von 5-Methyltetrahydrofolsäure / A New Method for Preparation and Purification of 5-M ethyltetrahydrofolic Acid

1973 ◽  
Vol 28 (11-12) ◽  
pp. 650-652
Author(s):  
Harold Rüdiger ◽  
Reinhard Siede
Keyword(s):  
Acetic Acid ◽  
Folic Acid ◽  
Ion Exchange ◽  
Sodium Borohydride ◽  
Sodium Salt ◽  
Barium Salt ◽  
Borohydride Reduction ◽  
Methyl Derivative ◽  
Crude Product ◽  
Sodium Borohydride Reduction

Abstract 5-Methyltetrahydrofolic acid is prepared from folic acid by sodium borohydride reduction, reac­ tion with formaldehyde and reduction to the methyl derivative by sodium borohydride. The crude product is precipitated as barium salt which after having been converted to the sodium salt by ion exchange is adsorbed to QAE-Sephadex and eluted by different acetic acid gradients in subsequent chromatographies. This method allows to process gram quantities on reasonably small columns

Reaction of trans-2-Acylaminocyclanols with Thionyl Chloride

1971 ◽  
Vol 49 (12) ◽  
pp. 2064-2072 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. A. B. Bannard ◽  
N. C. C. Gibson ◽  
J. H. Parkkari
Keyword(s):  
Thionyl Chloride ◽  
Half Life ◽  
Spectral Characteristics ◽  
High Yield ◽  
Methyl Proton ◽  
Reaction Solution ◽  
Crude Product ◽  
Proton Resonances ◽  
General Method

trans-2-Acetamidocyclohexanol (1; n = 2, R = CH3) on addition to thionyl chloride in chloroform at 0° was converted rapidly and quantitatively to D,L-2-methyl-4,5-cis-cyclohexanoöxazoline hydrochloride (2; n = 2, R = CH3) judging from shifts in the methyl proton resonances of the n.m.r. spectra of the amide and the reaction solution. The intermediate chlorosulfinate was estimated to have a half-life of less than 2.25 min. The oxazoline salt was isolated in 98% yield by sublimation of the crude product in vacuo and was identified by its i.r. and n.m.r. spectra and by its facile and almost quantitative hydrolysis to cis-2-aminocyclohexanol hydrochloride. The oxazoline salts 2 (n = 1, R = CH3, [Formula: see text] and n = 2, R = C6H5, [Formula: see text]) were readily obtained in 95 % yield or better by the same general method and it was shown that the trans-2-acetamidocyclanols are the preferred starting materials for conversion to cis-2-aminocyclanol derivatives by the thionyl chloride inversion reaction. The oxazoline bases 4 (n = 1, R = CH3, [Formula: see text] and n = 2, R = CH3, [Formula: see text]) were readily obtained in high yield from the corresponding salts and differences in the i.r. and n.m.r. spectral characteristics of the salts and bases are reported.

scholarly journals HPLC-MS Analysis of the Riboflavin Crude Product of Semisynthesis

2006 ◽  
Vol 44 (9) ◽  
pp. 552-556 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Guo ◽  
Y. Lu ◽  
H. Dong
Keyword(s):  
Ms Analysis ◽  
Crude Product

STUDIES IN THE POLYOXYPHENOL SERIES: IX. THE SYNTHESIS OF PAPAVERINE AND PAPAVERALDINE BY THE POMERANZ-FRITSCH METHOD

1955 ◽  
Vol 33 (5) ◽  
pp. 729-742 ◽  
Author(s):  
Donald A. Guthrie ◽  
Arlen W. Frank ◽  
C. B. Purves
Keyword(s):  
Sulphuric Acid ◽  
Acetyl Derivative ◽  
Mercury Complex ◽  
Crude Product ◽  
Group A ◽  
Methylene Group

Fritsch's cyclization of N-(α-veratrylveratrylidene)-aminoacetal in sulphuric acid was shown to give 1.1% of papaverine and 23% of an isomer, m.p. 164.5–165.5 °C.; hydrochloride, m.p. 212 °C. decomp., which was supposed to be 4,5-bis(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)-2H-pyrrolenine, produced by an internal condensation of the acetal or the corresponding aldehyde with the reactive methylene group. A similar structure was proposed for another unidentified isomer prepared by Schlittler and Müller. Hydrogenation of Fritsch's acetal gave N-(α-veratryl-veratryl)-aminoacetal, m.p. 69.5–70 °C., which was cyclized to a base, m.p. 155.5–156 °C.; N-acetyl derivative, m.p. 203.5–204 °C., formulated as 2,3-bis(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)-3-pyrroline. Substances presumed to be the intermediate aldehyde and aldol were isolated as colorless oils. Condensation of the diketone veratril with aminoacetal, followed by cyclization of the crude product, constituted a new two-step synthesis of papaveraldine in 8% yield, and the reduction of the latter to papaverine was known.Other crystalline compounds prepared incidentally and thought to be new were veratril monoanil, m.p. 172–173 °C.; α,α′-biveratrylideneaminoacetal, m.p. 101–102 °C.; a compound formulated as 2,3-bis(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)-4-ethylmer-captopyrrolidine hydrochloride, m.p. 184–185 °C; from this an unidentified mercury complex, m.p. 109 °C. decomp.; 4,4′dibenzyloxy-3,3′-dimethoxy-desoxybenzoin, m.p. 141–142 °C; and its oxime, m.p. 137.5 °C.

Base mediated dimerization of 2-tetradecynoic acid

1983 ◽  
Vol 61 (11) ◽  
pp. 2449-2454 ◽  
Author(s):  
Suzanne R. Abrams ◽  
J. Wilson Quail ◽  
Louis T. J. Delbaere
Keyword(s):  
Sodium Salt ◽  
Michael Addition ◽  
Dimethyl Ester ◽  
Crystallographic Analysis ◽  
Strong Base ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Crude Product ◽  
Monomethyl Ester

Under the influence of the very strong base, the sodium salt of 1,2-diaminoethane in 1,2-diaminoethane, 2-tetradecynoic acid is converted to 3-tetradecynoic acid (35%) and a novel dimer 3. Compound 3 ((Z)-2-(1-dodecynyl)-3-undecyl-pent-2-en-1,5-dioic diacid) is isolated as the monomethyl ester 1 after treatment of the crude product with methanolic HCl. The structures of 1 and 3 are deduced from an X-ray crystallographic analysis of the dimethyl ester 2 obtained by reaction of 1 with diazomethane. The dimer 3 is thought to arise from Michael addition of the dianion 4 of 3-tetradecynoic acid with the sodium salt of 2-tetradecynoic acid.

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