Extraction and analysis of polysaccharides from tissues of Retama monosperma branches

2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (5) ◽  
pp. 214-221
Author(s):  
H. Bokhari-Taieb Brahimi ◽  
D. E. Aizi ◽  
A. Bouhafsoun ◽  
K. Hachem ◽  
R. Mezemaze ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cell Wall ◽  
Cell Walls ◽  
Biochemical Analysis ◽  
Colorimetric Assay ◽  
Structural Characteristics ◽  
Water Extract ◽  
Uronic Acids ◽  
Symbiotic Associations ◽  
Physical Chemical ◽  
Retama Monosperma

Retama monosperma is a fabaceous shrub that colonizes dune sands owing to its particularly important root system at depth and on the surface. It establishes symbiotic associations with rhizobia and thus plays a role in the bio -fertilization of soils. The stem fibers of R. monosperma are an interesting material for industry because of their useful biometric, physical, chemical and structural characteristics. The aim of this study was to complete these data with a biochemical analysis of the cell walls tissues of adult branches of R. monosperma. Cellulose, hemicelluloses and pectins were extracted from cell wall. The weight dosage indicated that cellulose remained the major component of the wall (56% from the crude cell wall and 52% from the delignified cell wall) ahead of hemicelluloses (16% from the crude cell wall and 14% from the delignified cell wall) and pectins (5.6% from the crude cell wall and 5% from the delignified cell wall for water extract pectins and 3% from the crude cell wall and 2.4% from the delignified cell wall for oxalate extract pectins). The colorimetric assay of pectins extracted from lignified cell wall of R. monosperma suggested presence of more uronic acids (14.95µg/mL) than pectins extracted from a delignified cell wall (12.37 µg/mL). Gas chromatographic analysis of hemicellulosic extracts showed the presence of xylose as the major ose (54.7% from the crude cell wall and 46.7% from the delignified cell wall). Pectins were represented by homogalacturonan chains and rhamnogalacturonans 1. Data generated in this study are helpful for valorization of this plant.

Exploring structural definitions of mycorrhizas, with emphasis on nutrient-exchange interfaces

2004 ◽  
Vol 82 (8) ◽  
pp. 1074-1088 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. Larry Peterson ◽  
Hugues B Massicotte
Keyword(s):  
Cell Wall ◽  
Plant Cell ◽  
Cell Walls ◽  
Plant Cell Wall ◽  
Structural Characteristics ◽  
Primary Cell ◽  
Fungal Cell ◽  
Symbiotic Associations ◽  
Nutrient Exchange ◽  
Fungal Hyphae

The roots or other subterranean organs of most plants develop symbioses, mycorrhizas, with fungal symbionts. Historically, mycorrhizas have been placed into seven categories based primarily on structural characteristics. A new category has been proposed for symbiotic associations of some leafy liverworts. An important feature of mycorrhizas is the interface involved in nutrient exchange between the symbionts. With the exception of ectomycorrhizas, in which fungal hyphae remain external to plant cell walls, all mycorrhizas are characterized by fungal hyphae breaching cell walls but remaining separated from the cell cytoplasm by a plant-derived membrane and an interfacial matrix that forms an apoplastic compartment. The chemical composition of the interfacial matrix varies in complexity. In arbuscular mycorrhizas (both Arum-type and Paris-type), molecules typical of plant primary cell walls (i.e., cellulose, pectins, β-1,3-glucans, hydroxyproline-rich glycoproteins) are present. In ericoid mycorrhizas, only rhamnogalacturonans occur in the interfacial matrix surrounding intracellular hyphal complexes. The matrix around intracellular hyphal complexes in orchid mycorrhizas lacks plant cell wall compounds until hyphae begin to senesce, then molecules similar to those found in primary cell walls are deposited. The interfacial matrix has not been studied in arbutoid mycorrhizas and ectendomycorrhizas. In ectomycorrhizas, the apoplastic interface consists of plant cell wall and fungal cell wall; alterations in these may enhance nutrient transfer. In all mycorrhizas, nutrients must pass into the symplast of both partners at some point, and therefore current research is exploring the nature of the opposing membranes, particularly in relation to phosphorus and sugar transporters.Key words: interface, apoplastic compartment, Hartig net, arbuscule, intracellular complex, nutrient exchange.

μCT-Based Analysis of the Solid Phase in Foams: Cell Wall Corrugation and other Microscopic Features

2015 ◽  
Vol 21 (5) ◽  
pp. 1361-1371 ◽  
Author(s):  
Samuel Pardo-Alonso ◽  
Eusebio Solórzano ◽  
Jerome Vicente ◽  
Loes Brabant ◽  
Manuel L. Dierick ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cell Wall ◽  
Porous Materials ◽  
Cell Walls ◽  
Solid Phase ◽  
Structural Characteristics ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Separate Analysis ◽  
Low Density ◽  
Microscopic Features ◽  
Novel Method

AbstractThis work presents a series of three-dimensional computational methods with the objective of analyzing and quantifying some important structural characteristics in a collection of low-density polyolefin-based foams. First, the solid phase tortuosity, local thickness, and surface curvature, have been determined over the solid phase of the foam. These parameters were used to quantify the presence of wrinkles located at the cell walls of the foams under study. In addition, a novel segmentation technique has been applied to the continuous solid phase. This novel method allows performing a separate analysis of the constituting elements of this phase, that is, cell struts and cell walls. The methodology is based on a solid classification algorithm and evaluates the local topological dissimilarities existing between these elements. Thanks to this method it was possible to perform a separate analysis of curvature, local thickness, and corrugation ratio in the solid constituents that reveals additional differences that were not detected in the first analysis of the continuous structure. The methods developed in this work are applicable to other types of porous materials in fields such as geoscience or biomedicine.

Hydroxycinnamic acids and ferulic acid esterase in relation to biodegradation of complex plant cell walls

2005 ◽  
Vol 85 (3) ◽  
pp. 255-267 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. Yu ◽  
J. J. McKinnon ◽  
D. A. Christensen
Keyword(s):  
Cell Wall ◽  
Ferulic Acid ◽  
Plant Cell ◽  
Cell Walls ◽  
Plant Cell Wall ◽  
Structural Characteristics ◽  
Hydroxycinnamic Acid ◽  
Feruloyl Esterase ◽  
Plant Cell Walls ◽  
Ferulic Acid Esterase

Ferulic acid (3-methoxy-4-hydroxycinnamic acid), present in complex plant cell walls, is covalently cross-linked to polysaccharides by ester bonds and to components of lignin mainly by ether bonds. Ferulic acid has also been shown to occur in dimer- and trimerized forms through oxidative coupling between esterified and/or etherified ferulic acid residues. These cross-links are among the factors most inhibitory to digestion of complex plant cell walls in ruminants. Recently obtained information on ferulic acid and ferulic acid esterases in relation to complex plant cell wall biodegradation is reviewed. A focus of the review is on structural characteristics of plant cell walls associated with ferulic acid, physicochemical properties of ferulic acid esterase and synergistic interaction between ferulic acid esterase and other accessary cell wall degrading enzymes on the release of ferulic acid and plant cell wall biodegradation. Key words: Ferulic acid, hydroxycinnamic acid, feruloyl esterase, interaction effects, polysaccharide, feruloyl-polysaccharides, plant cell walls, biodegradation

scholarly journals The ERECTA Receptor-Like Kinase Regulates Cell Wall–Mediated Resistance to Pathogens in Arabidopsis thaliana

2009 ◽  
Vol 22 (8) ◽  
pp. 953-963 ◽  
Author(s):  
Clara Sánchez-Rodríguez ◽  
José Manuel Estévez ◽  
Francisco Llorente ◽  
Camilo Hernández-Blanco ◽  
Lucía Jordá ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cell Wall ◽  
Disease Resistance ◽  
Cell Walls ◽  
Control Plant ◽  
Biological Processes ◽  
Uronic Acids ◽  
Wild Type ◽  
Receptor Like Kinase ◽  
Neutral Sugars ◽  
Plectosphaerella Cucumerina

Some receptor-like kinases (RLK) control plant development while others regulate immunity. The Arabidopsis ERECTA (ER) RLK regulates both biological processes. To discover specific components of ER-mediated immunity, a genetic screen was conducted to identify suppressors of erecta (ser) susceptibility to Plectosphaerella cucumerina fungus. The ser1 and ser2 mutations restored disease resistance to this pathogen to wild-type levels in the er-1 background but failed to suppress er-associated developmental phenotypes. The deposition of callose upon P. cucumerina inoculation, which was impaired in the er-1 plants, was also restored to near wild-type levels in the ser er-1 mutants. Analyses of er cell walls revealed that total neutral sugars were reduced and uronic acids increased relative to those of wild-type walls. Interestingly, in the ser er-1 walls, neutral sugars were elevated and uronic acids were reduced relative to both er-1 and wild-type plants. The cell-wall changes found in er-1 and the ser er-1 mutants are unlikely to contribute to their developmental alterations. However, they may influence disease resistance, as a positive correlation was found between uronic acids content and resistance to P. cucumerina. We propose a specific function for ER in regulating cell wall–mediated disease resistance that is distinct from its role in development.

Silicification of wood-cell walls

1994 ◽  
Vol 52 ◽  
pp. 428-429
Author(s):  
S. E. Keckler ◽  
D. M. Dabbs ◽  
N. Yao ◽  
I. A. Aksay
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Cell Wall ◽  
Cell Walls ◽  
Lignin Content ◽  
Resin Composite ◽  
Middle Lamella ◽  
Cellulose Fibers ◽  
Complex Structures ◽  
Rich Region ◽  
Inorganic Precursors

Cellular organic structures such as wood can be used as scaffolds for the synthesis of complex structures of organic/ceramic nanocomposites. The wood cell is a fiber-reinforced resin composite of cellulose fibers in a lignin matrix. A single cell wall, containing several layers of different fiber orientations and lignin content, is separated from its neighboring wall by the middle lamella, a lignin-rich region. In order to achieve total mineralization, deposition on and in the cell wall must be achieved. Geological fossilization of wood occurs as permineralization (filling the void spaces with mineral) and petrifaction (mineralizing the cell wall as the organic component decays) through infiltration of wood with inorganics after growth. Conversely, living plants can incorporate inorganics into their cells and in some cases into the cell walls during growth. In a recent study, we mimicked geological fossilization by infiltrating inorganic precursors into wood cells in order to enhance the properties of wood. In the current work, we use electron microscopy to examine the structure of silica formed in the cell walls after infiltration of tetraethoxysilane (TEOS).

Histological aspects of the cryopreservation of potato

2008 ◽  
Vol 56 (3) ◽  
pp. 341-348
Author(s):  
P. Pepó ◽  
A. Kovács
Keyword(s):  
Cell Wall ◽  
Low Temperatures ◽  
Cell Walls ◽  
Cellular Level ◽  
Adaptive Mechanism ◽  
Epidermal Layer ◽  
Freezing And Thawing ◽  
Meristematic Cells ◽  
Suitable Solution ◽  
Vacuolated Cells

Cryopreservation appears to be a suitable solution for the maintenance of potato germplasms. The protocol described in this paper can be applied for the vitrification and preservation of meristems. During histo-cytological studies it is possible to observe modifications at the cellular level and to understand the adaptive mechanism to low temperatures. Control potato meristem tissue contained a number of meristematic cells with a gradient of differentiation. After freezing there were a large number of vacuolated cells, some of which exhibited broken cell walls and plasmolysis. The thickening of the cell wall, giving them a sinuous appearance, was observed after freezing and thawing the meristems, with ruptures of the cuticle and epidermal layer.

scholarly journals Plant Cell Wall Hydration and Plant Physiology: An Exploration of the Consequences of Direct Effects of Water Deficit on the Plant Cell Wall

Plants ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (7) ◽  
pp. 1263
Author(s):  
David Stuart Thompson ◽  
Azharul Islam
Keyword(s):  
Cell Wall ◽  
Water Content ◽  
Bacterial Cellulose ◽  
Plant Cell ◽  
Cell Walls ◽  
Plant Cell Wall ◽  
Plant Cell Walls ◽  
Cell Wall Polysaccharides ◽  
Degree Of Hydration ◽  
Cellulose Composites

The extensibility of synthetic polymers is routinely modulated by the addition of lower molecular weight spacing molecules known as plasticizers, and there is some evidence that water may have similar effects on plant cell walls. Furthermore, it appears that changes in wall hydration could affect wall behavior to a degree that seems likely to have physiological consequences at water potentials that many plants would experience under field conditions. Osmotica large enough to be excluded from plant cell walls and bacterial cellulose composites with other cell wall polysaccharides were used to alter their water content and to demonstrate that the relationship between water potential and degree of hydration of these materials is affected by their composition. Additionally, it was found that expansins facilitate rehydration of bacterial cellulose and cellulose composites and cause swelling of plant cell wall fragments in suspension and that these responses are also affected by polysaccharide composition. Given these observations, it seems probable that plant environmental responses include measures to regulate cell wall water content or mitigate the consequences of changes in wall hydration and that it may be possible to exploit such mechanisms to improve crop resilience.

Synchrotron infrared microspectroscopy reveals the response of Sphagnum cell wall material to its aqueous chemical environment

2018 ◽  
Vol 15 (8) ◽  
pp. 513
Author(s):  
Ewen Silvester ◽  
Annaleise R. Klein ◽  
Kerry L. Whitworth ◽  
Ljiljana Puskar ◽  
Mark J. Tobin
Keyword(s):  
Cell Wall ◽  
Cell Walls ◽  
Chemical Environment ◽  
Wall Material ◽  
Organic Soils ◽  
Cell Wall Material ◽  
Acid Base ◽  
Widespread Species ◽  
Flowing Liquid ◽  
Infrared Microspectroscopy

Environmental contextSphagnum moss is a widespread species in peatlands globally and responsible for a large fraction of carbon storage in these systems. We used synchrotron infrared microspectroscopy to characterise the acid-base properties of Sphagnum moss and the conditions under which calcium uptake can occur (essential for plant tissue integrity). The work allows a chemical model for Sphagnum distribution in the landscape to be proposed. AbstractSphagnum is one the major moss types responsible for the deposition of organic soils in peatland systems. The cell walls of this moss have a high proportion of carboxylated polysaccharides (polygalacturonic acids), which act as ion exchangers and are likely to be important for the structural integrity of the cell walls. We used synchrotron light source infrared microspectroscopy to characterise the acid-base and calcium complexation properties of the cell walls of Sphagnum cristatum stems, using freshly sectioned tissue confined in a flowing liquid cell with both normal water and D2O media. The Fourier transform infrared spectra of acid and base forms are consistent with those expected for protonated and deprotonated aliphatic carboxylic acids (such as uronic acids). Spectral deconvolution shows that the dominant aliphatic carboxylic groups in this material behave as a monoprotic acid (pKa=4.97–6.04). The cell wall material shows a high affinity for calcium, with a binding constant (K) in the range 103.9–104.7 (1:1 complex). The chemical complexation model developed here allows for the prediction of the chemical environment (e.g. pH, ionic content) under which Ca2+ uptake can occur, and provides an improved understanding for the observed distribution of Sphagnum in the landscape.

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