Die Entwicklung der Rentenanwartschaften von Frauen im Kohortenvergleich: die Rolle von Niedrigeinkommen

2020 ◽  
Vol 69 (5) ◽  
pp. 325-347
Author(s):  
Wolfgang Keck ◽  
Laura Romeu Gordo
Keyword(s):  
Longitudinal Data ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Pension Fund ◽  
West Germany ◽  
Female Employment ◽  
Birth Cohorts ◽  
Younger Women ◽  
Participation Of Women ◽  
Employment Participation ◽  
The Impact

Zusammenfassung Mithilfe der Versicherungskontenstichprobe (VSKT) der Deutschen Rentenversicherung werden Veränderungen der Rentenanwartschaften von Frauen verschiedener Geburtskohorten bis zum Alter von 41 Jahren untersucht. In Westdeutschland steigen trotz Beschäftigungszuwachs die Entgeltpunkte aus Beschäftigung nur unwesentlich und die Ungleichheit zwischen den Kohorten in den Rentenanwartschaften stagniert. In Ostdeutschland führen vor allem sinkende Anwartschaften aus Beschäftigung zu einer wachsenden Ungleichheit innerhalb der 1970 bis 1974 geborenen Frauen. Abstract: Pension Claims of Women in Different Birth Cohorts: The Impact of Low Income Employment We use the longitudinal data from records on contributions to the German statutory pension fund in order to analyse whether pension entitlements of women of different birth cohorts up until the age of 41 have changed. Our results show that pension claims in West Germany have stagnated despite the fact that participation in employment has increased from cohort to cohort. We also find that inequality in pension entitlements has remained at a similar level all through the period studied. Female employment participation of women in East Germany is shrinking for a large group of younger women and, as a consequence of this, inequality in pension entitlements is increasing within the youngest cohort.

Cohort Changes in the Level and Dispersion of Gender Ideology after German Reunification: Results from a Natural Experiment

2020 ◽  
Vol 36 (5) ◽  
pp. 814-828
Author(s):  
Christian Ebner ◽  
Michael Kühhirt ◽  
Philipp Lersch
Keyword(s):  
Natural Experiment ◽  
Gender Ideology ◽  
General Social Survey ◽  
West Germany ◽  
Female Employment ◽  
German Reunification ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
East German ◽  
Nationally Representative ◽  
The Impact

Abstract Modernization theorists’ ‘rising tide hypothesis’ predicted the continuous spread of egalitarian gender ideologies across the globe. We revisit this assumption by studying reunified Germany, a country that did not follow a strict modernization pathway. The socialist German Democratic Republic (GDR) actively fostered female employment and systematically promoted egalitarian ideologies before reunification with West Germany and the resulting incorporation into a conservative welfare state and market economy. Based on nationally representative, pooled cross-sectional data from the German General Social Survey (ALLBUS) from 1991 to 2016, we apply variance function regression to examine the impact of German reunification—akin to a natural experiment—on the average levels and dispersion of gender ideology. The results show: (i) East German cohorts socialized after reunification hold less egalitarian ideologies than cohorts socialized in the GDR, disrupting the rising tide. (ii) East German cohorts hold more egalitarian ideologies than West German cohorts, but the East-West gap is less pronounced for post-reunification cohorts. (iii) Cohorts in East Germany show higher conformity with gender ideology than their counterparts in West Germany; yet conformity did not change after reunification. (iv) Younger cohorts in West Germany show higher conformity with gender ideology than older cohorts.

scholarly journals Pneumococcal conjugate vaccination in The Gambia: health impact, cost effectiveness and budget implications

2021 ◽  
Vol 6 (12) ◽  
pp. e007211
Author(s):  
Clint Pecenka ◽  
Effua Usuf ◽  
Ilias Hossain ◽  
Sana Sambou ◽  
Elisabeth Vodicka ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cost Effectiveness ◽  
Cost Saving ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Pneumococcal Vaccination ◽  
The Gambia ◽  
Low Income Countries ◽  
Birth Cohorts ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Conjugate Vaccination ◽  
The Impact

IntroductionIntroducing pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV) in many low-income countries has contributed to reductions in global childhood deaths caused by Streptococcus pneumoniae. Many low-income countries, however, will soon reach an economic status leading to transition from Gavi, the Vaccine Alliance vaccine funding support and then face increased expenditure to continue PCV programmes. Evaluating the cost-effectiveness of PCV in low-income countries will inform such country decisions.MethodsWe used empiric data on the costs of vaccine delivery and pneumococcal disease and PCV programme impact on disease among children less than 5 years old in The Gambia. We used the UNIVAC cost-effectiveness modelling tool to compare the impact and cost-effectiveness of pneumococcal conjugate vaccination to no vaccination over 20 birth cohorts starting in 2011. We calculated costs per disability-adjusted-life-year (DALY) averted from government and societal perspectives and undertook scenario and probabilistic sensitivity analysis.ResultsWe projected that, over 20 years, PCV in The Gambia could avert 117 000 total disease episodes in children less than 5 years old, including outpatient and hospitalised pneumonia, pneumococcal sepsis and meningitis (including sequelae). Vaccination could avert 9000 outpatient pneumonia visits, 88 000 hospitalisations and 3300 deaths due to pneumonia, meningitis and sepsis. Approximately 100 000 DALYs are expected to be averted. Averted visits and hospitalisations represent US$4 million in healthcare costs expected to be saved by the government and US$7.3 million if household costs are included. The cost of the vaccination programme is estimated at US$2 million. In the base scenario, most alternative scenarios and nearly 90% of the probabilistic scenarios, pneumococcal vaccination is cost saving in The Gambia.ConclusionPneumococcal conjugate vaccination is expected to generate substantial health gains and is likely to be cost saving in The Gambia. Policymakers in similar settings should be confident to maintain their PCV programmes.

scholarly journals Poverty reduction and equity benefits of introducing or scaling up measles, rotavirus and pneumococcal vaccines in low-income and middle-income countries: a modelling study

2018 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. e000613 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carlos Riumallo-Herl ◽  
Angela Y Chang ◽  
Samantha Clark ◽  
Dagna Constenla ◽  
Andrew Clark ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Low Income ◽  
Pneumococcal Disease ◽  
Poverty Reduction ◽  
Vaccine Coverage ◽  
Economic Benefits ◽  
Economic Evaluations ◽  
Birth Cohorts ◽  
Immunisation Coverage ◽  
Financial Risk Protection ◽  
The Impact

IntroductionBeyond their impact on health, vaccines can lead to large economic benefits. While most economic evaluations of vaccines have focused on the health impact of vaccines at a national scale, it is critical to understand how their impact is distributed along population subgroups.MethodsWe build a financial risk protection model to evaluate the impact of immunisation against measles, severe pneumococcal disease and severe rotavirus for birth cohorts vaccinated over 2016–2030 for three scenarios in 41 Gavi-eligible countries: no immunisation, current immunisation coverage forecasts and the current immunisation coverage enhanced with funding support. We distribute modelled disease cases per socioeconomic group and derive the number of cases of: (1) catastrophic health costs (CHCs) and (2) medical impoverishment.ResultsIn the absence of any vaccine coverage, the number of CHC cases attributable to measles, severe pneumococcal disease and severe rotavirus would be approximately 18.9 million, 6.6 million and 2.2 million, respectively. Expanding vaccine coverage would reduce this number by up to 90%, 30% and 40% in each case. More importantly, we find a higher share of CHC incidence among the poorest quintiles who consequently benefit more from vaccine expansion.ConclusionOur findings contribute to the understanding of how vaccines can have a broad economic impact. In particular, we find that immunisation programmes can reduce the proportion of households facing catastrophic payments from out-of-pocket health expenses, mainly in lower socioeconomic groups. Thus, vaccines could have an important role in poverty reduction.

scholarly journals Female Employment and Parental Leave: The Case of Poland

2014 ◽  
Vol 40 (1) ◽  
pp. 155-178
Author(s):  
Konrad Kubacki ◽  
Marcin Bągard
Keyword(s):  
Low Income ◽  
Parental Leave ◽  
Female Employment ◽  
Eligibility Criterion ◽  
Length Of Service ◽  
Cox Models ◽  
Effective Period ◽  
Negative Effect ◽  
A Minor ◽  
The Impact

Abstract With the use of the Polish Social Security's administrative data for the period 1999-2011, nonparametric and Cox models, the author assesses the role of the means-tested child-raising allowance in shaping an effective period for parental leave and the impact of parental leave duration on the subsequent (continued) job tenure. The results suggest low income level (an eligibility criterion for child-raising allowance) loses any significant negative effect on the intensity of returning to a job as soon as the eligibility period for the allowance expires. Long periods of parental leave increase the intensity of transition to unemployment soon after the return to the interrupted job but they have only a minor impact on the intensity of transition to other jobs. The intensity of transition from the continued job to unemployment is also related to employment in the private/public sector, unemployment history and length of service.

scholarly journals Inequality and female labour force participation in West Africa

2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (3) ◽  
pp. 252-264
Author(s):  
Chimere Okechukwu Iheonu ◽  
Ozoemena Nwodo ◽  
Uchechi Anaduaka ◽  
Ugochinyere Ekpo
Keyword(s):  
Income Inequality ◽  
West Africa ◽  
Labour Force ◽  
Labour Force Participation ◽  
Female Employment ◽  
Female Labour Force Participation ◽  
Reverse Causality ◽  
Female Labour ◽  
Participation Of Women ◽  
The Impact

This study examined the impact of income inequality on female labour force participation in West Africa for the period 2004 to 2016. The study employed the Gini coefficient, the Atkinson index and the Palma ratio as measures of income inequality. For robustness, the study also utilises female employment and female unemployment as measures of female labour force participation. The study employed the instrumental variable fixed effects model with Driscoll and Kraay standard errors to account for simultaneity/reverse causality, serial correlation, groupwise heteroskedasticity and cross-sectional dependence. The empirical results reveal that the three measures of income inequality significantly reduce the participation of women in the labour force in West Africa. The study also revealed that domestic credit, remittances and female education are positively associated with female labour force participation in the sub-region. Further findings reveal that economic development reduces the participation of women in the labour force in West Africa with the U-shaped feminisation theory not valid for the West African region. The study, however, revealed an inverted U-shaped relationship between inequality and female unemployment. Policy recommendations based on these findings are discussed.

Structural and Cohort Effects on Women’s Attitudes toward Gender Egalitarianism in Mexico

2020 ◽  
pp. 0192513X2095843
Author(s):  
Jeyle Ortiz-Rodriguez ◽  
Vijayan Kumara Pillai
Keyword(s):  
Gender Equality ◽  
Hierarchical Linear Modeling ◽  
Birth Cohorts ◽  
Linear Modeling ◽  
Younger Women ◽  
Gender Egalitarianism ◽  
Job Opportunities ◽  
Using Data ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Cohort Change

Women’s attitudes toward egalitarianism rest on a number of micro and macro conditions. Their education level and labor force participation significantly influence their attitudes toward gender equality. We apply a cohort change model to explain attitudes toward gender equality in Mexico using data from the 2011 National Survey on the Dynamics of Households Relationships (ENDIREH). Hierarchical linear modeling of data shows that younger women are more likely to adopt egalitarian attitudes than older women. Within birth cohorts, attitudes toward gender equality diverge significantly between employed and unemployed women. Availability of job opportunities resulting from labor market transformations appears to play an important and independent role in the growth of egalitarianism in Mexico. We find that the impact of education on gender egalitarianism starts decreasing with age and then increases for women born before the 1980s. We will discuss implications of the findings.

Demonstrating Nutrient Cost Gradients: A Brooklyn Case Study

2014 ◽  
Vol 84 (5-6) ◽  
pp. 244-251 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert J. Karp ◽  
Gary Wong ◽  
Marguerite Orsi
Keyword(s):  
Low Income ◽  
Energy Content ◽  
Food Selection ◽  
The United States ◽  
United States Department ◽  
Micronutrient Deficiencies ◽  
Caloric Density ◽  
Low Income Families ◽  
The Cost ◽  
The Impact

Abstract. Introduction: Foods dense in micronutrients are generally more expensive than those with higher energy content. These cost-differentials may put low-income families at risk of diminished micronutrient intake. Objectives: We sought to determine differences in the cost for iron, folate, and choline in foods available for purchase in a low-income community when assessed for energy content and serving size. Methods: Sixty-nine foods listed in the menu plans provided by the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) for low-income families were considered, in 10 domains. The cost and micronutrient content for-energy and per-serving of these foods were determined for the three micronutrients. Exact Kruskal-Wallis tests were used for comparisons of energy costs; Spearman rho tests for comparisons of micronutrient content. Ninety families were interviewed in a pediatric clinic to assess the impact of food cost on food selection. Results: Significant differences between domains were shown for energy density with both cost-for-energy (p < 0.001) and cost-per-serving (p < 0.05) comparisons. All three micronutrient contents were significantly correlated with cost-for-energy (p < 0.01). Both iron and choline contents were significantly correlated with cost-per-serving (p < 0.05). Of the 90 families, 38 (42 %) worried about food costs; 40 (44 %) had chosen foods of high caloric density in response to that fear, and 29 of 40 families experiencing both worry and making such food selection. Conclusion: Adjustments to USDA meal plans using cost-for-energy analysis showed differentials for both energy and micronutrients. These differentials were reduced using cost-per-serving analysis, but were not eliminated. A substantial proportion of low-income families are vulnerable to micronutrient deficiencies.

Monitoring the Impact of Family Health Benefits for Low-Income Families

2001 ◽  
Author(s):  
Trish Livingstone ◽  
Lisa Lix ◽  
Mary McNutt ◽  
Evan Morris ◽  
William Osei ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Low Income ◽  
Health Benefits ◽  
Family Health ◽  
Low Income Families ◽  
The Impact

THE IMPACT OF ZONATION SYSTEM POLICY IN THE PPDB ON STUDENTS' OBTAINING AT SMA NEGERI 8 SURABAYA

2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (3) ◽  
pp. 525
Author(s):  
Idawati Idawati
Keyword(s):  
Junior High School ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Educational Background ◽  
Quantitative Approach ◽  
National Examination ◽  
New Students ◽  
The Impact ◽  
New Student ◽  
Academic Year ◽  
Descriptive Method

This research was conducted by using a descriptive method with a quantitative approach. The quantitative approach was chosen to be tested theories by examining and measuring variables in the form of relationships, differences, influences, contributions, and the others. The research was carried out by describing the students acquisition data on the new student admission (PPDB) using zoning system based on the academic year 2019-2020 and the student acquisition data on the academic year PPDB 2018-2019 as a comparison. Based on the results of the study, the new students of PPDB using zoning system was considered lower in terms of economic and educational background of parents. There were more parents with less education (elementary & junior high school) in the zoning system than in the rayon system, whereas parents with higher education in the zoning system were fewer than the rayon system.  Likewise, in terms of income, there were more people with the low income in the zoning system than in the rayon system, and those having high income were fewer than in the rayon system. The study showed that the intelligence and the result of National Examination Score (NUN) in the zoning system is lower than in the rayon system. The intelligent level of the students in the zoning system is mostly dominated by the scores under 90-109, while in the rayon system were dominated by the scores above 90-109.  The National Examination Scores (NUN) in the zoning system were evenly distributed from a range of scores 0 to 30, while in the rayon system the scores were dominated by a range of scores 28-30, with the lowest score 24.

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