Managervergütung, Mindestlohn, Mietpreisbremse

Der Staat ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 60 (3) ◽  
pp. 353-386
Author(s):  
Ann-Katrin Kaufhold ◽  
Sonja Heitzer
Keyword(s):  
Market Economy ◽  
Consumer Protection ◽  
Market Failure ◽  
Foreign Object ◽  
Central Importance ◽  
Market Economies ◽  
Goods And Services ◽  
Minimum Price

Die Freiheit, den Preis für eine Leistung auszuhandeln, gehört zum Kern der Privatautonomie. Es überrascht daher nicht, dass staatliche Entgeltvorgaben regelmäßig von intensiven politischen und rechtlichen Auseinandersetzungen begleitet werden. Diese Debatten werden jedoch in der Regel sachbereichsbezogen geführt. Entgeltvorschriften werden dabei als Einzelerscheinungen und Fremdkörper in einer marktwirtschaftlichen Ordnung beschrieben. Empirisch trifft diese Einschätzung nicht zu, in normativer Hinsicht greift sie zu kurz. Der Staat nutzt Entgeltregelungen in allen zentralen Wirtschaftsbereichen, insbesondere um die Funktionsfähigkeit eines Marktes zu sichern und um Verbraucher zu schützen. Wir führen diese Vorschriften unter dem Ordnungsbegriff „Vergütungsregelung“ zusammen, analysieren sie vergleichend und beschreiben die Gestaltungsmodelle, die der Gesetzgeber nutzen kann. Die Leistungsfähigkeit dieser Modelle testen wir am Beispiel eines Mindestpreises für Fleisch. The freedom to negotiate the price of goods and services is of central importance in every market economy. Therefore, it is not surprising that the legislator is regularly causing intense debates and is facing accusations of unconstitutionality when restricting this freedom. However, these discussions are often limited to the respective regulatory area. This is one of the reasons why price regulations are widely considered a foreign object in market economies, which is empirically not accurate and falls short in normative terms. The legislator uses price regulations in all important economic areas, especially to tackle market failure and for the purpose of consumer protection. We bring these provisions together under the classification term “price regulations”, analyze them comparatively and describe the models, which can be used by the legislator. We test the potential of these models by the example of a minimum price for meat.

scholarly journals Role of trademarks in consumer protection

2003 ◽  
Vol 75 (9-10) ◽  
pp. 281-285
Author(s):  
Đerđ Čeči
Keyword(s):  
Market Economy ◽  
Consumer Protection ◽  
Legal System ◽  
Geographic Origin ◽  
Goods And Services ◽  
Trademark Protection ◽  
Product Responsibility

The author analyses in this work development of Hungarian legislature related to trademarks belonging to the period of time between late seventies and present day. He points out that since the reform of legal system and transition to market economy numerous statutes have been passed in order to harmonize civil legislation dealing with consumer protection with the demands of market economy. Some of those statutes have been Law on Product Responsibility (1995), Law on Prohibition of Distorted Competition on Market (1990). Trademarks have been regulated by the XI Statute of 1977. This Statute contains numerous and usual notions related to consumer protection. Some of those notions have effect of an absolute or unconditional exclusion from the trademark protection, especially if they may be misleading for consumers in respect of kind. quality, geographic origin or other features of goods and services.

scholarly journals The macroeconomics of COVID-19: a two-sector interpretation

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 165-174
Author(s):  
Halvor Mehlum ◽  
Ragnar Torvik
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Market Economy ◽  
Liquidity Constraints ◽  
Market Economies ◽  
New Type

For a developed market economy, the COVID-19 crisis is a new type of crisis, but such a crisis has parallels with economies at other times, and with crises in many places. We discuss some mechanisms from the traditional macro literature and from the literature on macroeconomics for developing countries. Phenomena such as bottlenecks, rationing, forced savings, production constrained by access to inputs, liquidity constraints, sector heterogeneity, and costs running despite production being shut down, are all permanent phenomena in developing countries. During the COVID-19 crisis, however, they have also emerged as key mechanisms in developed market economies. We discuss some of these well-developed but partially forgotten mechanisms by extending simple textbook descriptions, and we provide some examples of how the effects of policy are changed in a time of crisis.

Relationship Between Second Life and the U.S. Economy

2010 ◽  
pp. 82-94 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rosemarie Reynolds ◽  
Yusuke Ishikawa ◽  
Amanda Macchiarella
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Market Economy ◽  
Second Life ◽  
Federal Reserve ◽  
Significant Relationship ◽  
The United States ◽  
Financial Data ◽  
Goods And Services ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
The U.S

Second Life is a virtual world designed to be a free, laissez-faire market economy in which Linden Dollars are used to buy and sell goods and services. This study investigated the relationship between the economies of Second Life and the United States, using financial data collected from Linden Lab and the Federal Reserve. Partial correlation analyses were computed between two pairs of economic measures, and our results indicated that there was a significant relationship between the two economies.

Christian Personalism and Democratic Capitalism

Horizons ◽  
1994 ◽  
Vol 21 (2) ◽  
pp. 313-331 ◽  
Author(s):  
Richard C. Bayer
Keyword(s):  
Eastern Europe ◽  
Market Economy ◽  
Social Theory ◽  
Moral Concern ◽  
Market System ◽  
Market Economies ◽  
John Paul Ii ◽  
Democratic Capitalism ◽  
Collapse Of Communism ◽  
Centesimus Annus

AbstractIn his recent works Michael Novak offers an affirmation of “democratic capitalism” based on a Christian personalist perspective. Novak's scholarship has received increasing attention since the collapse of communism in Eastern Europe, and particularly since the recent encyclical Centesimus Annus. In that encyclical John Paul II offered a qualified affirmation of market economies. This article addresses an important question: to what extent can a Christian personalist social theory be used to offer an affirmation of a market economy, and how might it offer vision and constructive critique? I initiate a creative dialogue between the personalism of Emmanuel Mounier and Michael Novak's presentation of democratic capitalism. I argue that Novak has shed important light on the positive moral aspects of a market system, but I identify and emphasize the important remaining areas for moral concern.

God and Mammon

1997 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
pp. 242-247
Author(s):  
Lamin Sanneh
Keyword(s):  
Market Efficiency ◽  
Market Economy ◽  
World View ◽  
Household Economy ◽  
For Profit ◽  
Goods And Services ◽  
The Poor ◽  
Economic Strategies ◽  
Personal Dignity ◽  
Christian World View

AbstractThe modem market economy, maintains Lamin Sanneh in his Forum Paper, has shifted the emphasis in economy from the idea of the sustainable "household" (economy in its etymological meaning) to the accumulation and exchange of goods and services for profit. Market efficiency has taken primacy over human solidarity and personal dignity, and is thus in conflict with the fundamental Christian world view. Theology needs to level a critique at such economic strategies, particularly because the proponents of such strategies often appeal to biblical and gospel principles for justification. But, as scripture makes clear, there can be no "Gospel of Wealth" at the expense of the poor and marginalized of this earth.

Consumer Sovereignty versus Consumer Protection in Transition Countries

2001 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 101-107
Author(s):  
Jüri Sepp ◽  
Ralph Michael Wrobel
Keyword(s):  
Consumer Protection ◽  
Market Failure ◽  
Government Policies ◽  
Market Process ◽  
Pareto Optimum ◽  
Consumer Sovereignty ◽  
Government Interventions ◽  
Economic Problems ◽  
Market Operation ◽  
State Interventions

Conventional economics assumes the existence of important limits to the operation of markets. Even economists who generally prefer the market system to solve economic problems point to the significance of market failure - for example asymmetric information. Then these economists demand government policies suspending or modifying the operation of the market, e.g. consumer protection (Kirzner, 1994, p. 101). Our thesis in this paper is that there exists no market failure because a failure can only be defined in relation to the “nirvana-approach” of static Pareto-optimum (Demsetz, 1969, p. 1). In contrast competition on markets must be seen as discovery procedure, which helps to find better solutions (Hayek, 1969, p. 249–265). A static optimum never and nowhere exists - only in the neo-classical theory. Therefore economically justified government interventions into the market process will be called into question by the following argumentation. Only policies, which are supporting market operation, will be advocated. Contrary, we will show that there exists a danger in state interventions to protect consumers. A growing state activity may lead to destruction of producer freedom and consumers' sovereignty and at last of the market economy itself. As example we will analyse consumer protection policy in Estonia.

Commerce and Selfishness

1982 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
pp. 211-232 ◽  
Author(s):  
Richard J. Arneson
Keyword(s):  
Market Economy ◽  
Karl Marx ◽  
Public Authority ◽  
Character Trait ◽  
Character Traits ◽  
Market Economies ◽  
Empirical Hypothesis

Does the existence of a capitalist market economy foster the character trait of selfishness? Does a market elicit narrowly self-interested conduct? Many great minds have advanced notably weak arguments to support affirmative answers to these questions. In section I, I canvass several unsuccessful attempts by Karl Marx to demonstrate that market economies are causally implicated in the production of undesirable character traits. Sections II and Ill venture a suggestion that partially vindicates Marx's hunch. The suggestion I develop relies on the truth of an empirical hypothesis regarding the effect on the disposition to altruism of activity by public authority that is perceived by those affected to be fair.

scholarly journals From socialist command to a capitalist market economy: the case for an active state

2019 ◽  
Vol 16 (3) ◽  
pp. 327-343
Author(s):  
Hubert Gabrisch
Keyword(s):  
Market Economy ◽  
Active State ◽  
Market Economies ◽  
Economics And Politics

Kazimierz Łaski belonged to the group of economists who particularly clearly and convincingly criticized the application of neoliberal doctrines to the transition of socialist countries into market economies. His analysis of the transition agendas was deeply rooted in the Kaleckian tradition of reasoning and brought him much respect but also fierce opposition in the international arena. In answering the why and how of his work, this article will summarize his contributions to the economics and politics of transition.

scholarly journals ROLE FORENSIC TRADE ANALYSIS WHILE HEARING CONSUMER PROTECTION CASES

2019 ◽  
Vol 19 (1) ◽  
pp. 406-416
Author(s):  
O. Dontsova ◽  
G. Sich
Keyword(s):  
Consumer Protection ◽  
Human Life ◽  
Poor Quality ◽  
The State ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Goods And Services ◽  
Consumer Rights ◽  
Major Player ◽  
The Right

This article content is aimed at characterization of urgent problematic issues, which are connected with determining the place of forensic expertise in cases related to the protection of consumer rights and the development of ways of solving emerging problems. The article emphasizes that in accordance with the current legislation, consumers have the right to protect their rights to the necessary quality, safety of goods and services, as well as the right to compensation for losses caused by goods of inadequate quality, dangerous to life and health, etc. It is determined that the main control in the sphere of trade is exercised by the State Service for Product Safety and Consumer Protection, and it is established that the problems are the inability of this service to carry out an instant check on a consumer complaint of a particular point of sale. At the present stage, the problem of citizens' rights including rights in the sphere of consumption, is extremely urgent, because accession of Ukraine to the European Union requires the application of European standards of product quality. In developed country, the consumer is a major player in market relations, which is focused on the production and improvement of the quality of goods and services. The application of sanctions to sellers, manufacturers of poor-quality products does not always give the necessary effect, because usually an unscrupulous manufacturer (seller, executor) pays a fine and continues to provide poor quality services, to supply products that are dangerous to life and health. Important factor in improving the quality of products and services provided is the legal knowledge of consumers themselves in protecting their rights. Consumer rights have a prerogative over the rights of sellers and producers, since human life and health under the Constitution of Ukraine is a fundamental value of the state. The authors described the actions that the consumer should take to protect their violated rights, and emphasized that in cases where the consumer seeks to restore justice for this issue, he should ask an expert institution to perform a forensic trade research.

scholarly journals Consumer Justice: A Symbol of Economic Prosperity and Social Progressiveness

2016 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
pp. 170
Author(s):  
Subir Kumar Roy
Keyword(s):  
Consumer Protection ◽  
Financial Services ◽  
Financial Stability ◽  
Service Providers ◽  
Growth Efficiency ◽  
Safety Standards ◽  
Secondary Sources ◽  
Goods And Services ◽  
The People ◽  
Bargaining Position

It is well recognized fact that consumer confidence and trust in a well functioning market for financial services promotes financial stability, growth efficiency and innovation over the long term. So protection of the interest of consumers is not merely an ethical or humanitarian issue rather it is also an issue of economy. Consumer protection demands for setting of minimum quality specification and safety standards for goods and services to curb unfair trade practices. So far the international norms are concerned it effectively contains the Bill of Rights of Consumers which help them across the globe to effectively protect their interests. Keeping in consideration about the poor bargaining position of the consumers and with an aim to ensure consumers to access non-hazardous products United Nation issued Guidelines for Consumer Protection, 1985, expanded again in 1999. The consumer justice is a facet of socio-economic justice and emanates from the basic philosophy of the Indian constitution i.e. to do justice and to strengthen the standard and status of the people of this country. It has been discussed in this article in an elaborate way about the various provisions of the Constitution and all the legislations which addresses the issues of consumers and resolve to protect their interests. But still the exploitation of Indian consumers by the dishonest traders and service providers become a routine matter and this article also scanned the reasons for the same and also provides suggestions to ameliorate the conditions of consumers. This paper is based on qualitative analysis of the information mainly obtained from secondary sources such as different books and journals as referred over here, Policy documents, existing laws, reports of United Nations, important judgments and observations of Judiciary etc.

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