Reception Thresholds for Sentences in Quiet, Continuous Noise, and Interrupted Noise in School-Age Children

2008 ◽  
Vol 19 (02) ◽  
pp. 135-146 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrew Stuart
Keyword(s):  
Temporal Resolution ◽  
School Age Children ◽  
School Age ◽  
Signal To Noise ◽  
Processing Efficiency ◽  
Sentence Recognition ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Continuous Noise ◽  
Release From Masking ◽  
Effect Of Age

Sentence recognition in noise was employed to investigate the development of temporal resolution in school-age children. Eighty children aged 6 to 15 years and 16 young adults participated. Reception thresholds for sentences (RTSs) were determined in quiet and in backgrounds of competing continuous and interrupted noise. In the noise conditions, RTSs were determined with a fixed noise level. RTSs were higher in quiet for six- to seven-year-old children (p = .006). Performance was better in the interrupted noise evidenced by lower RTS signal-to-noise ratios (S/Ns) relative to continuous noise (p < .0001). An effect of age was found in noise (p < .0001) where RTS S/Ns decreased with increasing age. Specifically, children under 14 years performed worse than adults. "Release from masking" was computed by subtracting RTS S/Ns in interrupted noise from continuous noise for each participant. There was no significant difference in RTS S/N difference scores as a function of age (p = .057). Children were more adversely affected by noise and needed greater S/Ns in order to perform as well as adults. Since there was no effect of age on the amount of release from masking, one can suggest that school-age children have inherently poorer processing efficiency rather than temporal resolution. Se utilizó el reconocimiento de frases en ruido para investigar el desarrollo de la resolución temporal en niños de edad escolar. Dieciocho niños con edades entre 6 y 15 años y 16 adultos jóvenes participaron. Los umbrales de recepción de frases (RTS) se determinaron en silencio y ante ruidos de fondo de competencia, continuos o interrumpidos. En condiciones de ruido, los RTS se determinaron contra un nivel fijo de ruido. Los RTS fueron más alto en silencio para los niños de seis a siete años de edad (p = .006). El desempeño fue mejor en medio de ruido interrumpido, con una tasa señal/ruido (S/N) menor para RTS, en relación al ruido continuo (p < .0001). Un efecto de la edad se encontró en medio de ruido (p < .0001) donde la S/N para RTS disminuyó conforma aumentó la edad. Específicamente, los niños menores de 14 años de edad funcionaron peor que los adultos. Se computó "liberación del enmascaramiento" sustrayendo las S/N para RTS en ruido interrumpido, de las de ruido continuo para cada participante. No existieron diferencias significativas en los puntajes de diferencia de las S/N para RTS como función de la edad (p = .057). Los niños se vieron más adversamente afectados por el ruido y necesitaron de mayores S/N para rendir tan bien como los adultos. Dado que no existió un efecto de la edad en la cantidad de liberación del enmascaramiento, uno puede sugerir que los niños de edad escolar tienen una eficiencia de procesamiento inherentemente más pobre que su resolución temporal.

Contralateral Suppression of Transient Otoacoustic Emissions and Sentence Recognition in Noise in Young Adults

2012 ◽  
Vol 23 (09) ◽  
pp. 686-696 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrew Stuart ◽  
Alyson K. Butler
Keyword(s):  
Young Adults ◽  
Otoacoustic Emissions ◽  
Normal Hearing ◽  
Signal To Noise ◽  
Sentence Recognition ◽  
Contralateral Suppression ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Continuous Noise ◽  
Medial Olivocochlear ◽  
Release From Masking

Background: One purported role of the medial olivocochlear (MOC) efferent system is to reduce the effects of masking noise. MOC system functioning can be evaluated noninvasively in humans through contralateral suppression of otoacoustic emissions. It has been suggested that the strength of the MOC efferent activity should be positively associated with listening performance in noise. Purpose: The objective of the study was to further explore this notion by examining contralateral suppression of transient evoked otoacoustic emissions (TEOAEs) and sentence recognition in two noises with normal hearing young adults. Research Design: A repeated measures multivariate quasi-experimental design was employed. Study Sample: Thirty-two normal hearing young adult females participated. Data Collection and Analysis: Reception thresholds for sentences (RTSs) were determined monaurally and binaurally in quiet and in competing continuous and interrupted noises. Both noises had an identical power spectrum and differed only in their temporal continuity. “Release from masking” was computed by subtracting RTS signal-to-noise ratios in interrupted from continuous noise. TEOAEs were evoked with 80 dB peSPL click stimuli. To examine contralateral suppression, TEOAEs were evaluated with 60 dB peSPL click stimuli with and without a contralateral 65 dB SPL white noise suppressor. Results: A binaural advantage was observed for RTSs in quiet and noise (p < .0001) while there was no difference between ears (p >.05). In noise, performance was superior in the interrupted noise (i.e., RTSs were lower vs. continuous noise; p < .0001). There were no statistically significant differences in TEOAE levels between ears (p >.05). There was also no significant difference in the amount of suppression between ears (p = .41). There were no significant correlations or predictive linear relations between the amount of TEOAE suppression and any indices of sentence recognition in noise (i.e., RTS signal-to-noise ratios and release from masking; p > .05). Conclusions: The findings are not consistent with the notion that increased medial olivocochlear efferent feedback, as assessed via contralateral suppression of TEOAEs, is associated with improved speech perception in continuous and interrupted noise.

scholarly journals Dietary Habits and Nutritional Knowledge among Primary School Children in Fayoum Governorate

2019 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 95
Author(s):  
Rabab Gad Abd El-Kader ◽  
Hanem Awad Mekhamier ◽  
Azza El-Sayed Ali Hegazy
Keyword(s):  
Primary School ◽  
School Children ◽  
Dietary Habits ◽  
Primary School Children ◽  
School Age Children ◽  
Study Group ◽  
School Age ◽  
Nutritional Knowledge ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Fayoum Governorate

Background and aim: Improving the eating habits of children is essential to reduce the future burden of non-communicable illnesses. Nutritional diseases affect higher than 30% of school age children. This study aimed to assess the dietary habits and nutritional knowledge among primary school age children in Fayoum Governorate, Egypt.Study design: A cross-sectional descriptive design was utilized. Setting: The study was implemented in three governmental mixed primary schools in EL-Fayoum city; Egypt, that were selected randomly. Sample: Cluster random sample techniques used for selecting of the study group consisted of 300 students aged from 10-12 years for both sexes attending grade five and six. Tools: three tools of data collection consisted of: 1- self-administered questionnaire comprised socio-demographic data of the students and parents, and students’ knowledge about nutrition, 2- the students’ dietary habits as consumption of the breakfast, drinking water, 3- Health assessment sheet to assess the students’ nutritional status including weight, height, BMI, and appearance.The study findings revealed that 69.3% of the study group were underweight, 36.3% were stunted, and 6.7%, 3.3% were overweight and obese respectively. About 45% had fair knowledge while 34% had good knowledge about the nutrition. More than half of the students had unhealthy dietary behavior and appearance. There was a statistically significant difference (P: 0<0.00) between the academic performance of the school children and their HAZ while there was no statistically significant difference between the academic performance of the students and their WAZ (P: 0.264).Conclusions: underweight is highly prevalent among the primary school students followed by stunting. Most of the students had unhealthy dietary habits and unhealthy appearance while around half of them had fair knowledge about nutrition. The current study recommended developing a nutritional health program for primary school children about the proper nutrition.

THE EFFECTS OF VARIOUS HEEL SLOPES ON LUMBOSACRAL BIOMECHANICAL ANGLES IN STUDENTS WITH HYPER LORDOSIS

2021 ◽  
Vol 19 (2) ◽  
pp. 209-217
Author(s):  
Hamidreza Saiediborojeni ◽  
Hamideh Mashalchi ◽  
Somayeh Mahdavikian ◽  
Masoud Fallahi ◽  
Soheil Saiediborojeni ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Lumbar Lordosis ◽  
Female Students ◽  
School Age Children ◽  
Sacral Slope ◽  
School Age ◽  
Spinal Disorders ◽  
Parametric Test ◽  
Physical Mobility ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Quasi Experimental

Posture disorders in school-age children are highly frequent. Poor movement and lack of physical mobility are the main causes of physical weaknesses. Thus, corrective exercises with the aim of solving these problems are significant. The aim of this study was an evaluation of the effects of various heel slopes on lumbosacral biomechanical angles in students with hyperlordosis. In this quasi-experimental study, 15 female students who were di- agnosed with hyperlordosis, participated in this study. They were divided into 3 groups (n=5) and performed corrective exercises on +3.7°, 0°, and -3.7° slopes for 8 weeks, 3 times a week. The changes in the lumbar lordosis angle (LLA), sacral based angle (SBA), and lumbosacral angle (LSA) were determined. Data were analyzed by SPSS 18 software using non-parametric test followed by the Krus- cal-wallis test. P<0.05 was considered significant. The results indicated no significant difference regarding the changes in LLA, SBA, and LSA in students with hyperlordosis (p>0.05) de- spite the decrease in the means of the angles in all groups. The results showed that by increasing the heel slope, the lumbo - sacral slope decreases also the lumbosacral angle decreases by decreasing the heel slope, this may indicate an association between these angles.The findings can help parents choose more appropriate shoes for their children to both prevent the incidence of posture dis- orders during childhood and spinal disorders in adulthood.

Reception Thresholds for Sentences in Quiet and Noise for Monolingual English and Bilingual Mandarin-English Listeners

2010 ◽  
Vol 21 (04) ◽  
pp. 239-248 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrew Stuart ◽  
Jianliang Zhang ◽  
Shannon Swink
Keyword(s):  
Masking Effect ◽  
Group Differences ◽  
Hearing In Noise ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Quasi Experimental ◽  
English Speaking ◽  
Continuous Noise ◽  
Noise Test ◽  
Release From Masking ◽  
L1 And L2

Background: Bilingual (BL) listeners' difficulties in adverse noise conditions are exacerbated when perceiving their second language (L2) relative to their first language (L1). Perception of L2 is also significantly poorer by BL listeners compared to native monolingual (ML) listeners. Purpose: The purpose of the study was to examine the effect of stationary and nonstationary energetic noise maskers on L1 and L2 speech perception in native and nonnative listeners. Research Design: A mixed multivariate quasi-experimental design was employed. Study Sample: Two groups of 12 ML English-speaking and BL Mandarin-English-speaking normal-hearing young adult female volunteers participated. Data Collection and Analysis: An adaptive technique was employed to determine reception thresholds for sentences (RTSs) in quiet and in backgrounds of competing continuous and interrupted noise. The noises differed only in their temporal continuity. The sentence stimuli employed consisted of the Hearing in Noise Test (HINT) and the Mandarin Hearing in Noise Test (MHINT). ML participants received the HINT stimuli while the BL participants received both HINT and MHINT stimuli. Between-group differences in RTSs were examined for the same stimuli (i.e., HINT) and for L1 stimuli (i.e., HINT vs. MHINT). Within-group differences in RTSs were examined with the BL participants' perception of L1 and L2 stimuli (i.e., MHINT vs. HINT). The amount of “release from masking” (i.e., the difference of RTS signal-to-noise ratios [SNRs] in interrupted and continuous noise) was also examined between and within groups. Results: In quiet there was no significant difference in mean RTSs between the BL and ML participants with their respective L1 stimuli; MLs had significantly lower mean RTSs in English compared to the BLs; and mean RTSs for the BLs were significantly lower for L1 versus L2 stimulus. In noise, a significantly higher RTS SNR was found for the MLs in continuous noise but not interrupted noise for L1 stimuli compared to the BLs; BLs had a significantly higher mean RTSs in English compared to the MLs; and BLs had significantly higher mean RTSs for L2 versus L1 stimuli. The release from masking was significantly greater for MLs compared to BLs with their respective L1 stimuli and with the same English stimuli. There was no significant difference for the BLs' release from masking with L1 versus L2 stimulus. Conclusion: BL listeners display significantly poorer performance when perceiving nonnative L2 sentences in quiet and in continuous and interrupted noise relative ML listeners. When listening to their respective native L1 sentences, only a difference in continuous noise was found. This difference was attributed to differential masking effect on the English stimuli. Similar performance in the interrupted noise between the ML and BL participants with L1 stimuli and the equivalent release from masking with the BL participants for both L1 and L2 stimuli suggest comparable basic auditory temporal resolving capacities between these ethnic groups.

scholarly journals Influence of Therapeutic Play on the anxiety of hospitalized school-age children: Clinical trial

2017 ◽  
Vol 70 (6) ◽  
pp. 1244-1249 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sabrina Gisele Tobias da Silva ◽  
Maiara Aurichio Santos ◽  
Claudia Maria de Freitas Floriano ◽  
Elaine Buchhorn Cintra Damião ◽  
Fernanda Vieira de Campos ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Trial ◽  
Statistical Significance ◽  
School Age Children ◽  
Control Group ◽  
School Age ◽  
Chi Square ◽  
Number Of Children ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Therapeutic Play ◽  
And Control

ABSTRACT Objective: To evaluate the effects of Dramatic Therapeutic Play (DTP) technique on the degree of anxiety in hospitalized school-age children. Method: Randomized clinical trial performed in two hospitals ofSão Paulo, between May and October 2015. The intervention consisted of the application of DTP and the outcome was evaluated through the Child Drawing: Hospital (CD: H) instrument. The Wilcoxon-Mann Whitney, Corrected t, Fisher’s exact and Chi-square tests were used in the analysis. Statistical significance was set at 5%. Results: In all, 28 children participated in the study. The majority of children (75%) had a low anxiety score, with a mean CD: H score of 73.9 and 69.4 in the intervention and control groups respectively, and with no significant difference. Conclusion: Children submitted to DTP had the same degree of anxiety as those in the control group. However, it is suggested that new studies be performed with a larger number of children in different hospitalization scenarios.

scholarly journals Using Syllabic Speech Technique to Decline Stuttering Severity in Persian-speaking School-age Children With Stuttering

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peyman Zamani ◽  
Neda Tahmasebi ◽  
Mohammad Soroush Mehdifard ◽  
Saeed Hesam
Keyword(s):  
Outcome Measures ◽  
Free Speech ◽  
School Age Children ◽  
School Age ◽  
Single Group ◽  
Time Points ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Preliminary Study ◽  
T1 And T2 ◽  
Verbal Encouragement

Introduction: Studies have shown that Syllable Speech Technique (SST) can be a useful  and practical way to achieve stutter-free speech for Children With Stuttering (CWS). In this preliminary study, the use of SST in Persian-speaking school-age CWS was investigated. Materials and Methods: Ten 8- to 11-year-old students with stuttering were entered in the single-group pretest-posttest study as participants. Their speech fluency has been enhanced using SST accompanied by verbal encouragement for stutter-free speech. The percentage of stuttered syllables, stuttering severity, and communication attitude as outcome measures were evaluated in three time points: before the intervention (T0), after the intervention (T1), and one month after the intervention (T2). Results: The children showed significantly better scores on all outcome measures at T1 (P≤0.004) and T2 (P≤0.005) compared with T0. There was no significant difference between T1 and T2 (P≥0.026). Conclusion: The reported benefits of SST in stuttering reduction and speech-related anxiety- relieving of Persian-speaking school-age CWS confirms the feasibility and usefulness of this technique.

scholarly journals Risk Factors Associated with Gastrointestinal Helminthic Infections among School Aged Children in Kurmi Local Government Area, Taraba State, Nigeria

2021 ◽  
pp. 50-59
Author(s):  
Vera Yafeh Akwa ◽  
Waetsi Nya Yusufu ◽  
Victor Ugochukwu Obisike ◽  
Amina Ojochide Hassan
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Parasitic Infection ◽  
Hand Washing ◽  
High Rate ◽  
School Age Children ◽  
Base Line ◽  
School Age ◽  
Factors Associated ◽  
Helminthic Infections ◽  
Significant Difference

One of the parasitic infection faced by school age children in developing countries is intestinal parasitic infection. This study was designed to determine risk factors associated with gastrointestinal helminthic infections among school age children. A total of 600 stool samples were randomly examined by direct smear method under microscope and formol-ether concentration technique. A structured questionnaire was used to collect data on socio-noneconomic status of the children’s parents and other variables. Of this, (n=252; 42%) were found to be infected with gastrointestinal helminths infections given a breakdown of male (n=148; 24.7%) and female (n=104; 17.3%). However, there was no significant difference in prevalence among the socio-economic status. Parent whose occupation was farmer (n=169; 28%) also recorded high rate of infection, the lowest prevalence was seen among civil servants (n=19; 3%). Parents with little or no knowledge of intestinal helminths were found to be statistically significant (n=199; 33.1%, p<0.02; α =0.02) The  highest  rate of infection was recorded among children who had dirty finger nails (n=232; 38.6%), followed by those who walked barefooted(28.2%),then open defecation (n=147; 24.6%),  hand washing after defecation (n=195; 30,7%,), habit of eating raw/roasted meat (n=136; 22.3%), hand washing before meal (n=102; 17.02%) and keeping of dirty clothes and bed linens (n=180; 30%) . Such a relatively high prevalence rate of helminthic infection in the study area could be used as a base line for the concern bodies to launch de-worming intervention campaigns.

scholarly journals Effectiveness of Strelinikova Breathing Exercise on Respiratory Signs and Parameters among School Children with Lower Respiratory Tract Infection

2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (SPL4) ◽  
pp. 153-157
Author(s):  
Muthulakshmi C ◽  
Kalpana Devi V
Keyword(s):  
Tract Infection ◽  
Respiratory Tract ◽  
Respiratory Tract Infection ◽  
Lower Respiratory Tract Infection ◽  
Lower Respiratory Tract ◽  
Peak Flow ◽  
School Age Children ◽  
School Age ◽  
Breathing Exercise ◽  
Significant Difference

Respiratory problems are significant gathering of ailment influencing kids particularly in India and are the significant reasons for youth horribleness and mortality. Specifically, obstructive aviation route illnesses ascend in youngsters because of natural contamination and different causes. In this way, evaluation of aspiratory work test in such kids is significant. Henceforth the current investigation focused on to evaluate the adequacy of strelinikova breathing activity on respiratory signs and boundaries among younger students with respiratory parcel infection. The research configuration utilized was semi exploratory pre-test post-test plan. Purposive examining strategy was utilized to choose the 60 sample. The demographic data was collected by using the structured questionnaire and the oxygen level was measured by using the Pulse Oximeter. The peak flow rate was measured by using the Peak Flow Meter. The findings of the study revealed that there was significant difference in the measurement of oxygen saturation and respiratory rate between the experimental and control group which infers that Strelinikova Breathing Exercise on respiratory signs and parameters administered to the school age children with lower respiratory tract infection in the experimental group was found to be effective in maintaining the respiratory parameters among school age children and the current findings suggests that more extensive studies can be done at different settings and also as comparative studies.

scholarly journals Helminthiasis among School-Age Children and Hygiene Conditions of Selected Schools in Lafia, Nasarawa State, Nigeria

2019 ◽  
Vol 4 (3) ◽  
pp. 112 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eniola M. Abe ◽  
Onyinye C. Echeta ◽  
Akwashiki Ombugadu ◽  
Linus Ajah ◽  
Peter O. Aimankhu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Primary Schools ◽  
School Health ◽  
Strongyloides Stercoralis ◽  
School Age Children ◽  
Multiple Infections ◽  
School Age ◽  
School Health Program ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
The Government ◽  
And Gender

The burden of soil-transmitted helminths (STHs) infections in Nigeria is enormous with serious public health significance. This study, therefore, assessed helminthiasis among school-age children and the hygiene conditions of schools in Lafia, Nasarawa State, Nigeria between December 2015 and April 2016 from four randomly selected primary schools. Stool samples were collected from 200 primary school pupils including 80 males (40%) and 120 females (60%) between five and 16 years, using clean sample bottles and a standard parasitology examination technique at the central laboratory at the Federal University, Lafia. An overall prevalence of 33.5% (67/200) helminths infections was recorded. A checklist of Ascaris lumbricoides, hookworm, Trichuris trichiura, and Strongyloides stercoralis was generated from the pooled data of the four studied schools in which A. lumbricoides occurred highest with 13% (26/200) while S. stercoralis was the least prevalent at 2.50% (5/200). Among the schools sampled, St. James Pilot Science Primary School’s children were the most infected at 44% (22/50). Multiple infections were observed in three of the four schools sampled. There was no significant difference (p > 0.05) in prevalence rates of different STHs infections in relation to age group and gender across schools. Our findings showed that the hygiene conditions in the studied schools were poor without water, hand washing materials, refuse bins, as well as poor sanitary conditions. This study also identified ova and larvae of STHs parasites in the analyzed soil samples from the studied schools. Most school-age children had knowledge about contamination but few among them washed their hands with water and soap. The obtained result indicated a negative association between the prevalence of STHs and the proportion of pupils that cleaned up with water after defection. We, therefore, advise that hygiene conditions in schools be improved and that the government should prioritize enrolling all primary schools in Nasarawa state for the school health program so as to reduce the burden of STHs among school-age children in the state.

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