scholarly journals ON DETERMINATION OF ASSAULT AVIATION AIRCRAFT EFFECTIVENESS

2020 ◽  
pp. 84-91
Author(s):  
V. Nikitchenko ◽  
L. Kirdei ◽  
S. Gordeev ◽  
V. Tolmachov
Keyword(s):  
Cumulative Effect ◽  
Total Probability ◽  
Front Line ◽  
Air Defense ◽  
Cluster Bombs ◽  
Flight Route ◽  
Main Components ◽  
Single Cluster ◽  
Single Combat

When analyzing typical assault aviation combat missions, the most common objects for each aircraft actions should be identified, a preliminary estimate of their distance from the front line has to be provided, and one of the objects should be selected as the typical target for evaluating the aircraft effectiveness. A destruction of a typical target by an aircraft with a certain probability is one of the main components of the assault aviation aircraft effectiveness, but it does not fully characterize the effectiveness of the aircraft. In the course of assault aircraft combat mission accomplishment, the generally accepted approach is identification the four aircraft flight phases with a purpose of destruction a surface target. As a combat mission for assault aircraft the striking for destruction an enemy airfield or division of guided missiles can be considered. The choice of flight route and profile is related to the assessment of the enemy's actual areas of engagement to determine the line of maneuvering. The feature of devastating effect of attack ammunition is the conditional law of target destruction. For the means of destruction of a remote action the feature of devastating effect of attack ammunition is a cumulative effect of each munitions at known coordinates of impact points. For the means of destruction which are used in cluster bombs, as a result of small caliber live ammunition scattering the total area of destruction is created. The cover area for single cluster bomb is ellipse shaped. Thus, in order to evaluate the effectiveness of the assault aviation aircraft employment it is advisable to use an indicator such as the effectiveness of the aircraft in one combat sortie. Evaluation of aircraft effectiveness in one sortie consists of estimates of the probability for penetration the means of air defense, the probability of target detection, the probability of target attack, the probability of target destruction and reliability of aviation equipment. For assault aviation, the effectiveness of an aircraft in a single combat sortie has the notion of a total probability of a target destruction or a mathematical expectation of a target destruction.

scholarly journals Determination of Environmental Factors for the Implementation of the Exploitability Index in Industrial Aggregate Mining Using Multi-Criteria Analysis

2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (4) ◽  
pp. 196
Author(s):  
Julio Manuel de Luis-Ruiz ◽  
Benito Ramiro Salas-Menocal ◽  
Gema Fernández-Maroto ◽  
Rubén Pérez-Álvarez ◽  
Raúl Pereda-García
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Factors ◽  
Environmental Factor ◽  
Human Life ◽  
Accurate Estimation ◽  
Analytic Hierarchy ◽  
Main Components ◽  
Hierarchy Process ◽  
Made In

The quality of human life is linked to the exploitation of mining resources. The Exploitability Index (EI) assesses the actual possibilities to enable a mine according to several factors. The environment is one of the most constraining ones, but its analysis is made in a shallow way. This research is focused on its determination, according to a new preliminary methodology that sets the main components of the environmental impact related to the development of an exploitation of industrial minerals and its weighting according to the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP). It is applied to the case of the ophitic outcrops in Cantabria (Spain). Twelve components are proposed and weighted with the AHP and an algorithm that allows for assigning a normalized value for the environmental factor to each deposit. Geographic Information Systems (GISs) are applied, allowing us to map a large number of components of the environmental factors. This provides a much more accurate estimation of the environmental factor, with respect to reality, and improves the traditional methodology in a substantial way. It can be established as a methodology for mining spaces planning, but it is suitable for other contexts, and it raises developing the environmental analysis before selecting the outcrop to be exploited.

Determination of Bioactive Components of 60°С Volatiles from Cinnamomum camphora Branches by TD-GC/MS

2011 ◽  
Vol 230-232 ◽  
pp. 852-856
Author(s):  
Qing Li ◽  
Dang Quan Zhang ◽  
Qi Mei Liu ◽  
Kuan Peng
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Compounds ◽  
Chemical Components ◽  
Cinnamomum Camphora ◽  
Bioactive Components ◽  
Industrial Materials ◽  
Analytical Result ◽  
Main Components

The chemical components of helium volatiles from the fresh branches of Cinnamomum camphora were studied by TD-GC/MS. The analytical result by 60°С-based TD-GC/MS showed that 55 peaks were obtained from the helium volatiles from the fresh branches of Cinnamomum camphora and 53 chemical compounds were identified. The results showed that the main components were as: Bicyclo[2.2.1]heptan-2-one, 1,7,7-trimethyl-, (1R)- (15.4328%), 1,3-Benzodioxole, 5-(2-propenyl)- (14.881%), Tricyclo[2.2.1.0(2,6)]heptane, 1,7-dimethyl-7-(4-methyl-3-pentenyl)-, (-)- (12.694%), p-menth-1-en-8-ol (9.832%), Bicyclo[2.2.1]heptane, 2-methyl-3-methylene-2-(4-methyl-3- pentenyl)-, (1S-exo)- (6.143%), 1,6,10-Dodecatrien-3-ol, 3,7,11-trimethyl- (5.365%), Bicyclo[3.1.1] hept-2-ene, 2,6-dimethyl-6-(4-methyl-3-pentenyl)- (4.527%), Naphthalene, 1,2,3,5,6,8a- hexahydro-4,7-dimethyl-1-(1-methylethyl)-, (1S-cis)- (4.129%), 3-Cyclohexen-1-ol, 4-methyl-1- (1-methylethyl)- (2.965%), Borneol (2.627%), Bicyclo[2.2.1]heptan-2-ol, 1,7,7-trimethyl-, acetate, (1S-endo)- (2.586%), Copaene (2.534%), 1,6,10-Dodecatriene, 7,11-dimethyl-3-methylene-, (Z)- (1.612%), (-)-Isosativene (1.121%), etc. The analytical result suggested that the helium volatiles from the fresh branches of Cinnamomum camphora could be used as industrial materials of biomedicines and spicery.

Effectiveness of a Modified Version of Airflow Therapy

1982 ◽  
Vol 47 (2) ◽  
pp. 160-164
Author(s):  
Glenn L. Falkowski ◽  
Arthur M. Guilford ◽  
Jack Sandler
Keyword(s):  
Success Rate ◽  
Scientific Literature ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Relative Importance ◽  
Differential Effectiveness ◽  
History Of ◽  
One Year ◽  
Main Components

Utilizing airflow therapy, Schwartz (1976) has claimed an 89% success rate with stutterers following treatment and an 83% success rate at one year follow-up. Such claims have yet to be documented in the scientific literature. The purposes of this study were: (a) to investigate the effectiveness of a modified version of airflow therapy; (b) to examine the relative importance of its two main components—passive airflow and elongation of the first vowel spoken. The speech of two adult male stutterers with a lengthy history of stuttering, was assessed with spontaneous speaking and reading tasks. Results indicated marked improvement in both subjects' speech on the reading task was maintained at follow-up 10 weeks later. For spontaneous speech, results were generally weaker and less durable. Effects of the two treatment components were cumulative and did not allow determination of any differential effectiveness between components. Implications of these findings were considered and directions for future research discussed.

Inspection and Determination of a Vehicle Arson Case According to Diesel Fuel and Gasoline

2013 ◽  
Vol 339 ◽  
pp. 751-755
Author(s):  
Li Li Yu ◽  
Shu Jun Liu
Keyword(s):  
Aromatic Hydrocarbons ◽  
Diesel Fuel ◽  
Diesel Oil ◽  
Inspection Process ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Criminal Investigators ◽  
Main Components ◽  
Combustion Residue ◽  
Material Evidence

From a vehicle arson case, it briefly introduced the basic situation and investigation of fire, particularly discussed the inspection process of samples, even compared some main components with suspected criminal tool at length. The results showed that it was deteced gasoline composition in extracted material evidence of vehicle combustion residue,but the vehicle were diesel fuel car. Then it analysed in detail the difference of gasoline, diesel oil and mixture of gasoline and diesel oil on composition. Their composition characteristics were both have aromatic hydrocarbons, such as dimethylbenzene series, trimethylbenzene series, tetramethylbenzeneseries, methylindane, naphthalene series, But alkane composition and distribution was not the same, as diesel contained C11-C20 linear paraffin and branched paraffin which obviously normal distribution, even the content of alkanes was significantly higher than aromatic hydrocarbon.but gasoline was different , not only the alkane characteristics is not obvious, but also aromatic hydrocarbons high content; While the content of alkanes and aromatic hydrocarbon were similar in mixture. By comparing the plastic drum left on scene with inspected samples, their gasoline characteristics were the same, Thus we can determine the plastic drum was criminal tool of setting fire, it could provide powerful evidence to solve cases for fire investigators and criminal investigators.

Determination of Bioactive Components of Waste Leaves from Chinese Hackberry by GC/MS

2011 ◽  
Vol 230-232 ◽  
pp. 930-934
Author(s):  
Gong Xiu He ◽  
Dang Quan Zhang ◽  
Qi Mei Liu ◽  
Kuan Peng
Keyword(s):  
Water Stress ◽  
Value Added ◽  
Chemical Components ◽  
Bioactive Components ◽  
Freeze Dried ◽  
History Of ◽  
Celtis Sinensis ◽  
Analytical Result ◽  
Main Components

Chinese Hackberry (Celtis sinensis) tree has high adaptability to environment and tolerance to water stress, and a long history of utilization and plantation in many countries. However, researches on Chinese Hackberry were mostly focused on the biomass analyses and utilizations of its wood, and lacked those to analyze the chemical components of extractives of Chinese Hackberry leaves, which was very important to recover and utilize the polluting waste Chinese Hackberry leaves. Therefore, the chemical components of benzene/ethanol extractives of Chinese Hackberry leaves were analyzed by method of GC/MS in order to identify top value-added bioactive components from waste leaves of Chinese Hackberry tree. The analytical result showed that the main components of benzene/ethanol extractives of freeze-dried Chinese Hackberry leaves by GC/MS analysis were identified 10 components (106 peaks) as: Sesquirosefuran (48.57%), Thiophene, 2-ethyltetrahydro- (20.01 %), Hexatriacontane (8.67%), Octadecane (8.60%), 1-Eicosanol Pregn-4-en-3-one, 20-hydroxy-, (20R)- (4.52%), 1-Amino-2-(hydroxymethyl)anthraquinone (3.63%), 1,3-Diphenyl-(4H)1,2,4-triazoline- (1.92%), Tricyclo[4.3.1.13,8]undecane-1-carboxylic acid (1.69%), Eucalyptol (1.60%), etc. As the first report here, our result by GC/MS showed that the benzene-methanol extractive of freeze-dried Chinese Hackberry leaves can be developed into top value-added materials of spicery, biomedicines, and biofuel.

Effectiveness Determination of Bombers Penetrating Through an Air-to-Air Defense

1970 ◽  
Vol 18 (3) ◽  
pp. 516-525 ◽  
Author(s):  
Clifford D. Fawcett ◽  
Chester G. Jones
Keyword(s):  
Air Defense

Determination of Main Components of Glass-Forming Cu–Zr Alloys

2017 ◽  
Vol 53 (14) ◽  
pp. 1405-1410 ◽  
Author(s):  
N. V. Pechishcheva ◽  
O. V. Evdokimova ◽  
A. V. Maiorova ◽  
K. Yu. Shunyaev
Keyword(s):  
Glass Forming ◽  
Main Components ◽  
Zr Alloys

Development and Validation of a UPLC-DAD Method for Quantitative Analysis of Coumarin, trans-Cinnamic Acid, trans-Cinnamaldehyde, and Eugenol in Encapsulated Cinnamon Flavoring Powder

2020 ◽  
Vol 103 (5) ◽  
pp. 1394-1399 ◽  
Author(s):  
Congmei Cao ◽  
Wei Liu ◽  
Silva Babajanian ◽  
Yanjun Zhang ◽  
Peter Chang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cinnamic Acid ◽  
Ultra Performance Liquid Chromatography ◽  
Wall Material ◽  
Array Detector ◽  
Efficient Extraction ◽  
The Stability ◽  
Main Components ◽  
Development And Validation ◽  
Quantitation Method

Abstract Background Cinnamon is a popular spice used in food products. Its flavor varies by its chemical profile. Cinnamon flavoring powder is a unique form of material with essential oil encapsulated in wall material, which improves the stability and homogeneity but also increases the difficulties for analysis. A specific and rapid method is needed to analyze the main components for its quality and safety. Objective An analytical method for the quantification of cinnamon flavoring powder was developed and validated. The characteristic components for analysis were selected as coumarin, trans-cinnamic acid, trans-cinnamaldehyde, and eugenol. Methods This quantitation method with ultra-performance liquid chromatography coupled with diode array detector analysis was achieved by material extraction followed by chromatographic separation on C18 columns eluted with a gradient acetonitrile-water mobile phase. The detected wavelength was determined as 280 nm. Results Linear regression of calibration curves for each component was validated (R2 > 0.9995). The specificity, LOD and LOQ, precision, accuracy, and ruggedness of the developed method were also evaluated. Conclusions Such an approach is applicable for the simultaneous determination of these four characteristic constituents in cinnamon flavoring powder used in manufacturing and quality control of nutritional products. Highlights This study describes the selection of four components for analysis, the efficient extraction of them from cinnamon flavoring powder, and the rapid quantitation of these four characteristic components in these materials.

scholarly journals Changes in Volatile Compounds during Aging of Sweet Fennel Fruits-Comparison of Hydrodistillation and Static Headspace Sampling Methods

2016 ◽  
Vol 11 (3) ◽  
pp. 1934578X1601100
Author(s):  
Menče Najdoska-Bogdanov ◽  
Jane B. Bogdanov ◽  
Marina Stefova
Keyword(s):  
Essential Oil ◽  
Comparative Method ◽  
Extraction Methods ◽  
Human Consumption ◽  
Volatile Components ◽  
Static Headspace ◽  
Foeniculum Vulgare ◽  
Fruit Samples ◽  
Main Components

Two extraction methods for subsequent gas chromatographic (GC) determination of volatiles from freshly harvested and aged fennel fruit samples ( Foeniculum vulgare Mill.,ssp. vulgare var. dulce) have been compared. Hydrodistillation followed by GC-FID and GC-MS analysis was used as a standard method for essential oil characterization, while static headspace followed by GC (SHS-GC-FID) was used as a comparative method for determination of volatile components. As the fennel fruit ages, there is a gradual loss of the volatile components as indicated by the lower yield of essential oil and lower content of volatiles, as indicated by the alternative SHS-GC-FID analysis. Slight differences observed for the main components ( trans-anethole, estragole, fenchone, and limonene) using the two methods are negligible, indicating that these volatiles did not undergo chemical transformation during the sample preparation procedures. A difference in anisaldehyde content was observed when the composition of the hydrodistilled essential oil was compared with the SHS-GC-FIDanalysis of volatiles and explanation for the variation of anisaldehyde content and the origin of other compounds was suggested. Comparison of the obtained results showed that limonene oxides, carvone and carveolare detectable in SHS-GC-FID analysis of the aged fennel fruits, while in hydrodistilled samples analyzed by GC-FID they were not present. Another observed difference was the appearance of products in significant amounts with higher retention times than trans-anethole, namely threo- and erythro-anethole β-hydroxymethylether and anethole glycol that are not detectable in the essential oil obtained by hydrodistillation. So, the relative abundance of the major components is comparable between these two methods for fennel seed up to 3 years from harvest and they can be used interchangeably depending on the purpose and amount of material. Furthermore, SHS-GC-FID can be used for assessment of maximum storage time and quality of fennel fruit suitable for human consumption.

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