scholarly journals EVALUATING THE ALTERNATIVE SOLUTIONS OF WALL INSULATION BY MULTICRITERIA METHODS/PASTATŲ SIENŲ ŠILTINIMO VARIANTŲ VERTINIMAS TAIKANT DAUGIAKRITERIUS METODUS

2008 ◽  
Vol 14 (4) ◽  
pp. 217-226 ◽  
Author(s):  
Romualdas Ginevičius ◽  
Valentinas Podvezko ◽  
Saulius Raslanas
Keyword(s):  
Economic Effect ◽  
Evaluation Methods ◽  
Multicriteria Evaluation ◽  
Subsequent Determination ◽  
Calculation Results ◽  
Materials Used ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Alternative Solutions ◽  
Very High

The economic effect of buildings’ renovation largely depends on implementation of energy saving methods and devices. A very high economic effect is achieved by wall insulation. In this respect, it is even higher than the replacement of windows. The alternative solutions of wall insulation of buildings differ in the materials used, labour expenditure and other aspects. The cost of renovation depends on the solutions made. The criteria describing the available wall insulation alternatives may have different values. Moreover, they may change in different directions, i.e. a higher value of some criteria denotes a better state, while for others they mean a worse situation. In this environment, a compromise variant is required, which can be found by multicriteria evaluation methods. To reduce the effect of various methods on calculation results, it can be recommended to assess the object (or phenomenon) considered by several different methods, with a subsequent determination of the average estimate value. In this way, the disadvantages of some particular multicriteria evaluation methods could be compensated by the advantages of others. The integration of methods will be correct if there is a correlation between the values obtained by different methods. Santrauka Ekonominis pastatų renovacijos efektyvumas priklauso nuo energiją taupančių priemonių įgyvendinimo. Pastatų sienų šiltinimas yra viena iš geriausių priemonių ir net efektyvesnis energijos taupymo požiūriu negu langų keitimas. Pastatų sienų šiltinimo variantai skiriasi vienas nuo kito pagal medžiagas, darbo sąnaudas ir pan. Nuo to priklauso renovacijos kaina. Kriterijai, atspindintys skirtingus sienų šiltinimo variantus, gali turėti įvairių reikšmių. Gali skirtis jų kitimo kryptys, t. y. vienų kriterijų reikšmių didėjimas padėtį gerina, kitų – blogina. Kompromisiniam variantui pasirinkti padeda daugiakriterio vertinimo metodai (MCDA). Norint mažinti metodų specifikos įtaką skaičiavimų rezultatams, tą patį nagrinėjamą reiškinį tikslinga vertinti keliais būdais, paskui nustatyti šio vertinimo vidurkį. Tokiu atveju vienų daugiakriterio vertinimo būdų trūkumus kompensuoja kitų būdų privalumai. Metodų susiejimas bus korektiškas, jeigu reikšmės, gautos naudojant įvairius būdus, tarpusavyje koreliuoja.

scholarly journals The Application of Electromagnetic Sensors for Determination of Cherenkov Cone Inside and in the Vicinity of the Detector Volume in Any Environment Known

Sensors ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (3) ◽  
pp. 992
Author(s):  
Valeriu Savu ◽  
Mădălin Ion Rusu ◽  
Dan Savastru
Keyword(s):  
Energy Levels ◽  
Cherenkov Detector ◽  
Electromagnetic Sensors ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Information Errors ◽  
The Universe ◽  
Large Frequency ◽  
Very High ◽  
Detector Volume

The neutrinos of cosmic radiation, due to interaction with any known medium in which the Cherenkov detector is used, produce energy radiation phenomena in the form of a Cherenkov cone, in very large frequency spectrum. These neutrinos carry with them the information about the phenomena that produced them and by detecting the electromagnetic energies generated by the Cherenkov cone, we can find information about the phenomena that formed in the universe, at a much greater distance, than possibility of actually detection with current technologies. At present, a very high number of sensors for detection electromagnetic energy is required. Thus, some sensors may detect very low energy levels, which can lead to the erroneous determination of the Cherenkov cone, thus leading to information errors. As a novelty, we propose, to use these sensors for determination of the dielectrically permittivity of any known medium in which the Cherenkov detector is used, by preliminary measurements, the subsequent simulation of the data and the reconstruction of the Cherenkov cone, leading to a significant reduction of problems and minimizing the number of sensors, implicitly the cost reductions. At the same time, we offer the possibility of reconstructing the Cherenkov cone outside the detector volume.

COMPARATIVE EVALUATION OF ECONOMIC EFFICIENCY DETERMINATION OF ACID NUMBER OF LECITHINS PULSE METHOD OF NUCLEAR MAGNETIC RESONANCE AND ARBITRATION METHOD

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Т.А. ШАХРАЙ ◽  
О.С. АГАФОНОВ ◽  
Е.П. ВИКТОРОВА ◽  
Е.В. ЛИСОВАЯ ◽  
Е.В. ВЕЛИКАНОВА ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Nuclear Magnetic Resonance ◽  
Magnetic Resonance ◽  
Economic Effect ◽  
Acid Number ◽  
Nmr Method ◽  
Pulsed Nmr ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Pulsed Nmr Method ◽  
Nuclear Magnetic

Рассчитаны затраты на определение кислотного числа (КЧ) в жидких подсолнечных лецитинах импульсным методом ядерного магнитного резонанса (ЯМР), разработанным авторами, и арбитражным способом в соответствии с ГОСТ 32052–2013. Установлено, что в зависимости от оснащенности предприятия определение КЧ лецитинов импульсным методом ЯМР в 1,17–4,64 раза эффективнее по сравнению с арбитражным способом. Экономический эффект от внедрения метода ЯМР при определении КЧ для 1000 образцов лецитина при наличии на предприятии ЯМР-анализатора АМВ-1006 М с учетом его модернизации составит 1815750 р., а в случае приобретения предприятием ЯМР-анализатора – 330250 р. Экономический эффект от внедрения инструментального способа определения КЧ лецитинов с применением импульсного метода ЯМР достигается за счет сокращения затрат на химическую посуду, реактивы и оплату труда персонала лаборатории. The cost of determining the acid number (AN) of liquid sunflower lecithins developed by the authors of the pulsed method of nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) and arbitration method in accordance with GOST 32052–2013 are calculated. It was found that, depending on the equipment of the enterprise, the determination of AN lecithins by the pulsed NMR method is 1,17–4,64 times more effective compared to the arbitration method. The economic effect of the introduction of the NMR method in determining the AN for 1000 samples of lecithin in the presence of the enterprise NMR analyzer AMV-1006 M, taking into account its modernization will be 1815750 rubles, and in the case of the acquisition of the enterprise NMR analyzer – 330250 rubles. The economic effect of the introduction of an instrumental method for determining the AN lecithins using the pulsed NMR method is achieved by reducing the cost of chemical utensils, reagents and labor of laboratory staff.

scholarly journals ANALISIS PERHITUNGAN HARGA POKOK PRODUKSI PRODUK SPRING BED PADA PT. MASSINDO SINAR PRATAMA

2013 ◽  
Vol 8 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Eric Joseph Taroreh ◽  
Jantje J. Tinangon ◽  
Inggriani Elim
Keyword(s):  
Production Process ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Labor Costs ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Cost Of Production ◽  
Materials Used ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Direct Materials ◽  
Descriptive Method

Determination of the cost of production is an important problem in a manufacturing company where the activity is to process the raw materials into finished materials subsequently sold to consumers for a profit. Cost of production is the cost of production which has applied to all finished products are being manufactured during a certain period. This study aims to determine the calculation of the cost of production at PT. Massindo Sinar Pratama. Analyses were performed using the descriptive method in qualitative to be a method to collect data, compiled, interpreted, and analyzed so as to provide an overview of the state of the subject and the object under study is based on facts. From these results it can be seen in the production process of spring, charging based on the type and size of production resulting in a period of one month. With the charge of direct materials, direct labor costs and factory overhead costs. Direct materials used include; Foam, Cloth spring, Spriral iron, wood, and plastic legs. The imposition of direct labor costs based on rates of production units produced. Imposition of factory overhead costs to products based on the overhead costs are determined upfront.

scholarly journals Measuring the Thickness of Metal Films: A Selection Guide to the Most Suitable Technique

2020 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 12
Author(s):  
Walter Giurlani ◽  
Enrico Berretti ◽  
Massimo Innocenti ◽  
Alessandro Lavacchi
Keyword(s):  
Metal Film ◽  
Metal Films ◽  
Investigation Methods ◽  
Sample Data ◽  
Precision And Accuracy ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Non Destructive ◽  
Suitable Technique ◽  
Very High

The determination of thickness has a fundamental importance in all fields in which the implementation of films and coatings are required and takes a crucial role in the electroplating sector. The thickness influences many aspects of the coatings such as electrical, mechanical, corrosion protection, and even aesthetic properties. In the multitude of applications of thin layer coatings, the variability of thicknesses and materials is very high, as well as the variability of possible techniques that can be used to determine the characteristics of the layers of interest. The first distinction that can be made between these techniques is that which divides destructive techniques from non-destructive ones, in which, however, the semi- or micro-destructive techniques are immediately difficult to place. Other important parameters to consider are the cost, both for the purchase of the instrumentation and for each single analysis, the difficulties in preparing and measuring the sample, data processing, and obviously the detectable thickness ranges, the possible measurable materials, and precision and accuracy. The purpose of this work is to compare the characteristics of the various investigation methods, with a particular focus on metal film applications, so that it will be easier to choose the most suitable technique for each purpose.

scholarly journals Penentuan Harga Pokok Produksi Dengan Metode Full Costing Sebagai Dasar Penetapan Harga Jual Pada UKM Tahu AN Anugrah

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 9-16
Author(s):  
Sintia Anggreani ◽  
I Gde Sudi Adnyana
Keyword(s):  
Secondary Data ◽  
Production Costs ◽  
Primary Data ◽  
Selling Price ◽  
Accurate Calculation ◽  
Calculation Results ◽  
The Difference ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Keywords Cost

Cost of Goods Manufacture is an important component that must be calculated by the company in order to determine the selling price of the product. SMEs are often wrong in calculating the Cost of Goods Manufacture they do. One of the mistakes made by SMEs in calculating the Cost of Goods Manufacture is that the calculations carried out are very simple and do not specify all costs used in the production process to produce a product. This study aims to analyze (1) the calculation of the Cost of Goods Manufacture in SMEs Tahu AN Anugrah , (2) the determination of Cost of Goods Manufacture with the full costing method in SMEs Tahu AN Anugrah, and (3) the difference in calculation of Cost of Goods Manufacture according to SMEs AN Anugrah and according full costing method and its effect on selling prices.                The data used in this study are primary data and secondary data. The primary data used is obtained from the results of interviews and recording of information needed directly in SMEs Tahu AN Anugrah. While the secondary data are is obtained from literature studies such as previous journals, related books, documentation and reading in accordance with the research title.  The Research results show, there are differences in the calculation results of the Cost of Goods Manufacture carried out by the SMEs and by the full costing method. The calculation of Cost of Goods Manufacture by SMEs Tahu AN Anugrah for White Tofu products is Rp 200 and Yellow Tofu Rp 201.12 while by the full costing method for White Tofu products is Rp 218.41 and Yellow Tofu Rp 228.44. So that, there are differences in the calculation results, namely for White Tofu Rp 18.41 and Yellow Tofu Rp 27.32. Differences in calculation are due to the full costing method is more detailed by including all elements of production costs. This shows that the method provides a more accurate calculation to be able to set a better selling price.  Keywords: Cost of Goods Manufacture, Full Costing, Selling Prices, SMEs

scholarly journals The Determination of the Main Production Cost of Jipang Cake Using the Full Costing Method

2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 26
Author(s):  
Immas Nurhayati
Keyword(s):  
Community Service ◽  
Production Cost ◽  
Real Data ◽  
Production Costs ◽  
Primary Data ◽  
Calculation Results ◽  
Main Production ◽  
Cost Of Production ◽  
The Cost

<p class="Normal1">The purpose of this study is to determine the main of production cost using the full costing method. The full costing method is one of the methods used in determining the cost of production by taking into account all components of production costs, both fixed and variable costs so that the calculation results are more precise and detailed. This research was conducted in a group of Jipang cake craftsmen in Antajaya Village, Tanjung Sari District, Bogor Regency. The data processed in this study are primary data obtained from the source directly based on real data recorded during the practice or simulation of making Jipang cake at the research location and community service. Based on the calculation, the results of the production cost of Jipang cake based on the full costing method is Rp. 472.15 or rounded to Rp. 500 per pcs.</p>

scholarly journals Hazard Identification and Risk Assessment with Recommended Alternative Solutions Using the Benefit Cost Analysis Method

Tibuana ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 4 (02) ◽  
pp. 120-124
Author(s):  
Rina Sandora ◽  
Fani Sandy Putra ◽  
Galih Anindita
Keyword(s):  
Risk Assessment ◽  
Cost Analysis ◽  
Hazard Identification ◽  
Benefit Cost Analysis ◽  
Analysis Calculation ◽  
Gas Detector ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Benefit Cost ◽  
Alternative Solutions

Determination of hazard identification and risk assessment on the company can not be separated from the calculation of the cost budget. The aim is to provide recommendations and calculate the profit rate using the Benefit Cost Analysis (BCA) method so that the company will more easily determine the most appropriate and needed alternative in the company. From the incremental analysis calculation, an alternative solution and value obtained from BCA are gas detector H2S B / C ratio 1.14, crane certification B / C ratio 3.66, welding helmet B / C ratio value 5.53, wire rope B / C ratio value of 5.19, O2 detector value of B / C ratio 6.11, small handtruck value of B / C ratio 18.1, fire dry chemical powder B / C ratio value of 22.27, N2 gas detector value of ratio B / C 1.53.

Photo-Triggered Nanomaterials for Cancer Theranostic Applications

Nano LIFE ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (02) ◽  
pp. 2130004
Author(s):  
Amreen Khan ◽  
Nishant K. Jain ◽  
Mayuri Gandhi ◽  
Rajendra Prasad ◽  
Rohit Srivastava
Keyword(s):  
Multiple Dose ◽  
Therapeutic Potential ◽  
Treatment Approach ◽  
Treatment Strategies ◽  
Drug Action ◽  
Recent Developments ◽  
Materials Used ◽  
Theranostic Applications ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Very High

Cancer is one of the most prevalent diseases with mortality rate considerably increasing every year. Conventional treatment strategies for cancer like chemotherapy suffer from the drawbacks of multiple-dose requirements and non-specificity of drug action. Moreover, the cost involved in the diagnosis and treatment is very high. Recently, the application of nanotechnology in the field of cancer has witnessed tremendous significance due to the unique size, shape, and surface properties of nanomaterials. With the intention to utilize biocompatible and biodegradable nanomaterials in cancer and reduce the non-specificity, approaches such as targeted nanotherapeutics came into existence. Besides having therapeutic potential, some materials demonstrate their applicability in bioimaging forecasting distinct optical properties. In this review, we have discussed the basics and principles guiding the design of different photo-triggered nanotheranostic materials used in cancer. Additionally, recent developments and advantages offered by the NIR-responsive photodynamic and photothermal agents along with their future scope have been presented. An overview of the toxicity and clinical prospect of photosensitive agents is also summarized. Overall, the field of photo-triggered cancer nanotheranostics has huge potential that can be clinically translated into an affordable and safe treatment approach.

Wear of Cutting Tools Used in Milling Treatments

2011 ◽  
Vol 465 ◽  
pp. 165-168
Author(s):  
K.G. Anthymidis ◽  
A. Balouktsis ◽  
Kostas David ◽  
A. Trakali
Keyword(s):  
Cutting Tool ◽  
Cutting Tools ◽  
Depth Of Cut ◽  
Mechanical Parts ◽  
Proper Number ◽  
Cutting Velocity ◽  
Materials Used ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Cutting Experiments

The usage of Computer Numerical Controlled Machines has been generalized over the last decades due to the increased demands for the production of mechanical parts with précised dimensions, higher production rates and products with better treated surface quality. It is well known that the duration of life of a cutting tool is one of the most important parameters during the cutting of metal parts, because it affects the cost of the manufacturing process substantially. Therefore, it is important to know accurately, the relation between the duration of life of the cutting tool and the conditions of the machinery such as cutting velocity, feed rate (fz), the depth of cut (radial and axial) etc. The purpose of this research is to conduct a proper number of cutting experiments in milling, measuring the wear of the cutting tools, in order to conclude in a mathematical model the wear cutting tool. This model can be implemented for the prediction of the cutting tool life, which is very important for the determination of the best cutting conditions. From the experimental diagrams we can come to conclusions for the course of the wear of the cutting tool in connection with the velocity of cutting, for the machinability of the materials used etc. The wear of the used cutting tools was determined by means of optical microscopy and stereoscopy.

Deformation Replication

1970 ◽  
Vol 28 ◽  
pp. 280-281
Author(s):  
J. Temple Black
Keyword(s):  
Cutting Speed ◽  
Machining Process ◽  
Depth Of Cut ◽  
Rake Face ◽  
Orthogonal Machining ◽  
Aluminum Chips ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Materials Used ◽  
Glass Knife ◽  
Very High

Tool materials used in ultramicrotomy are glass, developed by Latta and Hartmann (1) and diamond, introduced by Fernandez-Moran (2). While diamonds produce more good sections per knife edge than glass, they are expensive; require careful mounting and handling; and are time consuming to clean before and after usage, purchase from vendors (3-6 months waiting time), and regrind. Glass offers an easily accessible, inexpensive material ($0.04 per knife) with very high compressive strength (3) that can be employed in microtomy of metals (4) as well as biological materials. When the orthogonal machining process is being studied, glass offers additional advantages. Sections of metal or plastic can be dried down on the rake face, coated with Au-Pd, and examined directly in the SEM with no additional handling (5). Figure 1 shows aluminum chips microtomed with a 75° glass knife at a cutting speed of 1 mm/sec with a depth of cut of 1000 Å lying on the rake face of the knife.

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