scholarly journals Systematic control of α-Fe2O3 crystal growth direction for improved electrochemical performance of lithium-ion battery anodes

2017 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
pp. 2032-2044 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nan Shen ◽  
Miriam Keppeler ◽  
Barbara Stiaszny ◽  
Holger Hain ◽  
Filippo Maglia ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Aspect Ratio ◽  
Electrochemical Performance ◽  
Lithium Ion ◽  
Physicochemical Characteristics ◽  
Growth Direction ◽  
Electrochemical Characteristics ◽  
Aspect Ratios ◽  
Shape Controlling ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Systematic Control

α-Fe2O3 nanomaterials with an elongated nanorod morphology exhibiting superior electrochemical performance were obtained through hydrothermal synthesis assisted by diamine derivatives as shape-controlling agents (SCAs) for application as anodes in lithium-ion batteries (LIBs). The physicochemical characteristics were investigated via XRD and FESEM, revealing well-crystallized α-Fe2O3 with adjustable nanorod lengths between 240 and 400 nm and aspect ratios in the range from 2.6 to 5.7. The electrochemical performance was evaluated by cyclic voltammetry and charge–discharge measurements. A SCA test series, including ethylenediamine, 1,2-diaminopropane, 2,3-diaminobutane, and N-methylethylenediamine, was implemented in terms of the impact on the nanorod aspect ratio. Varied substituents on the vicinal diamine structure were examined towards an optimized reaction center in terms of electron density and steric hindrance. Possible interaction mechanisms of the diamine derivatives with ferric species and the correlation between the aspect ratio and electrochemical performance are discussed. Intermediate-sized α-Fe2O3 nanorods with length/aspect ratios of ≈240 nm/≈2.6 and ≈280 nm/≈3.0 were found to have excellent electrochemical characteristics with reversible discharge capacities of 1086 and 1072 mAh g−1 at 0.1 C after 50 cycles.

Influence of nozzle exit geometrical parameters on supersonic jet decay

2021 ◽  
Vol 0 (0) ◽  
Author(s):  
Prasanta Kumar Mohanta ◽  
B. T. N. Sridhar ◽  
R. K. Mishra
Keyword(s):  
Aspect Ratio ◽  
Nozzle Exit ◽  
Ambient Air ◽  
Schlieren Image ◽  
Geometrical Parameters ◽  
Image Study ◽  
Aspect Ratios ◽  
Core Length ◽  
Supersonic Core Length ◽  
The Impact

Abstract Experiments and simulations were carried on C-D nozzles with four different exit geometry aspect ratios to investigate the impact of supersonic decay characteristics. Rectangular and elliptical exit geometries were considered for the study with various aspect ratios. Numerical simulations and Schlieren image study were studied and found the agreeable logical physics of decay and spread characteristics. The supersonic core decay was found to be of different length for different exit geometry aspect ratio, though the throat to exit area ratio was kept constant to maintain the same exit Mach number. The impact of nozzle exit aspect ratio geometry was responsible to enhance the mixing of primary flow with ambient air, without requiring a secondary method to increase the mixing characteristics. The higher aspect ratio resulted in better mixing when compared to lower aspect ratio exit geometry, which led to reduction in supersonic core length. The behavior of core length reduction gives the identical signature for both under-expanded and over-expanded cases. The results revealed that higher aspect ratio of the exit geometry produced smaller supersonic core length. The aspect ratio of cross section in divergent section of the nozzle was maintained constant from throat to exit to reduce flow losses.

scholarly journals Probing the Influence of Multiscale Heterogeneity on Effective Properties of Graphite Electrodes

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chance A. Norris ◽  
Mukul Parmananda ◽  
Scott Alan Roberts ◽  
Partha P. Mukherjee
Keyword(s):  
Spatial Heterogeneity ◽  
Transport Properties ◽  
Effective Properties ◽  
Lithium Ion ◽  
Particle Morphology ◽  
Electrochemical Characteristics ◽  
Pore Scale ◽  
Structural Anisotropy ◽  
Graphite Electrodes ◽  
The Impact

Graphite electrodes in the lithium-ion battery exhibit various particle shapes, including spherical and platelet morphologies, which influence structural and electrochemical characteristics. It is well established that porous structures exhibit spatial heterogeneity, and particle morphology can influence transport properties. The impact of particle morphology on the heterogeneity and anisotropy of geometric and transport properties has not been previously studied. This study characterizes the spatial heterogeneities of eighteen graphite electrodes at multiple length scales by calculating and comparing structural anisotropy, geometric quantities, and transport properties (pore-scale tortuosity and electrical conductivity). We found that particle morphology and structural anisotropy play an integral role in determining the spatial heterogeneity of directional tortuosity and its dependency on pore-scale heterogeneity. Our analysis reveals that the magnitude of in-plane and through-plane tortuosity difference influences the multiscale heterogeneity in graphite electrodes.

scholarly journals The impact of carbon additives on lithium ion diffusion kinetic of LiFePO4/C composites

2019 ◽  
Vol 22 (1) ◽  
pp. 173-179
Author(s):  
Thanh Dinh Duc ◽  
Anh My-Thi Nguyen ◽  
Tru Nhi Nguyen ◽  
Hang Thi La ◽  
Phung My Loan Le
Keyword(s):  
Electrochemical Performance ◽  
Lithium Ion ◽  
Second Phase ◽  
Potential Candidate ◽  
Scale Production ◽  
X Rays ◽  
Ion Diffusion ◽  
Diffusion Kinetic ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Lithium Ion Diffusion

Introduction: LiFePO4/C composites were synthesized via physical mixing assisted solvothermal process. Different kinds of carbon materials were investigated including 0D (carbon Ketjen black), 1D (carbon nanotubes) and 2D (graphene) materials. X-rays diffraction patterns of carbon coated LiFePO4 synthesized by solvothermal was indexed to pure crystalline phase without the emergence of second phase. LiFePO4 platelets and rods were in range size of 80-200 nm and dispersed well in carbon matrix. The lithium ion diffusion kinetics was evaluated through the calculated diffusion coefficients to explore the impact of carbon mixing. Methods: In this work, we studied the structure, morphologies and the lithium ion diffusion kinetic of LiFePO4/C composites for Li-ion batteries. Different characterization methods were used including powder X-rays (for crystalline structure); Transmission Electron Microscopy (for particle and morphologies observation) and Cyclic voltammetry (for electrochemical kinetic study). Results: The study indicated LiFePO4/C composites were successfully obtained by mixing process and the electrochemical performance throughout the calculated diffusion coefficient was significantly improved by adding the carbon types. Conclusion: The excellent ion diffusion was obtained for composites LiFePO4/Ketjen black (KB) and LiFePO4/CNT compared to LiFePO4/Graphene. KB could be a potential candidate for large-scale production due to low-cost, stable and high electrochemical performance.  

scholarly journals LiFePO4-Graphene Composites as High-Performance Cathodes for Lithium-Ion Batteries: The Impact of Size and Morphology of Graphene

Materials ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 12 (6) ◽  
pp. 842 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yanqing Fu ◽  
Qiliang Wei ◽  
Gaixia Zhang ◽  
Yu Zhong ◽  
Nima Moghimian ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Electrochemical Performance ◽  
High Performance ◽  
Lithium Iron Phosphate ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Lithium Ion ◽  
Iron Phosphate ◽  
Full Potential ◽  
Active Materials ◽  
Size And Morphology ◽  
The Impact

In this work, we investigated three types of graphene (i.e., home-made G, G V4, and G V20) with different size and morphology, as additives to a lithium iron phosphate (LFP) cathode for the lithium-ion battery. Both the LFP and the two types of graphene (G V4 and G V20) were sourced from industrial, large-volume manufacturers, enabling cathode production at low cost. The use of wrinkled and/or large pieces of a graphene matrix shows promising electrochemical performance when used as an additive to the LFP, which indicates that the features of large and curved graphene pieces enable construction of a more effective conducting network to realize the full potential of the active materials. Specifically, compared to pristine LFP, the LFP/G, LFP/G V20, and LFP/G V4 show up to a 9.2%, 6.9%, and 4.6% increase, respectively, in a capacity at 1 C. Furthermore, the LFP combined with graphene exhibits a better rate performance than tested with two different charge/discharge modes. Moreover, from the economic and electrochemical performance view point, we also demonstrated that 1% of graphene content is optimized no matter the capacity calculated, based on the LFP/graphene composite or pure LFP.

scholarly journals Indentation of an S2 Floating Ice Sheet in the Brittle Range

1983 ◽  
Vol 4 ◽  
pp. 180-187 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. Michel ◽  
D. Blanchet
Keyword(s):  
Aspect Ratio ◽  
Research Work ◽  
Ice Sheets ◽  
Ice Sheet ◽  
Theory Of Elasticity ◽  
Maximum Pressure ◽  
Shear Cracks ◽  
Aspect Ratios ◽  
Two Parameters ◽  
The Impact

The problem of a floating ice sheet hitting a structure with a vertical face appears to be a simple one but, in fact, has only been solved for a limited number of cases. Research work on this question usually reports on an indentation coefficient which relates the average pressure on the indenter to the uniaxial crushing strength of the ice. Very few tests have been made in the brittle range of ice failure. In this particular area of study, this paper reports on 27 tests that were conducted in a cold-room water basin where controlled S2floating ice sheets were produced with a surface area of 4 × 4 m, three sides being fully restrained and the other, freely float! no, being submitted to the impact of the moving indenter. All tests were carried out at computed indentation rates varying from 0.017 to 0.34 s-1. In this range this ice would normally be considered to act as a brittle material. The thickness of the ice sheets varied from 1.2 to 9.0 cm and the indenter width from 5 cm to 1 m. Overall, the aspect ratio relating these two parameters could be varied from 0.5 to 83.Results have shown that for aspect ratios <5, there was an important oscillatory effect which caused the formation of pi asti fi ed triangles in front of the indenter, increasing its resistance as it would under ductile conditions. Because of this plastification, an extrusion effect appeared in front of the indenter as the broken ice crystals were blown up and down in front of the fast-moving indenter. The theory of plasticity which gives an indentation coefficient of 2.97 seems to apply in this case. Another mode of failure which occurred with aspect ratios 5 was cleavage in the plane of the ice sheet which also gives a higher indentation coefficient for S2ice, but of the same order of magnitude as previously.For intermediate values of the aspect ratio, between 5 and 20, the theory of elasticity used by Michel (1978) seems to apply well. Shear cracks are first formed on both sides of the square indenter and control the maximum pressure when they propagate inside forming big triangles in front of it.Finally, for aspect ratios ~>20, buckling of the ice occurs, either after or at the same time as the formation of wedges, together with a reduction in the indentation coefficient to a value close to that given by the theory of buckling of a truncated 45° wedge with a hinged edge.

scholarly journals Characterization of Stereolithography Printed Soft Tooling for Micro Injection Molding

Micromachines ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (9) ◽  
pp. 819 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniel Dempsey ◽  
Sean McDonald ◽  
Davide Masato ◽  
Carol Barry
Keyword(s):  
Aspect Ratio ◽  
Injection Molding ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Tool Material ◽  
Mold Temperature ◽  
Micro Injection Molding ◽  
Digital Light Processing ◽  
Electron Microscopies ◽  
Aspect Ratios ◽  
The Impact

The use of microfeature-enabled devices, such as microfluidic platforms and anti-fouling surfaces, has grown in both potential and application in recent years. Injection molding is an attractive method of manufacturing these devices due to its excellent process throughput and commodity-priced raw materials. Still, the manufacture of micro-structured tooling remains a slow and expensive endeavor. This work investigated the feasibility of utilizing additive manufacturing, specifically a Digital Light Processing (DLP)-based inverted stereolithography process, to produce thermoset polymer-based tooling for micro injection molding. Inserts were created with an array of 100-μm wide micro-features, having different heights and thus aspect ratios. These inserts were molded with high flow polypropylene to investigate print process resolution capabilities, channel replication abilities, and insert wear and longevity. Samples were characterized using contact profilometry as well as optical and scanning electron microscopies. Overall, the inserts exhibited a maximum lifetime of 78 molding cycles and failed by cracking of the entire insert. Damage was observed for the higher aspect ratio features but not the lower aspect ratio features. The effect of the tool material on mold temperature distribution was modeled to analyze the impact of processing and mold design.

scholarly journals Study on Strain Rate Effect and Size Effect of Dynamic Response Characteristics of Granite

2021 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Zhihang Hu ◽  
Yuying Ning ◽  
Jiuyang Zhang ◽  
Jianyu Zhao
Keyword(s):  
Aspect Ratio ◽  
Strain Rate ◽  
Split Hopkinson Pressure Bar ◽  
Impact Load ◽  
Hopkinson Pressure Bar ◽  
Aspect Ratios ◽  
Rate Of Increase ◽  
Density Index ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Time Density

Under impact load, the dynamic mechanical properties of rock are complex and changeable. The Split Hopkinson Pressure Bar (SHPB) system was used to change the impact load to carry out different strain rate loading tests on granite with different aspect ratios, and to analyze the influence of strain rate and aspect ratio on the dynamic energy consumption of granite crushing. The results show that at an impact velocity of 14 m/s, the granite with an aspect ratio of 1.4 appears to be strip-shaped fragments after being broken; the granite with an aspect ratio of 1.0 uniform square fragments after being broken; the granite with an aspect ratio of 0.6 appears to be a large number of flat fragments after being broken. When the load strain rate of the granite with an aspect ratio of 0.6 increases from 50 s-1 to 150 s-1, the energy-time density index increases significantly; when the load strain rate exceeds 150 s-1, the energy-time density index decreases. When the strain rate of granite with an aspect ratio of 1.0 exceeds 80 s-1, the energy-time density increases significantly. When the strain rate of the granite with an aspect ratio of 1.4 exceeds 60 s-1, the rate of increase of the energy-time density of the rock increases significantly.

scholarly journals Indentation of an S2 Floating Ice Sheet in the Brittle Range

1983 ◽  
Vol 4 ◽  
pp. 180-187 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. Michel ◽  
D. Blanchet
Keyword(s):  
Aspect Ratio ◽  
Research Work ◽  
Ice Sheets ◽  
Ice Sheet ◽  
Theory Of Elasticity ◽  
Maximum Pressure ◽  
Shear Cracks ◽  
Aspect Ratios ◽  
Two Parameters ◽  
The Impact

The problem of a floating ice sheet hitting a structure with a vertical face appears to be a simple one but, in fact, has only been solved for a limited number of cases. Research work on this question usually reports on an indentation coefficient which relates the average pressure on the indenter to the uniaxial crushing strength of the ice. Very few tests have been made in the brittle range of ice failure. In this particular area of study, this paper reports on 27 tests that were conducted in a cold-room water basin where controlled S2 floating ice sheets were produced with a surface area of 4 × 4 m, three sides being fully restrained and the other, freely float! no, being submitted to the impact of the moving indenter. All tests were carried out at computed indentation rates varying from 0.017 to 0.34 s-1. In this range this ice would normally be considered to act as a brittle material. The thickness of the ice sheets varied from 1.2 to 9.0 cm and the indenter width from 5 cm to 1 m. Overall, the aspect ratio relating these two parameters could be varied from 0.5 to 83.Results have shown that for aspect ratios <5, there was an important oscillatory effect which caused the formation of pi asti fi ed triangles in front of the indenter, increasing its resistance as it would under ductile conditions. Because of this plastification, an extrusion effect appeared in front of the indenter as the broken ice crystals were blown up and down in front of the fast-moving indenter. The theory of plasticity which gives an indentation coefficient of 2.97 seems to apply in this case. Another mode of failure which occurred with aspect ratios 5 was cleavage in the plane of the ice sheet which also gives a higher indentation coefficient for S2 ice, but of the same order of magnitude as previously.For intermediate values of the aspect ratio, between 5 and 20, the theory of elasticity used by Michel (1978) seems to apply well. Shear cracks are first formed on both sides of the square indenter and control the maximum pressure when they propagate inside forming big triangles in front of it.Finally, for aspect ratios ~>20, buckling of the ice occurs, either after or at the same time as the formation of wedges, together with a reduction in the indentation coefficient to a value close to that given by the theory of buckling of a truncated 45° wedge with a hinged edge.

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