scholarly journals PLANT NAMES IN ANCIENT AND MODERN HEBREW

2021 ◽  
pp. 3-11
Author(s):  
Тавил Солаф Ал
Keyword(s):  
Middle East ◽  
Language Development ◽  
Plant Species ◽  
Jewish Literature ◽  
The Bible ◽  
Text Corpora ◽  
Plant Names ◽  
Hebrew Language ◽  
Modern Hebrew ◽  
Over Time

В статье рассматриваются названия растений в древнееврейском языке (включая библейский, постбиблейский и средневековый) и в современном иврите. Цель данной статьи заключается в том, чтобы исследовать названия растений, упоминаемых в Библии, и их семантические изменения в постбиблейской и средневековой еврейской литературе и в современном иврите. Исследование ботанических терминов осуществлялось на материале текстовых корпусов на иврите разных эпох развития языка в контекстном, семантическом и сравнительном аспектах. Как известно, библейская лексика в части названий растений является динамичной, поскольку большинство фитонимов в библейском языке не имеет однозначной ботанической идентификации, и многие неясности остаются до сих пор. В современном иврите многие из библейских названий растений изменили свои значения с течением времени и сегодня отличаются от исходных. Кроме того, многие растения, упомянутые в Библии, не произрастают сегодня в ареале Ближнего Востока, или, наоборот, появились новые виды растений, которые не были известными ранее. Таким образом, исследование ботанических терминов в разные эпохи развития еврейского языка дает нам представление о развитии семантики данных терминов и о факторах, влияющих на него. The article discusses the names of plants in ancient Hebrew (biblical, post-biblical, and medieval) and modern Hebrew. The purpose of this article is to investigate the names of plants mentioned in the Bible and their semantic changes in post-biblical, in medieval Jewish literature, and in modern Hebrew. The study of botanical terms was carried out on the material of text corpora in Hebrew of different epochs of the language development in contextual, semantic and comparative aspects. It is a common fact that the biblical vocabulary of plant names is dynamic, since most plant names in the biblical language do not have a clear botanical identification, and many of them remain in question until now. In modern Hebrew, many of the biblical names of plants have changed their meanings over time and they differ today from the ancient language. In addition, many plants mentioned in the Bible do not exist today in the realities of the Middle East, or vice versa, new plant species have appeared that were not known before. Thus, the study of botanical terms in different epochs of the development of the Hebrew language gives the information on the semantic development of these terms and the factors that affect them.

NAMES OF PRECIOUS STONES IN BIBLICAL, POST-BIBLICAL, MEDIEVAL AND MODERN HEBREW

2021 ◽  
pp. 115-124
Author(s):  
Solaf Al Tawee ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Language Development ◽  
Significant Issue ◽  
Original Language ◽  
The Bible ◽  
Text Corpora ◽  
Hebrew Language ◽  
Modern Hebrew ◽  
Word Origin ◽  
Historical Methods ◽  
Precious Stones

The article examines the Hebrew names of precious stones that are mentioned in the Bible in the books of Exodus (28:17-20 and 39:10-13), Ezekiel (27:16; 18:13), partly in Job (28:2-19) and in other passages of the Bible. Those names are characterized by the fact that they do not have an exact meaning in the biblical language and today they differ from the original language and do not mean the same realities as in the Biblical era. The purpose of the article is to explore the names of precious stones in Biblical, postBiblical, medieval, and modern Hebrew. The study of precious stones in different epochs of the development of the Hebrew language is a significant issue for Semitic philology, since many of them still do not have a clear gemological identification. That study was carried out on the material of text corpora in Hebrew of different epochs of the language development in the contextual, semantic, philological (word origin) and comparative (comparisons between translations of different epochs) aspects. The study used descriptive and comparative-historical methods.

scholarly journals Saul Adler, 1895 - 1966

1967 ◽  
Vol 13 ◽  
pp. 1-34 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Family Background ◽  
Pure Gold ◽  
Home Life ◽  
The Bible ◽  
Biographical Memoir ◽  
The Social ◽  
Hebrew Language ◽  
Paternal Grandfather ◽  
Modern Hebrew ◽  
Economic State

If the seeking of truth for its own sake and the pursuit of knowledge, urged on by a divine curiosity untinged with thought of gain or expediency, are the hall-marks of a scientist, then surely Saul Adler was pure gold. A biographical memoir on Adler would give a false representation of him as man and scientist if written without an account of his family background and close parental ties which had so profound an influence on his character from his earliest years and throughout his life. The social and economic state and the cultural atmosphere in the homes of his grandparents on both sides, as well as the scholarly conditions obtaining in his home life, in spite of the most straitened circumstances, were fundamental influences on Adler’s character. His paternal grandfather was a small corn merchant always on the edge of want, while his maternal grandfather was a shopkeeper only fractionally better off. Adler’s father was born in Russia at Kletzk and his mother at Karelitz, where Saul Adler was born. His father studied at various Talmudical colleges in Russia and received his rabbinical diploma. The home was full of Hebrew books, not only the Talmud but talmudic histories and commentaries on the Bible as well as modern Hebrew literature—poetry, novels and periodicals. His father’s consuming love of the Hebrew language, which he knew with an intimacy which scholarship alone would not have accounted for, was certainly transmitted to his son.

THE DEVELOPMENT OF TAXATION IN THE BIBLE: IMPROVEMENTS IN COUNTING, MEASUREMENT, AND COMPUTATION IN THE ANCIENT MIDDLE EAST

1998 ◽  
Vol 25 (2) ◽  
pp. 63-80 ◽  
Author(s):  
Manuel L. Jose ◽  
Charles K. Moore
Keyword(s):  
Middle East ◽  
Historical Development ◽  
Income Taxes ◽  
Property Taxes ◽  
The Bible ◽  
Indirect Taxes ◽  
Special Assessment ◽  
The Impact

This paper traces the development of five taxation types in the Bible — income taxes, property taxes, special assessment taxes, poll taxes (all direct taxes), and indirect taxes. The development of these taxes is discussed within the context of Israel's historical development. The impact of counting, measurement, and computation on the development of taxation is also considered.

scholarly journals A History of Jewish Literature from the Close of the Bible to Our Own Days

Books Abroad ◽  
1934 ◽  
Vol 8 (4) ◽  
pp. 475
Author(s):  
A. A. Roback ◽  
Meyer Waxman
Keyword(s):  
Jewish Literature ◽  
The Bible ◽  
History Of

That's the ‘Same’, ‘Another’, ‘Funny’, ‘Awful’ Way of Saying It

1976 ◽  
Vol 158 (2) ◽  
pp. 25-38 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paula Menyuk
Keyword(s):  
Language Development ◽  
Semantics And Pragmatics ◽  
Over Time

This paper presents evidence that meta-linguistic abilities are evident during the early periods of language development. We argue that children's abilities to detect, correct, and explain deviations from fully grammatical forms develop over time. Further, these abilities are evident in all linguistic domains, i.e., phonology, syntax, semantics, and pragmatics. We also explore the conditions under which these abilities may continue to develop or become suppressed. Finally, we suggest educational approaches which will enhance the continued development of these abilities.

scholarly journals Finding the key to successful L2 learning in groups and individuals

2017 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 127-148 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wander Lowie ◽  
Marijn Van Dijk ◽  
Huiping Chan ◽  
Marjolijn Verspoor
Keyword(s):  
Second Language ◽  
Individual Differences ◽  
Language Development ◽  
Language Learning ◽  
Second Language Learning ◽  
Large Body ◽  
Individual Characteristics ◽  
Learner Characteristics ◽  
Complex Dynamic ◽  
Over Time

A large body studies into individual differences in second language learning has shown that success in second language learning is strongly affected by a set of relevant learner characteristics ranging from the age of onset to motivation, aptitude, and personality. Most studies have concentrated on a limited number of learner characteristics and have argued for the relative importance of some of these factors. Clearly, some learners are more successful than others, and it is tempting to try to find the factor or combination of factors that can crack the code to success. However, isolating one or several global individual characteristics can only give a partial explanation of success in second language learning. The limitation of this approach is that it only reflects on rather general personality characteristics of learners at one point in time, while both language development and the factors affecting it are instances of complex dynamic processes that develop over time. Factors that have been labelled as “individual differences” as well as the development of proficiency are characterized by nonlinear relationships in the time domain, due to which the rate of success cannot be simply deduced from a combination of factors. Moreover, in complex dynamic systems theory (CDST) literature it has been argued that a generalization about the interaction of variables across individuals is not warranted when we acknowledge that language development is essentially an individual process (Molenaar, 2015). In this paper, the viability of these generalizations is investigated by exploring the L2 development over time for two identical twins in Taiwan who can be expected to be highly similar in all respects, from their environment to their level of English proficiency, to their exposure to English, and to their individual differences. In spite of the striking similarities between these learners, the development of their L2 English over time was very different. Developmental patterns for spoken and written language even showed opposite tendencies. These observations underline the individual nature of the process of second language development.

scholarly journals Лексико-семантический анализ лексемы балтырған (с использованием материалов корпуса башкирского языка)

2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (5) ◽  
pp. 1406-1414
Author(s):  
Anita Sh. Ishmukhametova ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Comparative Analysis ◽  
Medicinal Plant ◽  
Cultural Heritage ◽  
Plant Species ◽  
Comparative Investigation ◽  
Medicinal Herb ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Plant Names ◽  
The World

Identification of names of plant curatives and substances in folk and fiction texts shows close interactions between man and the world, attitudes of people towards nature. Research in phytonyms and medicinal plant names proper is most essential for the understanding of a nation’s cultural heritage. The paper examines the lexeme балтырған in Bashkir discourse. Materials. The analyzed materials include linguistic dictionaries, folklore and fiction texts of the Machine Fund of the Bashkir Language, and etymological dictionaries of Altaic languages. Goals. The study aims at a comparative investigation of the lexeme балтырған ‘hogweed’. Results. The term proves a widespread phytonym in Bashkir discourse, which is attested by that it denotes a wide range of plant species in Bashkir and has parallels in other Turkic and Mongolic languages. The lexeme is included in academic, explanatory, dialectal, phrasal, and mythological dictionaries of the Bashkir language. The comparative analysis shows that baltyrγan ‘hogweed’ usually denotes a plant of the order Apiales, a medicinal herb. Baltyrγan~ baltirγana contains the initial bal / baltïr / baldïr with the meaning ‘green, young, fresh’.

scholarly journals Effects of Plant Species, Insecticide, and Exposure Time On the Efficacy Of Barrier Treatments Against Aedes albopictus

2018 ◽  
Vol 34 (4) ◽  
pp. 281-290 ◽  
Author(s):  
Benjamin E. McMillan ◽  
Jake E. Bova ◽  
Carlyle C. Brewster ◽  
Nicola T. Gallagher ◽  
Sally L. Paulson
Keyword(s):  
Plant Species ◽  
Aedes Albopictus ◽  
Adult Mortality ◽  
Miscanthus Sinensis ◽  
Chemical Treatments ◽  
Residual Toxicity ◽  
Japanese Honeysuckle ◽  
Lambda Cyhalothrin ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Over Time

ABSTRACT The effect of 5 plant species (arborvitae [Thuja occidentalis], boxwood [Buxus sp., Japanese honeysuckle [Lonicera japonica], rhododendron [Rhododendron sp.], and zebra grass [Miscanthus sinensis]) and 2 rates of lambda-cyhalothrin (3.13 ml and 6.25 ml active ingredient [AI]/liter) on knockdown (1 h) and mortality (24 h) of adult female Aedes albopictus was evaluated over an 8-wk period. A significant difference in knockdown was observed between the 2 rates of lambda-cyhalothrin on the 5 plant species, with the highest proportion of knockdown observed on zebra grass and rhododendron treated at the higher rate. Although mortality was ≥60% and 85% on the 5 plant species at the low and high rates of lambda-cyhalothrin, respectively, a significant difference between the 2 rates was only observed on boxwood and Japanese honeysuckle (P < 0.0001). We also tested the residual toxicity of 3 barrier sprays (lambda-cyhalothrin, bifenthrin, and deltamethrin) and evaluated the efficacy of a short (5-min) exposure to the insecticides on knockdown and mortality of adults over time. Significantly higher knockdown was observed with lambda-cyhalothrin compared with bifenthrin and deltamethrin (P < 0.0001). Mean knockdown was ∼98%, 92%, and 20% for lambda-cyhalothrin, bifenthrin, and deltamethrin, respectively, at week 2, and ∼98%, 0%, and 44%, respectively, 8 wk after treatments were applied. Adult mortality from the 3 chemical treatments, however, remained above 90% throughout the study. Lastly, the trends in mean proportion of knockdown were similar for mosquitoes exposed for either 5 min or 24 h to the 3 chemicals. An overall decline in mean mortality over time, however, was observed for mosquitoes exposed for 5 min to the chemicals compared with mortality from the 24-h exposure. The results suggest that lambda-cyhalothrin can be an effective barrier spray treatment against Ae. albopictus adults because its efficacy is limited little by plant species, it has long residual toxicity, and it is effective following only 5 min of exposure.

scholarly journals Underlying trend, seasonality, prediction, forecasting and the contribution of risk factors: an analysis of globally reported cases of Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus

2018 ◽  
Vol 146 (11) ◽  
pp. 1343-1349 ◽  
Author(s):  
Omar B. Da'ar ◽  
Anwar E. Ahmed
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Middle East ◽  
Moving Average ◽  
World Health Organisation ◽  
Middle East Respiratory Syndrome ◽  
World Health ◽  
Empirical Literature ◽  
Predictive Capacity ◽  
Underlying Trend ◽  
Over Time

AbstractThis study set out to identify and analyse trends and seasonal variations of monthly global reported cases of the Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV). It also made a prediction based on the reported and extrapolated into the future by forecasting the trend. Finally, the study assessed contributions of various risk factors in the reported cases. The motivation for this study is that MERS-CoV remains among the list of blueprint priority and potential pandemic diseases globally. Yet, there is a paucity of empirical literature examining trends and seasonality as the available evidence is generally descriptive and anecdotal. The study is a time series analysis using monthly global reported cases of MERS-CoV by the World Health Organisation between January 2015 and January 2018. We decomposed the series into seasonal, irregular and trend components and identified patterns, smoothened series, generated predictions and employed forecasting techniques based on linear regression. We assessed contributions of various risk factors in MERS-CoV cases over time. Successive months of the MERS-CoV cases suggest a significant decreasing trend (P = 0.026 for monthly series and P = 0.047 for Quarterly series). The MERS-CoV cases are forecast to wane by end 2018. Seasonality component of the cases oscillated below or above the baseline (the centred moving average), but no association with the series over time was noted. The results revealed contributions of risk factors such as camel contact, male, old age and being from Saudi Arabia and Middle East regions to the overall reported cases of MERS-CoV. The trend component and several risk factors for global MERS-CoV cases, including camel contact, male, age and geography/region significantly affected the series. Our statistical models appear to suggest significant predictive capacity and the findings may well inform healthcare practitioners and policymakers about the underlying dynamics that produced the globally reported MERS-CoV cases.

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