scholarly journals THE CONTROVERSIAL ROLE OF PLACENTAL MICROBIOME IN PRETERM BIRTH

2021 ◽  
Vol 24 (2) ◽  
pp. 76-82
Author(s):  
Valentin Varlas ◽  
◽  
Ovidiu Peneș ◽  
Ioanina Părlătescu ◽  
◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Preterm Birth ◽  
Dna Sequencing ◽  
Intestinal Microbiota ◽  
Premature Birth ◽  
Human Microbiome ◽  
The Body ◽  
Microbial Colonization ◽  
Pros And Cons ◽  
In Pregnancy

The correlation between the maternal and neonatal microbiome helps to understand the mechanisms that govern the metabolic and immune processes of the newborn. The literature of recent years brings pros and cons regarding the role of the placenta as a microbial residence and its involvement secondary to microbial colonization in premature birth. Additional multi-omics research will be needed to establish the role of this transient organ in elucidating the processes that govern premature birth. DNA sequencing has made it possible to identify microbial species in the human microbiome. Thus, the role of the maternal microbiome in pregnancy and related complications are partially elucidated. This article aimed to identify the diversity of species in the maternal placental microbiome, the possible association with the newborn microbiome, and the influence of dysbiosis in spontaneous premature birth (PTB). In pregnancy, the changes in the microbiome are multifactorial, and the analysis performed demonstrating the continuous intervention of the body in order to adapt the intestinal microbiota to have a positive maternal-fetal result.

Importance of Oral Health in Pregnancy: A Mini-symposium

2019 ◽  
Vol 15 (3) ◽  
pp. 156-158
Author(s):  
Aditi Priyamvara ◽  
Amit K. Dey ◽  
Antara Bagchi ◽  
Raveena Kelkar ◽  
Rajaram Sharma
Keyword(s):  
Oral Health ◽  
Oral Cavity ◽  
Tooth Enamel ◽  
Relevant Information ◽  
The Body ◽  
Systemic Impact ◽  
Low Birth Weight Babies ◽  
Adverse Pregnancy ◽  
In Pregnancy

Background: It is known that hormonal imbalances during pregnancy make women more susceptible to dental problems. High levels of progesterone and estrogen during pregnancy, lead to an increased inflammatory response to dental plaque thus causing predisposing to gum diseases such as gingivitis. If untreated, gingivitis leads to chronic periodontitis which may manifest systemically in form of cardiovascular, endocrine or even respiratory disorders. Also, hyperacidity in the oral cavity due to gastric reflux and vomiting leads to decreased pH thus damaging the tooth enamel making the oral cavity more prone to tooth decay and tooth loss. Studies also show that periodontal disease can also lead to adverse pregnancy outcomes such as pre-term and low birth weight babies. Objectives: We sought to understand the role of oral health in pregnancy. Methods: We identified major articles of interest in the field of oral health in pregnancy and drafted a mini-symposium based on relevant information. Conclusion: Regular dental visits and cognizant efforts to sustain a healthy oral environment can help women in the prevention and treatment of dental issues during pregnancy. The paper highlights the common oral manifestations during pregnancy and their local and systemic impact on the body during pregnancy. Furthermore, it also emphasizes the importance of good oral health practices to counteract the oral complications and the significance of oral health awareness in pregnant women.

scholarly journals Role of Nutritive Factors in Infants Sleep Management

2021 ◽  
pp. 20-24
Author(s):  
Tatiana V. Turti ◽  
Irina A. Belyaeva ◽  
Elena P. Bombardirova ◽  
Pavel E. Sadchikov ◽  
Alexander Y. Nagonov
Keyword(s):  
Intestinal Microbiota ◽  
The Body ◽  
Individual Development ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Sleep Management ◽  
Nocturnal Awakening ◽  
Sleep Schedule ◽  
Functional Components ◽  
Crucial Part

The organized infant’s sleep schedule is the crucial part of normal individual development. On the contrary, restless sleep, nocturnal awakening, long wakefulness can lead to deviations in physical, psychomotor, and cognitive development. Feeding schedule organized according to the time of a day and circadian rhythms (chrono-nutrition concept) can be useful for prevention and correction of such disorders. You are aware of the effect of such factors as feeding before night's sleep, nutrition at dark time of a day, diet enriched with triptophane and nucleotides, on the maturation and consolidation of infants sleep. The correlation between intestinal microbiota and factors affecting the circadian and metabolic activity of the body are presented: day-night cycles, sleep and wake, diet and nutrition. Targeted regulation of the intestinal microbiota through products enriched with functional components (prebiotics) can lead to the development of healthy sleep in infants via axis “brain – intestine – microbiota”.

scholarly journals A Triple Threat? The Role of Diet, Nutrition, and the Microbiota in T1D Pathogenesis

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Emma E. Hamilton-Williams ◽  
Graciela L. Lorca ◽  
Jill M. Norris ◽  
Jessica L. Dunne
Keyword(s):  
Beta Cell ◽  
Intestinal Microbiota ◽  
Beta Cell Function ◽  
Cell Function ◽  
The Body ◽  
Islet Autoimmunity ◽  
Potential Mechanism ◽  
Modifiable Factors ◽  
And Function

In recent years the role of the intestinal microbiota in health and disease has come to the forefront of medical research. Alterations in the intestinal microbiota and several of its features have been linked to numerous diseases, including type 1 diabetes (T1D). To date, studies in animal models of T1D, as well as studies in human subjects, have linked several intestinal microbiota alterations with T1D pathogenesis. Features that are most often linked with T1D pathogenesis include decreased microbial diversity, the relative abundance of specific strains of individual microbes, and altered metabolite production. Alterations in these features as well as others have provided insight into T1D pathogenesis and shed light on the potential mechanism by which the microbiota plays a role in T1D pathogenesis, yet the underlying factors leading to these alterations remains unknown. One potential mechanism for alteration of the microbiota is through diet and nutrition. Previous studies have shown associations of diet with islet autoimmunity, but a direct contributing factor has yet to be identified. Diet, through introduction of antigens and alteration of the composition and function of the microbiota, may elicit the immune system to produce autoreactive responses that result in the destruction of the beta cells. Here, we review the evidence associating diet induced changes in the intestinal microbiota and their contribution to T1D pathogenesis. We further provide a roadmap for determining the effect of diet and other modifiable factors on the entire microbiota ecosystem, including its impact on both immune and beta cell function, as it relates to T1D. A greater understanding of the complex interactions between the intestinal microbiota and several interacting systems in the body (immune, intestinal integrity and function, metabolism, beta cell function, etc.) may provide scientifically rational approaches to prevent development of T1D and other childhood immune and allergic diseases and biomarkers to evaluate the efficacy of interventions.

Vaso-active factors in pregnancy

1992 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 15-36 ◽  
Author(s):  
L Myatt
Keyword(s):  
Growth Retardation ◽  
Vascular System ◽  
The Body ◽  
Vascular Events ◽  
Uterine Growth ◽  
Vascular Beds ◽  
Intra Uterine Growth Retardation ◽  
Cardio Vascular ◽  
In Pregnancy

Pregnancy results in profound physiological changes in the cardiovascular system, yet these changes are completely reversible. It is apparent that vaso-active factors, some as yet probably unidentified, which act as humoral or local autocrine or paracrine regulators of vasular resistance, play a major role in these cardio-vascular changes. This role may be heightened in pregnancy when there has to be a large increase in blood flow to the uterus and placenta while maintaining adequate flow to other vascular beds. Our knowledge of the mechanisms of action of these vaso-active factors and their interactions with each other still remains incomplete. Alterations in synthesis and action of these vaso-active factors may occur in pregnancies associated with pregnancy-induced hypertension, pre-eclampsia or intra-uterine growth retardation. Investigation of such alterations may help to elucidate the roles of vaso-active factors in both normal and pathological situations. The gestational hormones oestrogen and progesterone, are obviously prime candidates as overall regulators of the cardiovascular changes of pregnancy and as agents which alter the synthesis or action of other vaso-active factors. Currently, much attention is being focused on the role of local autocrine or paracrine vaso-active factors which may be produced by the endothelium or by the underlying vascular smooth muscle cells and alterations in their production or action in the hyptertensive disorders of pregnancy. The endothelium forms the largest endocrine organ within the body and so its importance in the mediation of vascular events should not be under-estimated. The principal objective of this review is to examine the roles of these many autocrine and paracrine vaso-active factors during pregnancy and their relation with the overall regulation of the vascular system. Changes which may occur and be involved in the aetiology of pre-eclampsia and growth retardation will also be examined.

СERVICAL INSUFFICIENCY AND GENITAL INFECTION

2021 ◽  
pp. 77-87
Author(s):  
Dolgushina V.F. ◽  
Alikhanova E.S. ◽  
Grafova E.D.
Keyword(s):  
Preterm Birth ◽  
Premature Birth ◽  
Intrauterine Infection ◽  
Genital Infection ◽  
Cervical Insufficiency ◽  
Root Cause ◽  
Early Preterm Birth ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship

Despite the availability of diagnostics and modern methods of treatment, preterm birth with cervical insufficiency occurs in 44-57% of cases, while early preterm birth reaches 38,8%. To date, there is no doubt about the connection of premature labor and intraamnial inflammation, the frequency of which in cervical insufficiency reaches 80%. Most researchers are unanimous in the opinion that the ascending route of infection in intraamnial infection is a priority. It has been proven that a decrease in the absolute and relative amount of Lactobacillus spp., A change in the species composition of lactoflora or atypical vaginal colonization associated with premature birth and premature rupture of membranes. Conditionally pathogenic microorganisms of the vaginal biotope with an insufficient number of lactobacilli are capable of producing various proteases that destroy collagen, constituting the basis of connective tissue and determining the elasticity of the membranes, which allows us to consider cervicovaginal infections as one of the mechanisms of premature remodeling of the cervix and rupture of membranes. In that way, it is relevant to study the frequency and structure of genital infection in cervical insufficiency. The analysis of medical literature data, presented in the electronic libraries Elibrary and Pubmed for the last 10 years, devoted to the study of genital infection in cervical insufficiency. The issue of the relationship of cervicovaginal infections with premature remodeling of the cervix of the uterus was discussed, as well as studies on the role of intrauterine infection in the genesis of preterm labor. The results of scientific studies are presented, indicating both the direct influence of cervical incompetence on the risk of intraamnial infection and the root cause of genital infection in the pathogenesis of cervical insufficiency. Convincing data are given that timely diagnosis and treatment of violations of the vaginal biocenosis is one of the significant links in the prevention of premature birth. It is necessary to further study the pathogenetic relationship of cervicovaginal infections and cervical insufficiency.

Intestinal microbiota in neonates requiring urgent surgery: assessing the role of probiotics using fecal DNA sequencing

2015 ◽  
Vol 32 (1) ◽  
pp. 37-43 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hiroshi Murakami ◽  
Yumi Shimomura ◽  
Mitsuharu Matsumoto ◽  
Geoffrey J. Lane ◽  
Atsuyuki Yamataka ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Dna Sequencing ◽  
Intestinal Microbiota ◽  
Fecal Dna ◽  
Urgent Surgery

scholarly journals The Role of Oxidative Stress and Antioxidant Balance in Pregnancy

2021 ◽  
Vol 2021 ◽  
pp. 1-11
Author(s):  
Tarique Hussain ◽  
Ghulam Murtaza ◽  
Elsayed Metwally ◽  
Dildar Hussain Kalhoro ◽  
Muhammad Saleem Kalhoro ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Oxidative Stress ◽  
Diabetes Mellitus ◽  
Reactive Oxygen Species ◽  
Gestational Diabetes ◽  
Embryo Implantation ◽  
Fetal Loss ◽  
The Body ◽  
Oxygen Species ◽  
In Pregnancy

It has been widely known that oxidative stress disrupts the balance between reactive oxygen species (ROS) and the antioxidant system in the body. During pregnancy, the physiological generation of ROS is involved in a variety of developmental processes ranging from oocyte maturation to luteolysis and embryo implantation. While abnormal overproduction of ROS disrupts these processes resulting in reproductive failure. In addition, excessive oxidative stress impairs maternal and placental functions and eventually results in fetal loss, IUGR, and gestational diabetes mellitus. Although some oxidative stress is inevitable during pregnancy, a balancing act between oxidant and antioxidant production is necessary at different stages of the pregnancy. The review aims to highlight the importance of maintaining oxidative and antioxidant balance throughout pregnancy. Furthermore, we highlight the role of oxidative stress in pregnancy-related diseases.

scholarly journals B Regulatory Cells: Players in Pregnancy and Early Life

2018 ◽  
Vol 19 (7) ◽  
pp. 2099 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ana Esteve-Solé ◽  
Yiyi Luo ◽  
Alexandru Vlagea ◽  
Ángela Deyà-Martínez ◽  
Jordi Yagüe ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cell Subset ◽  
Early Infancy ◽  
Microbial Colonization ◽  
Regulatory Cells ◽  
Chronic Infections ◽  
Tolerance Mechanisms ◽  
Neonatal Immune System ◽  
B Regulatory Cells ◽  
In Pregnancy

Pregnancy and early infancy represent two very particular immunological states. During pregnancy, the haploidentical fetus and the pregnant women develop tolerance mechanisms to avoid rejection; then, just after birth, the neonatal immune system must modulate the transition from the virtually sterile but haploidentical uterus to a world full of antigens and the rapid microbial colonization of the mucosa. B regulatory (Breg) cells are a recently discovered B cell subset thought to play a pivotal role in different conditions such as chronic infections, autoimmunity, cancer, and transplantation among others in addition to pregnancy. This review focuses on the role of Breg cells in pregnancy and early infancy, two special stages of life in which recent studies have positioned Breg cells as important players.

scholarly journals The pregnancy microbiome and preterm birth

2020 ◽  
Vol 42 (4) ◽  
pp. 487-499 ◽  
Author(s):  
Erna Bayar ◽  
Phillip R. Bennett ◽  
Denise Chan ◽  
Lynne Sykes ◽  
David A. MacIntyre
Keyword(s):  
Preterm Birth ◽  
Global Health ◽  
Human Microbiome ◽  
Neonatal Morbidity ◽  
Neonatal Care ◽  
Morbidity And Mortality ◽  
Health Concern ◽  
Vaginal Microbiome ◽  
Complex Interplay ◽  
In Pregnancy

Abstract Preterm birth is a global health concern and continues to contribute to substantial neonatal morbidity and mortality despite advances in obstetric and neonatal care. The underlying aetiology is multi-factorial and remains incompletely understood. In this review, the complex interplay between the vaginal microbiome in pregnancy and its association with preterm birth is discussed in depth. Advances in the study of bacteriology and an improved understanding of the human microbiome have seen an improved awareness of the vaginal microbiota in both health and in disease.

scholarly journals Prevention of the fetoplacental complex disorders in women at risk and the risk of preterm birth (Literature review)

2020 ◽  
pp. 99-102
Author(s):  
O.V. Laba ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Preterm Birth ◽  
Pregnant Women ◽  
Premature Birth ◽  
Reproductive Potential ◽  
Complex Disorders ◽  
Placental Dysfunction ◽  
Fetoplacental Complex ◽  
Important Health

The obstetrician-gynaecologist practitioners consider a woman’s health from her reproductive potential support standpoint, and the problem of miscarriage is considered as one of the most important health problems in the world. The difficulty in solving the premature birth problem is the presence of many factors and preconditions that determine the risks of miscarriage. The article provides an overview of current international guidelines for assessing the root causes and preconditions for preterm birth. The problem of preterm birth risks is discussed, taking into account both the socio-economic living conditions of pregnant women and the factors that accompany the formation of the pathogenesis of preterm birth (placental dysfunction). Attention is paid to the hemodynamic disorders assessment (vascularization of the lower uterus) in pregnant women and determination of their role in the fetoplacental dysfunction development. The role of the hemodynamic disorders in the placenta is considered as the morphological and biochemical adaptive reactions abnormality. Keywords: miscarriage, premature birth, fetoplacental complex, placental dysfunction.

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