scholarly journals On the acquisition of either and too

2021 ◽  
Vol 1 ◽  
pp. 159
Author(s):  
Naomi Francis
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Investigation ◽  
Approaches To Learning ◽  
Extended Period ◽  
Production Data ◽  
English Learning ◽  
Focus Particles ◽  
Complementary Distribution ◽  
Discourse Particles ◽  
Stage Of Development

This paper presents an experimental investigation of how English-learning children acquire the additive discourse particles either and too. In the target grammar these items exhibit near-complementary distribution conditioned on the polarity of their host sentence. The path leading to that grammar appears to be rather intricate. We present comprehension data showing that for an extended period of time (3–5 ya) learners find both items acceptable in both polarity environments, exhibiting only a weak adult-like tendency of preferring either in negative and too in positive sentences. At 6 ya, their grammar appears categorical wrt. either in that they no longer tolerate it in positive sentences while still exhibiting only a weak dispreference for too in negative environments. These findings are even more striking in the context of production data. We find that child-directed speech is essentially categorical, providing unambiguous evidence for the adult grammar. Moreover, we find essentially categorical, adult-like use of either and too in child production from the earliest stage of development. These observations raise a number of challenges for theories of either and too and for approaches to learning focus particles more generally. Perhaps most strikingly, the protracted insensitivity of the learner's grammar to accumulation of unambiguous evidence constitutes a novel argument from the abundance of evidence for encapsulated learning.

scholarly journals Focus Particles in Information Processing: An Experimental Study on Pragmatic Scales with Spanish incluso

2015 ◽  
Vol 71 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Óscar Loureda ◽  
Adriana Cruz ◽  
Martha Rudka ◽  
Laura Nadal ◽  
Ines Recio ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Study ◽  
Eye Movements ◽  
Text Processing ◽  
Focus Particles ◽  
Discourse Particles ◽  
Linguistic Research ◽  
Pragmatic Function ◽  
Additive Particle ◽  
Eye Movements During Reading

Focus particles have been one of the spotlights of linguistic research during the last fifty years. They have been studied mainly from a syntactic and semantic perspective, in formal and functional approaches. However, in the last years new insights in this field have been developed through pragmatic and textual approaches. From that perspective, focus particles can be considered as a type of discourse particles, as far as their semantic nature and their pragmatic function are concerned. In this paper, we claim that experiments on text processing may help to support this view: by analyzing eye movements during reading and by testing the effective comprehension of utterances, we can demonstrate the key role of the Spanish scalar additive particle incluso ('even') in the process of information retrieval.

An experimental investigation into the possible neural crest origin of pancreatic APUD (islet) cells

Development ◽  
1976 ◽  
Vol 35 (3) ◽  
pp. 577-593
Author(s):  
Ann Andrew
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Investigation ◽  
Neural Crest ◽  
Islet Cells ◽  
Tritiated Thymidine ◽  
Sympathetic Ganglia ◽  
Apud Cells ◽  
Radioactive Label ◽  
Stage Of Development ◽  
Pancreatic Endocrine Cells ◽  
Trunk Neural Crest

It has recently been contended that pancreatic APUD cells are neural crest derivatives. In an experimental investigation, isotopic grafts of neural tube containing neural crest cells were transplanted from chick and quail embryos labelled with tritiated thymidine, and from unlabelled quail embryos, to host chick embryos at the same stage of development. Transplantations were performed at various levels between so mites 5 and 24 in embryos at 6- to 24-so mite stages. In operated embryos at 3¾ days of incubation, the pancreatic APUD cells were not labelled; nor did their nuclei show quail features. Migration of cells from the graft was evidenced by the presence of quail nuclei and/or radioactive label in autoradiographs, in spinal and sympathetic ganglia in the operated region. It is concluded that the pancreatic APUD cells of the 3¾-day-old chick embryo are not derived from the trunk neural crest up to the level of so mite 24. It is unlikely that more caudal levels contribute, because APUD cells are already concentrated in the dorsal pancreatic bud region at the 24-so mite stage, by which time no migration of crest cells has occurred caudal to so mite 24. This conclusion probably concerns A, B and D pancreatic endocrine cells.

Feng Youlan and Dialectical/Historical Materialism, 1930s–1950s

2015 ◽  
Vol 50 (3) ◽  
pp. 1050-1091 ◽  
Author(s):  
XIAOQING DIANA LIN
Keyword(s):  
Chinese Culture ◽  
Historical Materialism ◽  
Approaches To Learning ◽  
Modern China ◽  
Chinese Philosopher ◽  
Stage Of Development ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Communist China ◽  
Chinese Intellectuals ◽  
Definition Of

AbstractThis article explores the acceptance of Marxism by a non-Marxist Chinese philosopher, Feng Youlan, before and after 1949. Previous studies have largely focused on establishment intellectuals in the study of Marxism and intellectuals in China, and this article seeks to fill the lacuna on the intellectual potential Marxism offered to non-Communist intellectuals in China. This article finds that for Feng Youlan, a non-Marxist Chinese intellectual, Marxism was able to provide meaningful venues for his attempt to modernize Chinese knowledge and transform Chinese culture. A Marxist emphasis on universal rules governing all human societies on the same stage of development, Marxist presentist approaches to history, and most of all, a Marxist emphasis on praxis, aided Chinese intellectuals like Feng in constructing new approaches to learning the Chinese past. The Marxist emphasis on praxis helped deepen the discussion of experience, a concept central to a reconstruction of Confucian learning in modern China, after the Communist takeover of China in 1949. Eventually the state monopoly of the definition of Marxist praxis stifled the spontaneous search for a new understanding of experience in Communist China. Nonetheless, Marxism had a transformative and lasting impact on modern Chinese scholarship, as seen from the example of Feng Youlan.

scholarly journals Rhoticity in Chinese English: An experimental investigation on the realization of the variant (r) in an Expanding Circle variety

2017 ◽  
pp. 61
Author(s):  
Zeyu Li ◽  
Barış Kabak
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Investigation ◽  
World Englishes ◽  
Production Data ◽  
College English ◽  
Efl Learners ◽  
Outer Circle ◽  
Speaker Variability ◽  
Expanding Circle ◽  
Relevant Variables ◽  
Substrate Influence

The realization of postvocalic /r/ has been frequently examined in both diachronic and synchronic research on world Englishes, showing a multitude of linguistic and extra-linguistic factors to modulate the degree of rhoticity. Since rhoticity is one of the most important indices of variation across Englishes, it forms an instructive phonological marker to investigate the dynamics of norm formation in emerging varieties. While the Inner and Outer Circle varieties have been extensively studied, there is fairly little research on the variable realization of postvocalic /r/ in the Expanding Circle Englishes. Here, we fill this gap with a study on the degree of rhoticity by highly proficient users of an EFL variety emerging in China, college English teachers, who are pertinent norm providers for EFL learners. We provide a multivariate analysis of phonological and sociolinguistic factors conditioning the degree of rhoticity in Chinese English on the basis of speech production data from 13 participants. Results show that Chinese English is best categorized as marginally rhotic. Concerning the patterning of phonological variables, it aligns more with Inner Circle than Outer Circle Englishes, albeit with significant inter- and intra-speaker variability. We discuss the competing roles of norm orientation, substrate influence, and other relevant variables therein.

Application of FRAP and digitized fluorescence microscopy to problems in cell membrane dynamics

1988 ◽  
Vol 46 ◽  
pp. 118-119
Author(s):  
K. Jacobson ◽  
A. Ishihara ◽  
B. Holifield ◽  
F. Zhang
Keyword(s):  
Fluorescence Microscopy ◽  
Cell Biology ◽  
Extended Period ◽  
Dynamic Structure ◽  
Living Cells ◽  
Membrane Dynamics ◽  
Molecular Cell Biology ◽  
Image Averaging ◽  
Single Living Cells ◽  
Single Living

Our laboratory is concerned with understanding the dynamic structure of the plasma membrane with particular reference to the movement of membrane constituents during cell locomotion. In addition to the standard tools of molecular cell biology, we employ both fluorescence recovery after photo- bleaching (FRAP) and digitized fluorescence microscopy (DFM) to investigate individual cells. FRAP allows the measurement of translational mobility of membrane and cytoplasmic molecules in small regions of single, living cells. DFM is really a new form of light microscopy in that the distribution of individual classes of ions, molecules, and macromolecules can be followed in single, living cells. By employing fluorescent antibodies to defined antigens or fluorescent analogs of cellular constituents as well as ultrasensitive, electronic image detectors and video image averaging to improve signal to noise, fluorescent images of living cells can be acquired over an extended period without significant fading and loss of cell viability.

Role of the exosporial membrane in attachment and germination of C. sporogenes

1993 ◽  
Vol 51 ◽  
pp. 38-39
Author(s):  
B.J. Panessa-Warren ◽  
G.T. Tortora ◽  
J.B. Warren
Keyword(s):  
Enzymatic Degradation ◽  
Light Transmission ◽  
Extended Period ◽  
Growth Conditions ◽  
Clostridium Sporogenes ◽  
Radiation Chemical ◽  
Physical Trauma ◽  
Extended Contact ◽  
Cold Pressure

Some bacteria are capable of forming highly resistant spores when environmental conditions are not adequate for growth. Depending on the genus and species of the bacterium, these endospores are resistant in varying degrees to heat, cold, pressure, enzymatic degradation, ionizing radiation, chemical sterilants,physical trauma and organic solvents. The genus Clostridium, responsible for botulism poisoning, tetanus, gas gangrene and diarrhea in man, produces endospores which are highly resistant. Although some sporocides can kill Clostridial spores, the spores require extended contact with a sporocidal agent to achieve spore death. In most clinical situations, this extended period of treatment is not possible nor practical. This investigation examines Clostridium sporogenes endospores by light, transmission and scanning electron microscopy under various dormant and growth conditions, cataloging each stage in the germination and outgrowth process, and analyzing the role played by the exosporial membrane in the attachment and germination of the spore.

Passy-Muir Speaking Valve Use in a Children's Hospital: An Interdisciplinary Approach

2008 ◽  
Vol 18 (2) ◽  
pp. 76-86 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lauren Hofmann ◽  
Joseph Bolton ◽  
Susan Ferry
Keyword(s):  
Tracheostomy Tube ◽  
Pediatric Population ◽  
Interdisciplinary Approach ◽  
Extended Period ◽  
Speech Development ◽  
Tube Placement ◽  
Background Information ◽  
Speaking Valve ◽  
Children's Hospital ◽  
Children’S Hospital

Abstract At The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia (CHOP) we treat many children requiring tracheostomy tube placement. With potential for a tracheostomy tube to be in place for an extended period of time, these children may be at risk for long-term disruption to normal speech development. As such, speaking valves that restore more normal phonation are often key tools in the effort to restore speech and promote more typical language development in this population. However, successful use of speaking valves is frequently more challenging with infant and pediatric patients than with adult patients. The purpose of this article is to review background information related to speaking valves, the indications for one-way valve use, criteria for candidacy, and the benefits of using speaking valves in the pediatric population. This review will emphasize the importance of interdisciplinary collaboration from the perspectives of speech-language pathology and respiratory therapy. Along with the background information, we will present current practices and a case study to illustrate a safe and systematic approach to speaking valve implementation based upon our experiences.

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