scholarly journals Key for crossing the BBB with nanoparticles: the rational design

2020 ◽  
Vol 11 ◽  
pp. 866-883 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sonia M Lombardo ◽  
Marc Schneider ◽  
Akif E Türeli ◽  
Nazende Günday Türeli
Keyword(s):  
Rational Design ◽  
Health Care Systems ◽  
Nervous System Diseases ◽  
Central Nervous System Diseases ◽  
Carrier System ◽  
Cerebral Microvessels ◽  
Care Systems ◽  
Heavy Burden ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Nanoparticle Material

Central nervous system diseases are a heavy burden on society and health care systems. Hence, the delivery of drugs to the brain has gained more and more interest. The brain is protected by the blood–brain barrier (BBB), a selective barrier formed by the endothelial cells of the cerebral microvessels, which at the same time acts as a bottleneck for drug delivery by preventing the vast majority of drugs to reach the brain. To overcome this obstacle, drugs can be loaded inside nanoparticles that can carry the drug through the BBB. However, not all particles are able to cross the BBB and a multitude of factors needs to be taken into account when developing a carrier system for this purpose. Depending on the chosen pathway to cross the BBB, nanoparticle material, size and surface properties such as functionalization and charge should be tailored to fit the specific route of BBB crossing.

‘Untying the Knot’: Achieving Integrative and Collaborative Care within Trauma and Fear Saturated Systems – A Practice-Focused Discussion Paper

2017 ◽  
Vol 42 (2) ◽  
pp. 104-107 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dilip Balu
Keyword(s):  
Child Protection ◽  
Health Care Systems ◽  
Traumatic Experience ◽  
Ripple Effect ◽  
Discussion Paper ◽  
Care Systems ◽  
Trauma Informed ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Mental Health Care Systems

The author's clinical experience with the Child Protection and Mental Health Care systems informs this brief practice-focused paper. The author posits that Secondary Traumatic Stress and Vicarious Trauma are central to understanding the impact of relationally traumatic material and the experience of individuals, families, team and the wider ecology of care systems. In particular, the author hypothesises that the tendency of systems to become fragmented in operation, with silos of sub-parts working parallel to each other, may be a natural adaptation to the ways in which traumatic experience ripples across system boundaries. This ‘ripple effect’ may lead to increasing emotional and relational reactivity, and survival-oriented inward focus of energies and efforts. The metaphor of the brain and nervous system is used to explore ideas of connection and integration in care systems. Trauma-informed leadership by individuals and teams is also touched upon in relation to reducing fear-driven clinical practice.

scholarly journals Exosomes as cell-derivative carriers in the diagnosis and treatment of central nervous system diseases

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gayatri Gopal Shetgaonkar ◽  
Shirleen Miriam Marques ◽  
Cleona E. M. DCruz ◽  
R. J. A. Vibhavari ◽  
Lalit Kumar ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Brain Parenchyma ◽  
Brain Diseases ◽  
Nervous System Diseases ◽  
Central Nervous System Diseases ◽  
Diagnosis And Prognosis ◽  
Potential Biomarker ◽  
Treatment And Diagnosis ◽  
The Brain

AbstractExosomes are extracellular vesicles with the diameter ranging from 50 to 100 nm and are found in different body fluids such as blood, cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), urine and saliva. Like in case of various diseases, based on the parent cells, the content of exosomes (protein, mRNA, miRNA, DNA, lipids and metabolites) varies and thus can be utilized as potential biomarker for diagnosis and prognosis of the brain diseases. Furthermore, utilizing the natural potential exosomes to cross the blood–brain barrier and by specifically decorating it with the ligand as per the desired brain sites therapeutics can be delivered to brain parenchyma. This review article conveys the importance of exosomes and their use in the treatment and diagnosis of brain/central nervous system diseases. Graphical abstract

scholarly journals The proteomics analysis of the effects of Zhishi Rhubarb soup on ischaemic stroke

2021 ◽  
Vol 19 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Jing-Hua Zhang ◽  
Yue-Jia Shao ◽  
Zhen Hui ◽  
Su-Lei Wang ◽  
Chi Huang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mass Spectrometry ◽  
Liquid Chromatography ◽  
Tissue Injury ◽  
Health Care Systems ◽  
Differentially Expressed ◽  
Differentially Expressed Proteins ◽  
National Health Care ◽  
Care Systems ◽  
Heavy Burden ◽  
The Difference

Abstract Background Stroke has always been a major threat worldwide but is most severe in China, with 2.5 million new stroke cases each year and 7.5 million stroke survivors, placing a heavy burden on the social and national health care systems. Zhishi Rhubarb Soup (ZRS) is a traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) that has been used clinically for many years in China. To explore the potential mechanism of ZRS in the treatment of stroke, liquid chromatography with mass spectrometry (LC–MS) was performed. Methods In this study, a quantitative proteomic method with LC–MS was used to analyse the proteomic differences between MACO samples treated with ZRS and those without ZRS treatment. Results Liquid chromatography with mass spectrometry (LC–MS) analysis led to the identification of 35,006 peptides, with 5160.0 proteins identified and 4094.0 quantified. Significantly differentially expressed proteins were identified through data analysis, and the difference was found to be more than 1.2 times (P < 0.05). The Gene Ontology (GO) analysis provided a summary of the dysregulated protein expression in the biological process (BP), cell component (CC), and molecular function (MF) categories. Proteins related to brain repair, including BDNF, IL-10, IL-6, and TGF-β, were found to change significantly, partially demonstrating the effectiveness of ZRS to attenuate tissue injury. Conclusion In this study, LC–MS/MS was performed to assess the effects of ZRS on differentially expressed proteins in rats with cerebral infarction. These promising results could help to improve the understanding of the effects of drugs on stroke.

Using Mismatch Negativity to Investigate the Pathophysiology of Substance Use Disorders and Comorbid Psychosis

2018 ◽  
Vol 49 (4) ◽  
pp. 226-237 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jessica U. Ramlakhan ◽  
Reza Zomorrodi ◽  
Jonathan Downar ◽  
Daniel M. Blumberger ◽  
Zafiris J. Daskalakis ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Substance Use ◽  
Alcohol Use ◽  
Substance Use Disorders ◽  
Mismatch Negativity ◽  
Health Care Systems ◽  
Event Related Potential ◽  
Cannabis Use ◽  
Chronic Alcohol ◽  
Care Systems ◽  
Heavy Burden

Substance use disorders (SUDs) have a devastating impact on society and place a heavy burden on health care systems. Given that alcohol, tobacco, and cannabis use have the highest prevalence, further understanding of the underlying pathophysiology of these SUDs is crucial. Electroencephalography is an inexpensive, temporally superior, and translatable technique which enables investigation of the pathobiology of SUDs through the evaluation of various event-related potential components, including mismatch negativity (MMN). The goals of this review were to investigate the effects of acute and chronic alcohol, tobacco, and cannabis use on MMN among nonpsychiatric populations and patients with comorbid psychosis. A literature search was performed using the database PubMed, and 36 articles met our inclusion and exclusion criteria. We found a pattern of attenuation of MMN amplitude among patients with alcoholism across acute and chronic alcohol use, and this dysregulation was not heritable. Reports were limited, and results were mixed on the effects of acute and chronic tobacco and cannabis use on MMN. Reports on comorbid SUDs and psychosis were even fewer, and also presented mixed findings. These preliminary results suggest that MMN deficits may be associated with SUDs, specifically alcohol use disorder, and serve as a possible biomarker for treating these common disorders.

scholarly journals Magnetic resonance assessment of the cerebral alterations associated with obesity development

2020 ◽  
Vol 40 (11) ◽  
pp. 2135-2151
Author(s):  
Blanca Lizarbe ◽  
Basilio Campillo ◽  
Irene Guadilla ◽  
Pilar López-Larrubia ◽  
Sebastián Cerdán
Keyword(s):  
Magnetic Resonance ◽  
Health Care Systems ◽  
Adult Population ◽  
Volumetric Imaging ◽  
Water Diffusivity ◽  
Care Systems ◽  
Early Inflammatory Response ◽  
Magnetic Resonance Imaging Mri ◽  
Fat Diets ◽  
The Brain

Obesity is a current threat to health care systems, affecting approximately 13% of the world’s adult population, and over 18% children and adolescents. The rise of obesity is fuelled by inadequate life style habits, as consumption of diets rich in fats and sugars which promote, additionally, the development of associated comorbidities. Obesity results from a neuroendocrine imbalance in the cerebral mechanisms controlling food intake and energy expenditure, including the hypothalamus and the reward and motivational centres. Specifically, high-fat diets are known to trigger an early inflammatory response in the hypothalamus that precedes weight gain, is time-dependent, and eventually extends to the remaining appetite regulating regions in the brain. Multiple magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and spectroscopy (MRS) methods are currently available to characterize different features of cerebral obesity, including diffusion weighted, T2 and volumetric imaging and 1H and 13C spectroscopic evaluations. In particular, consistent evidences have revealed increased water diffusivity and T2 values, decreased grey matter volumes, and altered metabolic profiles and fluxes, in the brain of animal models and in obese humans. This review provides an integrative interpretation of the physio-pathological processes associated with obesity development in the brain, and the MRI and MRS methods implemented to characterize them.

scholarly journals The Application of Nanotechnology for the Diagnosis and Treatment of Brain Diseases and Disorders

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ebenezeri Erasto Ngowi ◽  
Yi-Zhen Wang ◽  
Lei Qian ◽  
Yasmeen Ahmed Saleheldin Hassan Helmy ◽  
Bright Anyomi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Health Care Systems ◽  
The Body ◽  
Diagnosis And Treatment ◽  
Brain Diseases ◽  
Care Systems ◽  
Research Findings ◽  
The Subject ◽  
New Research ◽  
Causes Of Deaths ◽  
The Brain

Brain is by far the most complex organ in the body. It is involved in the regulation of cognitive, behavioral, and emotional activities. The organ is also a target for many diseases and disorders ranging from injuries to cancers and neurodegenerative diseases. Brain diseases are the main causes of disability and one of the leading causes of deaths. Several drugs that have shown potential in improving brain structure and functioning in animal models face many challenges including the delivery, specificity, and toxicity. For many years, researchers have been facing challenge of developing drugs that can cross the physical (blood–brain barrier), electrical, and chemical barriers of the brain and target the desired region with few adverse events. In recent years, nanotechnology emerged as an important technique for modifying and manipulating different objects at the molecular level to obtain desired features. The technique has proven to be useful in diagnosis as well as treatments of brain diseases and disorders by facilitating the delivery of drugs and improving their efficacy. As the subject is still hot, and new research findings are emerging, it is clear that nanotechnology could upgrade health care systems by providing easy and highly efficient diagnostic and treatment methods. In this review, we will focus on the application of nanotechnology in the diagnosis and treatment of brain diseases and disorders by illuminating the potential of nanoparticles.

scholarly journals The Rationale for a Redefinition of Visual Art Based on Neuroaesthetic Principles

Leonardo ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 51 (1) ◽  
pp. 59-60
Author(s):  
Eugen Bogdan Petcu
Keyword(s):  
Visual Art ◽  
Decisive Role ◽  
Personal Identification ◽  
Nervous System Diseases ◽  
Central Nervous System Diseases ◽  
The Public ◽  
Parietal Lobes ◽  
Prior Art ◽  
External Stimuli ◽  
The Brain

Recent investigational studies have indicated that fronto-orbital, temporal and parietal lobes have a decisive role in artistic creation and personal identification of “beauty” in painting. Moreover, visual artistic work and preferences could be modified by central nervous system diseases or external stimuli such as transcranial magnetic stimulation. Both creation and preferences would depend on prior art education and sociocultural norms. However, the superior activity of the brain remains of paramount importance in production and evaluation of paintings regardless of the style, representational or abstract. Therefore, redefinition of art by neuroaesthetic principles will create a better communication between the public and the artists.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document