scholarly journals Gender and the Commons

2021 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ranjini Murali ◽  
Ajay Bijoor ◽  
Charudutt Mishra
Keyword(s):  
Irrigation Water ◽  
Social Structures ◽  
Common Pool Resource ◽  
Control Rights ◽  
Gender Group ◽  
Resource Governance ◽  
The Commons ◽  
Role Of Women ◽  
And Control

Studies on common pool resource governance have largely focused on men, who tend to have disproportionate rights and ownership with regards property and resources. This has resulted in the access and control rights of women being generally overlooked. Gender disaggregated analyses have revealed the important role of women in the governance of the commons. While certain commons may be relatively more important for women, there are variations in their level of resource access and management role, influenced by social structures and divisions. We examined the role of gender and how such intersectionality could shape the governance of the commons in the Spiti Valley in the Indian Trans-Himalaya. We found that gender, class, and caste intersected in the governance of irrigation water. Our study highlights the role of women in the governance of the commons and points to the nuanced and variable roles found within this gender group.

scholarly journals Ethical and political dilemmas of local self-government in Poland in the course of systemic transformations (1990–2018)

2018 ◽  
Vol 21 (7) ◽  
pp. 7-26
Author(s):  
Michał Kasiński
Keyword(s):  
Point Of View ◽  
Local Democracy ◽  
Control Rights ◽  
Local Authorities ◽  
Political Values ◽  
Election Process ◽  
The Republic ◽  
Government Reforms ◽  
And Control

The study presents critical reflections on the course and results of Polish local self-government reforms from March 1990, when after 40 years of the system of territorial soviets (national councils), self-government was reintroduced into communes, until January 2018, when an attempt to improve the systemic institutions of self-government in communes, poviats and voivodships was once again revisited. The author points out significant discrepancies between the basic ethical and political values of local self-government, i.e. democracy, independence and efficiency, and the changing content of self-government systemic laws as well as the practice of local authorities’ operations, and formulates proposals aimed at repairing Polish local self-government by adjusting its organisation and functioning to the principles resulting from the Constitution of the Republic of Poland and the European Charter of Local Self-Government. He considers as the most important the elimination of pathological phenomena of simulated local democracy which include: a drastically low turnout in elections and referenda, the disappearance of democratic responsibility of local self-government bodies, and the autonomy of the directly elected executive body of the commune from the influence of the local representation. From this point of view, he positively assesses the new regulations, strengthening the guarantee of transparency of operations carried out by local self-government bodies and control rights of councillors, as well as expanding the catalogue of initiative, consultative and control powers of citizens. He points out, however, that ensuring real democracy in of the local authorities requires a deeper reconstruction of the principles of self-government, the election process, and strengthening the role of representation in creating and enforcing the responsibility of executive bodies.

To Each According to his Power? Participation, Access, and Vulnerability in Irrigation and Flood Management in Pakistan

10.1068/d338 ◽  
2002 ◽  
Vol 20 (6) ◽  
pp. 737-752 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daanish Mustafa
Keyword(s):  
Irrigation Water ◽  
Flood Hazard ◽  
Local Level ◽  
Power Structure ◽  
Flood Management ◽  
Integrated Analysis ◽  
Or Efficiency ◽  
Differential Vulnerability ◽  
And Control

In this paper I draw upon a realist conceptualization of power to inform the analysis of ethnographic data on access to irrigation water and vulnerability to flood hazard in Pakistan. I undertake an integrated analysis of the role of different types of power in influencing differential vulnerability to flood hazard and access to irrigation water in four local-level villages in central Pakistan. Three modes of power are identified: the feudal mode, the bourgeoisie mode, and the communal mode. Each of the modes relies on force, socialization, and control over resources, respectively, to ensure compliance. The villages which are dominated by large landowners tend to have the feudal mode of power as the predominant power structure, whereas the villages with relatively equal property ownership tend to have the communal mode as the dominant power structure. The analyses of power suggest that the participatory reforms in the water sector of Pakistan proposed by the World Bank are unlikely to lead to gains in either equity or efficiency as long as issues of differential power remain unaddressed.

Landlords and Lords of the Land: estate management and social control in Uttar Pradesh 1860–1920

1972 ◽  
Vol 6 (3) ◽  
pp. 257-275 ◽  
Author(s):  
P.J. Musgrave
Keyword(s):  
Income Distribution ◽  
Social Control ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Uttar Pradesh ◽  
Social Structures ◽  
Military Power ◽  
Power Bases ◽  
And Control ◽  
Great Mass

The problem of controlling and taxing the countryside is one which has remained with all governments in Asia, or indeed in the whole developing world, up to 1972. Government has inevitably tended to be essentially urban-based, centred on military power-bases, whether they be ‘Pacified Areas’, towns or mud forts, backed by military power normally concentrated in these centres. Outside the towns, however, lived the great mass of the population, and the great mass of the potentially taxable wealth, and it is upon its ability to control the rural areas that the credibility and survival of any régime must ultimately depend. It is perhaps an indication of our preoccupations with the problems of pacification and control in Asian societies that increasing interest is being shown in the patterns of rural control, in systems of traditional deference, which are usually seen as surviving much longer and much more strongly in the countryside than in the towns, and in problems of income distribution through social structures based on land. In such a situation, then, the role of the ‘estates’—of traditional and institutionalized systems of dependence and of control, of systems which were commonly used and hence studied by governments—is one which demands to be considered.

The Social Organization of Secrecy

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael E. Stone
Keyword(s):  
Social Organization ◽  
Dead Sea ◽  
Social Structures ◽  
Secret Societies ◽  
Ancient Judaism ◽  
Greco Roman ◽  
The Social ◽  
Role Of Women ◽  
Roman Antiquity

In this chapter we study the mysteries and secrecy in Greco–Roman antiquity. The cults of Mithras and Isis as mysteries and revelations to their initiates, as well as the “Mithras Liturgy” and magical elements of the ascent, are examined. Secret groups have tripartite social structures. There is evidence for secret societies in Ancient Judaism other than Essenes and Therapeutae. The identification of the Qumran covenanters and of the Essenes is explored. We look at cryptic writing and secrecy within groups. The role of women in some groups is discussed. Past discoveries of Dead Sea manuscripts and documents are outlined.

scholarly journals Disembedded or Deeply Embedded? A Multi-Level Network Analysis of Online Labour Platforms

Sociology ◽  
2021 ◽  
pp. 003803852098608
Author(s):  
Paola Tubaro
Keyword(s):  
Global Economy ◽  
Social Structures ◽  
Economic Networks ◽  
Economic Action ◽  
The Social ◽  
Multi Level ◽  
Economic Ties ◽  
And Control ◽  
Kinship Ties

This article extends the economic-sociological concept of embeddedness to encompass not only social networks of, for example, friendship or kinship ties, but also economic networks of ownership and control relationships. Applying these ideas to the case of digital platform labour pinpoints two possible scenarios. When platforms take the role of market intermediaries, economic ties are thin and workers are left to their own devices, in a form of ‘disembeddedness’. When platforms partake in intricate inter-firm outsourcing structures, economic ties envelop workers in a ‘deep embeddedness’ which involves both stronger constraints and higher rewards. With this added dimension, the notion of embeddedness becomes a compelling tool to describe the social structures that frame economic action, including the power imbalances that characterize digital labour in the global economy.

Estimating irrigation contribution to apple tree water uptake by deuterium tracing

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Agnese Aguzzoni ◽  
Michael Engel ◽  
Damiano Zanotelli ◽  
Francesco Comiti ◽  
Massimo Tagliavini
Keyword(s):  
Soil Water ◽  
Water Uptake ◽  
Irrigation Water ◽  
Isotope Ratio ◽  
Apple Tree ◽  
Soil Depth ◽  
Capillary Rise ◽  
Soil Layer ◽  
And Control

<p>Against the background of a future decrease in water availability, there is a need to use irrigation water with higher efficiency. To improve water management, it is crucial to clarify the role of irrigation water compared to soil water and additional water sources, including groundwater, which is often neglected by most water balance models.</p><p>We used deuterium-enriched water as tracer to distinguish irrigation water from soil water and groundwater and evaluate its contribution to the apple tree water uptake. The study was conducted in an apple orchard (Malus domestica, cv. Pinova) located in a flat area of the Venosta valley (South Tyrol, Italy) characterized by shallow groundwater (about 0.9 m from the ground). Before the experiment, the soil was covered for two weeks to prevent rain and irrigation from entering the soil. In July 2019, deuterium-enriched water (40 L/m<sup>2</sup>, <em>δ</em><sup>2</sup>H = 1500 ‰) was homogenously applied to the soil in four plots. In the proximity of each irrigated plot, not-irrigated trees were present (controls). From both irrigated and control plots, soil, leaf and shoot axis samples were collected starting from 2 hours until 7 days after the irrigation. Total tree and soil water was extracted through cryogenic vacuum distillation. Soil and plant water isotope composition was measured at the IRIS (Isotope Ratio Infrared Spectroscopy) and at the IRMS (Isotope Ratio Mass Spectrometry) analyzer, respectively. Reference ET for the period was 3.3 mm day<sup>-1</sup> on average.</p><p>Soil moisture in both irrigated and control soils decreased from the surface to 0.4-0.5 m soil depth and then progressively increased again until 0.8 m depth, in line with a maximum capillary rise of approximately 0.4 m estimated by models for a silty loam soil. In the upper 0.5 m soil layer, where around 80 % of total fine roots were concentrated, labeled irrigation water represented ca. 20 % of total soil water. The labeled water firstly appeared in the shoots starting from 8 hours from the irrigation (average <em>δ</em><sup>2</sup>H = 27.4 ‰) and the deuterium concentration reached its maximum after 24-48 hours from water supply (<em>δ</em><sup>2</sup>H = 68.1 ‰). At this time, irrigation water accounted for 8 % of the shoot extracted water. Considering the average deuterium abundance of the extracted water in the first 0.5 m soil layer, where labeled irrigation water mixed with soil water, we estimated that 35-40 % of the shoot water had been absorbed from such a layer. These preliminary results highlight the complexity of soil-water-plant interactions and call for additional investigation to understand the role of the soil water present before irrigation that could be preferentially taken up by roots. Additionally, the contribution of an upward flux from groundwater should be quantified.</p><p> </p>

scholarly journals Can Development Aid Empower Women? Evidence from a Field Experiment in the Congo

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peter Cornelis van der Windt
Keyword(s):  
Development Program ◽  
Development Aid ◽  
Cash Transfer ◽  
Policy Outcomes ◽  
Transfer Program ◽  
Distributed Development ◽  
Weak Evidence ◽  
Role Of Women ◽  
And Control

Can development aid empower women? We randomly assigned 1,250 Congolese communities to a development program that distributed development funds and included women in project selection and implementation, with the goal of empowering women. In 2010 and 2011, we revisited 816 treatment and control communities to collect survey data. Furthermore, in 413 communities we implemented a $1,000 unconditional cash transfer program to assess behavioral change. We find only weak evidence that the program influenced the role of women in the community and policy outcomes and no evidence that the program had an impact on the role of women within the household or attitudes toward them.

Morphogenesis of a New Human Herpes-Type Virus Isolate (Sasha Virus)

1973 ◽  
Vol 31 ◽  
pp. 592-593
Author(s):  
R. F. Zeigel ◽  
W. Munyon
Keyword(s):  
Virus Isolate ◽  
Calf Serum ◽  
Uranyl Acetate ◽  
Human Herpes ◽  
Human Embryonic Lung ◽  
Human Herpes Virus ◽  
Intracytoplasmic Inclusions ◽  
Hel Cells ◽  
And Control

In continuing studies on the role of viruses in biochemical transformation, Dr. Munyon has succeeded in isolating a highly infectious human herpes virus. Fluids of buccal pustular lesions from Sasha Munyon (10 mo. old) uiere introduced into monolayer sheets of human embryonic lung (HEL) cell cultures propagated in Eagles’ medium containing 5% calf serum. After 18 hours the cells exhibited a dramatic C.P.E. (intranuclear vacuoles, peripheral patching of chromatin, intracytoplasmic inclusions). Control HEL cells failed to reflect similar changes. Infected and control HEL cells were scraped from plastic flasks at 18 hrs. of incubation and centrifuged at 1200 × g for 15 min. Resultant cell packs uiere fixed in Dalton's chrome osmium, and post-fixed in aqueous uranyl acetate. Figure 1 illustrates typical hexagonal herpes-type nucleocapsids within the intranuclear virogenic regions. The nucleocapsids are approximately 100 nm in diameter. Nuclear membrane “translocation” (budding) uias observed.

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