scholarly journals Normative Values of Saccades and Smooth Pursuit in Children Aged 5 to 17 Years

2020 ◽  
Vol 31 (06) ◽  
pp. 384-392 ◽  
Author(s):  
Solara Sinno ◽  
Fadi Najem ◽  
Kim Smith Abouchacra ◽  
Philippe Perrin ◽  
Georges Dumas
Keyword(s):  
Smooth Pursuit ◽  
Normative Data ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Saccade Latency ◽  
Repeated Measure ◽  
Movement Direction ◽  
Normative Values ◽  
Healthy Children ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Pursuit Gain

Abstract Background Pediatric oculomotor function can be evaluated via videonystagmography. Adult normative data for saccades and smooth pursuit tests cannot be used as a benchmark for pediatric patients because children's peripheral and central systems continue to mature throughout adolescence. Purpose The purpose of this study was to establish normative data for saccade and smooth pursuit tests that can be used clinically in the assessment of vestibular and neurological disorders in children, and to investigate the effect of age and eye movement direction (left/right) on tests parameters. Research Design The present study is prospective cross-sectional study. Study Sample A total of 120 healthy children were recruited and equally distributed according to age and gender to each of the following groups: 5-8, 9-11, 12-14, and 15-17 years old. Participants had to pass a comprehensive otological and neurological assessment prior to inclusion in the study. Each subject underwent saccade and smooth pursuit testing. Data Collection and Analysis Saccade latency, velocity and accuracy/precision, and smooth pursuit gain were analyzed across groups using a two-way repeated measure multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA). Results Saccadic latency was longer in the youngest group aged 5-8 years old (305 ± 48 msec) in comparison to children aged 9-11 years old (276 ± 22 msec) (P = 0.017), 12-14 years old (252 ± 34 msec) (P = 0.001) adolescents 15-17 years (256 ± 33 msec) (P = 0.001). Age did not affect the results of saccadic velocity and accuracy/precision. Saccade parameters (latency, velocity, accuracy/ precision) were not affected by oculomotor direction (left vs. right). Smooth pursuit gain increased from 0.63 in children aged 5-8 years old to 0.85 in children aged 15-17 years (P = 0.0001). The percentage of gain asymmetry was significantly different in the youngest two groups. Conclusion Saccade latency decreased as age increased. Smooth pursuit gains increased with increased age. Saccade velocity and accuracy/precision did not change significantly from ages 5-8 to 15-17 years of age. These data provide normative values for pediatric oculomotor evaluation and suggest that saccade and pursuit pathways may mature at different rates.

Normative Values of Saccades and Smooth Pursuit in Children Aged 5 to 17 Years

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Solara Sinno ◽  
Fadi Najem ◽  
Kim Smith Abouchacra ◽  
Philippe Perrin ◽  
Georges Dumas
Keyword(s):  
Smooth Pursuit ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Saccade Latency ◽  
Repeated Measure ◽  
Movement Direction ◽  
Normative Values ◽  
Healthy Children ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Saccade Velocity ◽  
Oculomotor Function

Background: Pediatric oculomotor function can be evaluated via videonystagmography. Adult normativedata for saccades and smooth pursuit tests cannot be used as a benchmark for pediatric patientsbecause children’s peripheral and central systems continue to mature throughout adolescence.<br />Purpose: The purpose of this study was to establish normative data for saccade and smooth pursuit teststhat can be used clinically in the assessment of vestibular and neurological disorders in children, and toinvestigate the effect of age and eye movement direction (left/right) on tests parameters.<br />Research Design: The present study is prospective cross-sectional study.<br />Study Sample: A total of 120 healthy children were recruited and equally distributed according to ageand gender to each of the following groups: 5–8, 9–11, 12–14, and 15–17 years old. Participants had topass a comprehensive otological and neurological assessment prior to inclusion in the study. Each subjectunderwent saccade and smooth pursuit testing.<br />Data Collection and Analysis: Saccade latency, velocity and accuracy/precision, and smooth pursuitgain were analyzed across groups using a two-way repeated measure multivariate analysis of variance(MANOVA).<br />Results: Saccadic latency was longer in the youngest group aged 5–8 years old (305 ± 48 msec) incomparison to children aged 9–11 years old (276 ± 22 msec) (P = 0.017), 12–14 years old (252 ± 34 msec) (P = 0.001) adolescents 15–17 years (256 ± 33 msec) (P = 0.001). Age did not affect theresults of saccadic velocity and accuracy/precision. Saccade parameters (latency, velocity, accuracy/precision) were not affected by oculomotor direction (left vs. right). Smooth pursuit gain increased from0.63 in children aged 5–8 years old to 0.85 in children aged 15–17 years (P = 0.0001). The percentage ofgain asymmetry was significantly different in the youngest two groups.<br />Conclusion: Saccade latency decreased as age increased. Smooth pursuit gains increased with increasedage. Saccade velocity and accuracy/precision did not change significantly from ages 5–8 to15–17 years of age. These data provide normative values for pediatric oculomotor evaluation and suggestthat saccade and pursuit pathways may mature at different rates.<br />

scholarly journals Normative data for the 6-min walk test in 11–14 year-olds: a population-based study

2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Mario Kasović ◽  
Lovro Štefan ◽  
Vilko Petrić
Keyword(s):  
Normative Data ◽  
Outcome Measure ◽  
Population Based ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Healthy Children ◽  
Walk Test ◽  
Target Groups ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Population Based Study ◽  
The Mean

Abstract Background The 6-min walk test (6MWT) has become an established measure for assessing exercise capacity in children with chronic diseases. However, little evidence has been provided regarding population-based normal data in healthy children. The main purpose of the study was to provide normative data in a large sample of children. Methods In this cross-sectional study, 4352 children between 11 and 14 years were recruited (66% girls). The main outcome measure was the distance walked for six minutes. Sex- and age-specific percentile values (5th, 15th, 25th, 50th, 75th, 85th and 95th) for the 6MWT were created and the differences and correlations were examined by the analysis of variance and Pearson’s coefficient of correlation. Results The mean distance walked in 6 min was 576 ± 93 m in boys and 545 ± 92 m in girls, respectively. The mean walking speed for boys and girls was 98 ± 5 m/min and 91 ± 6 m/min. Older boys and girls performed better, compared to their younger counterparts (p for age < 0.001). The 6MWT was significantly correlated with age (r = 0.24, p < 0.001), height (r = 0.09, p < 0.001), weight (r =  − 0.13, p < 0.001) and body-mass index (r =  − 0.26, p < 0.001). Conclusions This is the first population-based study aiming to provide normative data for the 6MWT in healthy children between 11 to 14 years. Children in lower percentiles are ‘target groups’ for special intervention aiming to enhance the performance.

Normative data for hand grip strength in healthy children measured with a bulb dynamometer: a cross-sectional study

Physiotherapy ◽  
2014 ◽  
Vol 100 (4) ◽  
pp. 313-318 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mariana Angélica de Souza ◽  
Cyntia Rogean de Jesus Alves de Baptista ◽  
Michele Mataruco Baranauskas Benedicto ◽  
Tatiana Maciel Pizzato ◽  
Ana Cláudia Mattiello-Sverzut
Keyword(s):  
Grip Strength ◽  
Normative Data ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Hand Grip Strength ◽  
Healthy Children ◽  
Sectional Study ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Hand Grip

Pediatric Oculomotor Findings during Monocular Videonystagmography: A Developmental Study

2015 ◽  
Vol 26 (08) ◽  
pp. 703-715 ◽  
Author(s):  
Steven M. Doettl ◽  
Patrick N. Plyler ◽  
Devin L. McCaslin ◽  
Nancy L. Schay
Keyword(s):  
Smooth Pursuit ◽  
Repeated Measures ◽  
Saccade Latency ◽  
Test Battery ◽  
Normative Values ◽  
Developmental Study ◽  
Repeated Measures Design ◽  
Adult Participants ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Pursuit Gain

Background: The differential diagnosis of a dizzy patient >4 yrs old is often aided by videonystagmography (VNG) testing to provide a global assessment of peripheral and central vestibular function. Although the value of a VNG evaluation is well-established, it remains unclear if the VNG test battery is as applicable to the pediatric population as it is for adults. Oculomotor testing specifically, as opposed to spontaneous, positional, and caloric testing, is dependent upon neurologic function. Thus, age and corresponding neuromaturation may have a significant effect on oculomotor findings. Purpose: The purpose of this investigation was to describe the effect of age on various tests of oculomotor function during a monocular VNG examination. Specifically, this study systematically characterized the impact of age on saccade tracking, smooth pursuit tracking, and optokinetic (OPK) nystagmus. Research Design: The present study used a prospective, repeated measures design. Study Sample: A total of 62 healthy participants were evaluated. Group 1 consisted of 29 4- to 6-yr-olds. Group 2 consisted of 33 21- to 44-yr-olds. Each participant completed a standard VNG oculomotor test battery including saccades, smooth pursuit, and OPK testing in randomized order using a commercially available system. Data Collection and Analysis: The response metrics saccade latency, accuracy, and speed, smooth pursuit gain, OPK nystagmus gain, speed and asymmetry ratios were collected and analyzed. Results: Significant differences were noted between groups for saccade latency, smooth pursuit gain, and OPK asymmetry ratios. Saccade latency was significantly longer for the pediatric participants compared to the adult participants. Smooth pursuit gain was significantly less for the pediatric participants compared to the adult participants. The pediatric participants also demonstrated increased OPK asymmetry ratios compared to the adult participants. Conclusions: Significant differences were noted between the pediatric and adult participants for saccade latency, smooth pursuit gain, and OPK asymmetry. Saccade latency was significantly longer for the pediatric participants compared to the adult participants. Smooth pursuit gain was significantly less for the pediatric participants compared to the adult participants. The pediatric participants also demonstrated increased OPK asymmetry compared to the adult participants. Caution should be exercised when comparing pediatric test results to adult normative values to avoid “false positive” diagnoses of central vestibular involvement.

scholarly journals Increasing the Clinical Utility of the BESTest, Mini-BESTest, and Brief-BESTest: Normative Values in Canadian Adults Who Are Healthy and Aged 50 Years or Older

2014 ◽  
Vol 94 (3) ◽  
pp. 334-342 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sachi O'Hoski ◽  
Bonnie Winship ◽  
Lauren Herridge ◽  
Taimoor Agha ◽  
Dina Brooks ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Normative Data ◽  
Clinical Utility ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Reference Points ◽  
Assessment Tools ◽  
Normative Values ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Multiple Systems ◽  
Age Cohorts ◽  
Age Related

BackgroundBalance is a composite ability requiring the integration of multiple systems. The Balance Evaluation Systems Test (BESTest) and 2 abbreviated versions (the Mini-BESTest and the Brief-BESTest) are balance assessment tools that target these systems. To date, no normative data exist for any version of the BESTest.ObjectiveThe purpose of this study was to determine the age-related normative scores on the BESTest, Mini-BESTest, and Brief-BESTest for Canadians who are healthy and 50 to 89 years of age.DesignA cross-sectional study design was used.MethodsSeventy-nine adults who were healthy and aged 50 to 89 years (mean age=68.9 years; 50.6% women) participated. Normative scores were reported by age decade.ResultsMean BESTest scores were 95.7 (95% confidence interval [CI]=94.4–97.1) for adults who were aged 50 to 59 years, 91.4 (95% CI=89.8–93.0) for those who were aged 60 to 69 years, 85.4 (95% CI=82.5–88.2) for those who were aged 70 to 79 years, and 79.4 (95% CI=74.3–84.5) for those who were aged 80 to 89 years. Similar results were obtained for the Mini-BESTest and the Brief-BESTest, and all 3 tests showed statistically significant differences in scores among the age cohorts.LimitationsBecause only adults who were 50 to 89 years of age were tested, there are still no normative data for people outside this age range. Also, the scores presented may not be generalizable to all countries.ConclusionsThese normative data enhance the clinical utility of the BESTest, Mini-BESTest, and Brief-BESTest by providing clinicians with reference points to guide treatment.

scholarly journals Reference values and factors associated with hand grip strength among older adults living in southeastern Poland

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Agnieszka Wiśniowska-Szurlej ◽  
Agnieszka Ćwirlej-Sozańska ◽  
Justyna Kilian ◽  
Natalia Wołoszyn ◽  
Bernard Sozański ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Older Adults ◽  
Older People ◽  
Reference Values ◽  
Handgrip Strength ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Normative Values ◽  
Dominant Hand ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Factors Associated

AbstractHandgrip strength (HGS) is used as a biomarker for the state of health of older people, but the number of research publications containing the normative values of HGS in older adult populations is limited. The aim of the study was to define reference values and factors associated with HGS in older adults living in southeastern Poland. A cross-sectional study including 405 participants aged 65 and older was conducted. Handgrip strength for the dominant hand was assessed by the average of three trials using a JAMAR dynamometer. The sample was categorized into the following age groups: 65–69 years, 70–74 years, 75–79 years, 80–84 years, 85 and over. The average HGS was 19.98 kg (16.91 kg for women and 26.19 kg for men). There was a decrease in handgrip strength across the age range in both sexes. The average handgrip strength of the older people was 17.97 kg (14.47 kg for women and 25.66 kg for men) for those aged 80–85 and 16.68 kg (13.51 kg for women and 21.77 kg for men) in the group over 85 years old. In both sexes, marital status was an independent factor associated with reduced handgrip strength. In conclusion, this study described, for the first time, handgrip strength values for the southeastern Polish population aged ≥ 65 years according to age and gender.

scholarly journals Unilateral and bilateral training competitive archers differ in some potentially unhealthy neck-shoulder region movement behaviour characteristics

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Mareike Schmitt ◽  
Lutz Vogt ◽  
Jan Wilke ◽  
Daniel Niederer
Keyword(s):  
Cervical Spine ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Contralateral Side ◽  
Movement Direction ◽  
Movement Behaviour ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
3D Motion Analysis ◽  
Bilateral Training ◽  
Shoulder Region ◽  
Analysis System

Abstract Background Excessive unilateral joint loads may lead to overuse disorders. Bilateral training in archery is only performed as a supportive coordination training and as a variation of typical exercise. However, a series of studies demonstrated a crossover transfer of training-induced motor skills to the contralateral side, especially in case of mainly unilateral skills. We compared the cervical spine and shoulder kinematics of unilateral and bilateral training archers. Methods In this cross-sectional study, 25 (5 females, 48 ± 14 years) bilaterally training and 50 age-, sex- and level-matched (1:2; 47.3 ± 13.9 years) unilaterally training competitive archers were included. Cervical range of motion (RoM, all planes) and glenohumeral rotation were assessed with an ultrasound-based 3D motion analysis system. Upward rotation of the scapula during abduction and elevation of the arm were measured by means of a digital inclinometer and active shoulder mobility by means of an electronic caliper. All outcomes were compared between groups (unilaterally vs. bilaterally) and sides (pull-hand- vs. bow-hand-side). Results Unilateral and bilateral archers showed no between group and no side-to-side-differences in either of the movement direction of the cervical spine. The unilateral archers had higher pull-arm-side total glenohumeral rotation than the bilateral archers (mean, 95% CI), (148°, 144–152° vs. 140°, 135°-145°). In particular, internal rotation (61°, 58–65° vs. 56°, 51–61°) and more upward rotation of the scapula at 45 degrees (12°, 11–14° vs. 8°, 6–10°), 90 degrees (34°, 31–36° vs. 28°, 24–32°), 135 degrees (56°, 53–59° vs. 49°, 46–53°), and maximal (68°, 65–70° vs. 62°, 59–65°) arm abduction differed. The bow- and pull-arm of the unilateral, but not of the bilateral archers, differed in the active mobility of the shoulder (22 cm, 20–24 cm vs. 18 cm, 16–20 cm). Conclusions Unilaterally training archers display no unphysiologic movement behaviour of the cervical spine, but show distinct shoulder asymmetris in the bow- and pull-arm-side when compared to bilateral archers in glenohumeral rotation, scapula rotation during arm abduction, and active mobility of the shoulder. These asymmetries in may exceed physiological performance-enhancing degrees. Bilateral training may seems appropriate in archery to prevent asymmetries.

scholarly journals Mandibular range of motion in children with juvenile idiopathic arthritis with and without clinically established temporomandibular joint involvement and in healthy children; a cross-sectional study

2021 ◽  
Vol 19 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Willemijn F. C. de Sonnaville ◽  
Caroline M. Speksnijder ◽  
Nicolaas P. A. Zuithoff ◽  
Daan R. C. Verkouteren ◽  
Nico W. Wulffraat ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Juvenile Idiopathic Arthritis ◽  
Range Of Motion ◽  
Temporomandibular Joint ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Joint Involvement ◽  
Healthy Children ◽  
Sectional Study ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Explanatory Factors ◽  
Left And Right

Abstract Background Recognition of temporomandibular joint (TMJ) involvement in children with juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA) has gained increasing attention in the past decade. The clinical assessment of mandibular range of motion characteristics is part of the recommended variables to detect TMJ involvement in children with JIA. The aim of this study was to explore explanatory variables for mandibular range of motion outcomes in children with JIA, with and without clinically established TMJ involvement, and in healthy children. Methods This cross-sectional study included children with JIA and healthy children of age 6–18 years. Mandibular range of motion variables included active and passive maximum interincisal opening (AMIO and PMIO), protrusion, laterotrusion, dental midline shift in AMIO and in protrusion. Additionally, the TMJ screening protocol and palpation pain were assessed. Adjusted linear regression analyses of AMIO, PMIO, protrusion, and laterotrusion were performed to evaluate the explanatory factors. Two adjusted models were constructed: model 1 to compare children with JIA and healthy children, and model 2 to compare children with JIA with and without TMJ involvement. Results A total of 298 children with JIA and 169 healthy children were included. Length was an explanatory variable for the mandibular range of motion excursions. Each centimeter increase in length increased AMIO (0.14 mm), PMIO (0.14 mm), and protrusion (0.02 mm). Male gender increased AMIO by 1.35 mm. Having JIA negatively influenced AMIO (3.57 mm), PMIO (3.71 mm), and protrusion (1.03 mm) compared with healthy children, while the discrepancy between left and right laterotrusion raised 0.68 mm. Children with JIA and TMJ involvement had a 8.27 mm lower AMIO, 7.68 mm lower PMIO and 0.96 mm higher discrepancy in left and right laterotrusion compared to healthy children. Conclusion All mandibular range of motion items were restricted in children with JIA compared with healthy children. In children with JIA and TMJ involvement, AMIO, PMIO and the discrepancy between left and right laterotrusion were impaired more severely. The limitation in protrusion and laterotrusion was hardly clinically relevant. Overall, AMIO is the mandibular range of motion variable with the highest restriction (in millimeters) in children with JIA and clinically established TMJ involvement compared to healthy children.

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