scholarly journals SOIL QUALITY ATTRIBUTES RELATED TO URBANIZATION IN BRAZILIAN WATERSHED

2017 ◽  
Vol 25 (4) ◽  
pp. 317-328 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alexandre Marco da SILVA ◽  
Rodrigo Custodio URBAN ◽  
Luiz Augusto MANFRÉ ◽  
Michel BROSSARD ◽  
Marcelo Zacharias MOREIRA
Keyword(s):  
Ecosystem Services ◽  
Land Cover ◽  
Bulk Density ◽  
Soil Quality ◽  
Soil Bulk Density ◽  
Soil Samples ◽  
Subtropical Region ◽  
C Isotopes ◽  
Total Potential ◽  
Physical Chemical

In this study we investigated the variation of soil attributes according to urban-related land cover categories. The study was carried out in an urbanized watershed located in the Brazilian subtropical region (Sorocaba Municipality, São Paulo). Soil samples were collected considering the land cover category for analysis of physical, chemical and isotopic attributes. The land cover influenced the soils attributes. Soils from wooded and grassed areas presented significant differences, especially for values of C isotopes. Soil bulk density was significantly altered. According to considered land cover mosaic in the study, we estimated 10,241.28 tons of C stored in the thickness 20 cm of the watershed (whole area), and this amount is almost a half of the total potential of C storing in the watershed. We stress that projects of planned land cover should effectively implemented in urbanized regions to effectively contribute in storing more C and improving the soil-related ecosystem services.

scholarly journals Machine-Learning Classification of Soil Bulk Density in Salt Marsh Environments

Sensors ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (13) ◽  
pp. 4408
Author(s):  
Iman Salehi Hikouei ◽  
S. Sonny Kim ◽  
Deepak R. Mishra
Keyword(s):  
Machine Learning ◽  
Remote Sensing ◽  
Salt Marsh ◽  
Bulk Density ◽  
Remote Sensing Data ◽  
Soil Bulk Density ◽  
Soil Samples ◽  
Marsh Soil ◽  
Landsat 7 ◽  
Salt Marsh Soil

Remotely sensed data from both in situ and satellite platforms in visible, near-infrared, and shortwave infrared (VNIR–SWIR, 400–2500 nm) regions have been widely used to characterize and model soil properties in a direct, cost-effective, and rapid manner at different scales. In this study, we assess the performance of machine-learning algorithms including random forest (RF), extreme gradient boosting machines (XGBoost), and support vector machines (SVM) to model salt marsh soil bulk density using multispectral remote-sensing data from the Landsat-7 Enhanced Thematic Mapper Plus (ETM+) platform. To our knowledge, use of remote-sensing data for estimating salt marsh soil bulk density at the vegetation rooting zone has not been investigated before. Our study reveals that blue (band 1; 450–520 nm) and NIR (band 4; 770–900 nm) bands of Landsat-7 ETM+ ranked as the most important spectral features for bulk density prediction by XGBoost and RF, respectively. According to XGBoost, band 1 and band 4 had relative importance of around 41% and 39%, respectively. We tested two soil bulk density classes in order to differentiate salt marshes in terms of their capability to support vegetation that grows in either low (0.032 to 0.752 g/cm3) or high (0.752 g/cm3 to 1.893 g/cm3) bulk density areas. XGBoost produced a higher classification accuracy (88%) compared to RF (87%) and SVM (86%), although discrepancies in accuracy between these models were small (<2%). XGBoost correctly classified 178 out of 186 soil samples labeled as low bulk density and 37 out of 62 soil samples labeled as high bulk density. We conclude that remote-sensing-based machine-learning models can be a valuable tool for ecologists and engineers to map the soil bulk density in wetlands to select suitable sites for effective restoration and successful re-establishment practices.

Micro-morphological analysis of the effect of sampling by the volumetric ring method on soil structure

2007 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-19
Author(s):  
Luiz Pires ◽  
Miguel Cooper ◽  
Nivea Dias ◽  
Osny Bacchi ◽  
Klaus Reichardt
Keyword(s):  
Image Analysis ◽  
Bulk Density ◽  
Size Distribution ◽  
Soil Structure ◽  
Soil Bulk Density ◽  
Soil Samples ◽  
Pore Shape ◽  
Sampling Device ◽  
Structure Changes ◽  
Ring Method

This report investigates the effect of sampling by the volumetric ring method on pore size number and shape distributions. Soil porosity was analyzed using the micromorphological image analysis technique, which helped to explain soil structure changes near the border of samples collected in cylinders and provided detailed information about pore shape, number, and size distribution variations along the samples. Compaction due to sampling affects mainly large irregular and rounded pores of the soils utilized in this study. When evaluating inaccuracies in density measurements due to the compacted regions caused by the sampling device the average soil bulk density for each soil resulted in the ranges of 1.72 ± 0.05 g.cm −3 for Geric Ferralsol soil, 1.66 ± 0.03 g.cm −3 for Eutric Nitosol soil and 1.33 ± 0.05 g.cm −3 for Rhodic Ferralsol soil, respectively. When calculating the average soil bulk density over smaller regions, e.g. in the center of each sample (area of 17.14 mm 2 ) results reduced to 1.64 ± 0.05 g.cm −3 with Geric Ferralsol soil, 1.56 ± 0.03 g.cm −3 with Eutric Nitosol soil and 1.29 ± 0.10 g.cm −3 with Rhodic Ferralsol soil, respectively. These results clearly indicate the effect of sampling by the volumetric ring method. The use of image analysis was essential to explain compaction differences close to the border of the samples collected using cylinders (volumetric ring method) and provided detailed information about pore shape and size distribution variations within soil samples. The results are useful as indicators of the consequences of sampling on the quality of soil samples.

Effects of Biogas Residue on Soil Improvement in Peach Orchard

2014 ◽  
Vol 675-677 ◽  
pp. 738-741 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shun Li Wang ◽  
Jian Shan Yang ◽  
Rui Lan Wang ◽  
Rong Qi Li ◽  
Shu Tao Wang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Soil Fertility ◽  
Bulk Density ◽  
Soil Quality ◽  
Soil Improvement ◽  
Soil Bulk Density ◽  
Humus Acid ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Continuous Application ◽  
Peach Orchard ◽  
Biogas Residue

The aim of the work was to analysis effects of biogas residue continuous application on soil fertility improvment. The results showed that biogas residue addtion to peach orchard improved soil quality. Biogas residue application reduced soil bulk density quickly in a short term, improved soil TP, effctive N and available P contents significantly, as well as promoted soil TOC and humus acid accumulations to imoprove soil fertility. The results provide technical support for biogas utilization.

scholarly journals Assessment of soil quality of coastal shrimp culture pond at Chakaria, Cox’s Bazar

2016 ◽  
Vol 42 (1) ◽  
pp. 21-27
Author(s):  
M Shafiqul Islam ◽  
Mahmodul Hasan Tarek ◽  
Md Simul Bhuyan ◽  
Hossain Zamal
Keyword(s):  
Bulk Density ◽  
Soil Quality ◽  
Particle Density ◽  
Soil Bulk Density ◽  
Strong Correlations ◽  
Shrimp Culture ◽  
Exchangeable K ◽  
Water Capacity ◽  
The Status

The present study was carried out to find the status of different soil quality variables of coastal shrimp culture pond at different tidal marks of Chakaria, Cox’Bazar during the period from August 2012 to July 2013. The values of different soil quality variables such as sand, silt, clay, pH, organic matter, NO2-N, PO4-P, exchangeable K+, Soil compactness, bulk density, particle density, porosity and Field water capacity fluctuated between 2.04-43.88%, 30.80-55.36%, 23.98-49.94%, 5.9-8.9, 1.62-9.95%, 4.01-9.92 ?g/Kg, 1.14-3.50 ?g/Kg, 0.82-1.74 meq/100g, 14.00-31.5 cm, 0.80-1.21 gcm-3, 2.11-2.74 gcm-3, 52.7-65.97% and 44.27-78.18% respectively. Significant differences (p<0.05) in the values of sand, silt, clay, bulk density, porosity, NO2-N and field water capacity of soil of the culture ponds at tide marks were observed. Strong correlations between soil bulk density vs sand (0.863), field water capacity vs clay (0.845), field water capacity vs silt (0.797), exchangeable K+ vs PO4-P (0.787), porosity vs field water capacity (0.769) and porosity vs clay (0.705) were found at 0.01% level of significance.J. Asiat. Soc. Bangladesh, Sci. 42(1): 21-27, June 2016

Laboratory calibration of different soil moisture sensors in various soil types

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Urša Pečan ◽  
Damijana Kastelec ◽  
Marina Pintar
Keyword(s):  
Soil Moisture ◽  
Water Content ◽  
Bulk Density ◽  
Soil Water ◽  
Soil Water Content ◽  
Soil Bulk Density ◽  
Soil Samples ◽  
Soil Types ◽  
Soil Moisture Sensors ◽  
Dry Soil

&lt;p&gt;Measurements of soil water content are particularly useful for irrigation scheduling. In optimal conditions, field data are obtained through a dense grid of soil moisture sensors. Most of the currently used sensors for soil water content measurements, measure relative permittivity, a variable which is mostly dependant on water content in the soil. Spatial variability of soil characteristics, such as soil texture and mineralogy, organic matter content, dry soil bulk density and electric conductivity can also alter measurements with dielectric sensors. So the question arises, whether there is a need for a soil specific calibration of such sensors and is it dependant on the type of sensor? This study evaluated the performance of three soil water content sensors (SM150T, Delta-T Devices Ltd, UK; TRIME-Pico 32, IMKO micromodultechnik GmbH, DE; MVZ 100, Eltratec trade, production and services d.o.o., SI) in nine different soil types in laboratory conditions. Our calibration approach was based on calibration procedure developed for undisturbed soil samples (Holzman et al., 2017). Due to possible micro location variability of soil properties, we used disturbed and homogenized soil samples, which were packed to its original dry soil bulk density. We developed soil specific calibration functions for each sensor and soil type. They ranged from linear to 5&lt;sup&gt;th&lt;/sup&gt; order polynomial. We calculated relative and actual differences in sensor derived and gravimetrically determined volumetric soil water content, to evaluate the errors of soil water content measured by sensors which were not calibrated for soil specific characteristics. We observed differences in performance of different sensor types in various soil types. Our results showed measurements conducted with SM150T sensors were within the range of manufacturer specified measuring error in three soil types for which calibration is not necessary but still advisable for improving data quality. In all other cases, soil specific calibration is required to obtain relevant soil moisture data in the field.&lt;/p&gt;

scholarly journals Effects of land cover changes and slope gradient on soil quality in the Gumara watershed, Lake Tana basin of North–West Ethiopia

2019 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 85-97 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mesfin Anteneh Wubie ◽  
Mohammed Assen
Keyword(s):  
Land Cover ◽  
Bulk Density ◽  
Soil Quality ◽  
Land Cover Change ◽  
Total Porosity ◽  
Quality Parameters ◽  
Available Phosphorus ◽  
Cultivated Land ◽  
Slope Gradient ◽  
Gumara Watershed

Abstract This study evaluated land cover change and slope gradient on selected soil quality parameters in the Gumara watershed, northwestern Ethiopia. 36 soil samples were collected from 0- to 20-cm depth under four land cover types across three slope gradients. The collected soil samples were analyzed for selected soil quality parameters. Result indicated that the bulk density of the soil is different (P < 0.001) in the watershed because of land cover change and slope gradient. Cultivated land and steeper slopes have the highest bulk density and lowest total porosity. On the other hand, the forestland and gentler slopes have lowest bulk density and high total porosity. Intensive cultivation accompanied by continuous conversion of forestland to cultivated land caused high bulk density and low total porosity. Cation exchange capacity, exchangeable magnesium total nitrogen, available phosphorus and potassium negatively correlated with slope gradient. Conversion of forestland to cultivated land contributed to changes in pH (P < 0.05) exchangeable calcium (P < 0.01), potassium (P < 0.001), available phosphorus (P < 0.01) and nitrogen (P < 0.01) content. The soil degradation index results showed that soil organic carbon, nitrogen, available phosphorus and exchangeable potassium contents declined and bulk density increased because of the land cover change. This negative effect on agricultural development and environmental health of the watershed makes an integrated land resource management approach vital for sustaining agricultural productivity and the environment health of the Gumara watershed.

scholarly journals Effects of Afforestation on Soil Bulk Density and pH in the Loess Plateau, China

Water ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 10 (12) ◽  
pp. 1710 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xiaofang Zhang ◽  
Jan Adamowski ◽  
Ravinesh Deo ◽  
Xueyun Xu ◽  
Guofeng Zhu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Bulk Density ◽  
Soil Quality ◽  
Loess Plateau ◽  
Soil Ph ◽  
Soil Depth ◽  
Soil Bulk Density ◽  
Stand Age ◽  
Clear Understanding ◽  
Sustainable Land Management ◽  
The Loess Plateau

Sustainable land management requires a clear understanding of the changes in soil quality. In exploring whether afforestation has the potential to improve the soil quality in China’s Loess Plateau, soil bulk density ( ρ s ) and pH were compared under five treatments: three forested treatments (16-and 40-year-old apricot stands, and 40-year-old poplar stands), and individual abandoned and cultivated treatments, serving as the controls. Bulk density across the 0–1.0 m soil profile under the 16-year-old apricot treatment (1.12 Mg m−3) and 40-year-old poplar treatment (1.16 Mg m−3) were significantly smaller than their counterparts under the cultivated (1.20 Mg m−3) and abandoned treatments (1.23 Mg m−3). Soil pH of the cultivated treatment (8.46) was significantly lower than that of the abandoned treatment (8.51) or than that of any forested treatment. The ρ s and pH were both affected by stand age, with the ρ s and pH of the 40-year-old apricot treatment being 0.10 Mg m−3 and 0.05 units greater, respectively, than those of the 16-year-old apricot treatment. Treatment and soil depth appeared to interact to influence the ρ s , but this same interaction did not influence the soil pH. This study suggested that afforestation species and stand age should be taken into consideration to harvest maximum benefits from the afforestation efforts.

Soil bulk density evaluation by conventional and nuclear methods

Soil Research ◽  
2005 ◽  
Vol 43 (1) ◽  
pp. 97 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. C. Timm ◽  
L. F. Pires ◽  
K. Reichardt ◽  
R. Roveratti ◽  
J. C. M. Oliveira ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Bulk Density ◽  
Gamma Ray ◽  
Soil Bulk Density ◽  
Soil Samples ◽  
Soil Science ◽  
Tukey Test ◽  
Nuclear Methods ◽  
Density Values ◽  
Density Evaluation ◽  
Gamma Ray Computed Tomography

Among the methods used to measure soil bulk density, the following have been prominent: paraffin sealed clod (PS), volumetric ring (VR), and the modern methods like gamma ray computed tomography (GCT) and the neutron/gamma surface gauge (SG). The objective of this work was to compare soil bulk density values obtained through these methods, with the aim of assisting researchers on the choice of the more appropriate method. For this, a 200-m spatial transect was chosen in an experimental area cultivated with coffee, belonging to ESALQ/USP, Piracicaba, SP, Brazil. The SG readings were first taken in the field and thereafter soil samples were collected at 8 different points, spaced at 25 m, for the other methods. The lowest values of soil bulk density were obtained for the SG method (average 1.468 g/cm3) and the highest for the PS (average 1.685 g/cm3), which was similar to the GCT method (average 1.684 g/cm3). The average soil bulk density for the VR method, which has been used in soil science as a standard method, was 1.544 g/cm3. The Tukey test indicates that the PS and GCT methods do not differ significantly (P > 0.05). They do differ in comparison with VR and SG, which also do not differ among themselves.

scholarly journals DEGRADASI LAHAN PADA BERBAGAI TANAMAN PERKEBUNAN DI KABUPATEN DHARMASRAYA SUMATERA BARAT

Jurnal Solum ◽  
2007 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 34
Author(s):  
Syafrimen Yasin ◽  
Herviyanti Herviyanti ◽  
David David
Keyword(s):  
Land Use ◽  
Bulk Density ◽  
Land Degradation ◽  
Oil Palm ◽  
Sampling Site ◽  
Soil Bulk Density ◽  
Soil Samples ◽  
Undisturbed Soil ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Plantation Crops

A reseach about determination land degradation on several plantation ecosystems in Dharmasraya Regency, West Sumatra. This research was aimed to study types of perennial crops (trees) which contributes to alleviate land degradation. The work was conducted in Sungai Rumbai Dystrict, Dharmasraya regency and in Soil Science Laboratory, Agriculture Faculty Andalas University. Soil samplings were taken at Ultisols having 0-8% slope (flate-undulating). Land use type being considered was original forest, oil palm, rubber, coffee, and cocoa plantation. Composite soil samples were taken for four replications on 1-20 cm depth. At each sampling site was accompanied by five drilling soils. Then, four undisturbed soil was also sampled at the same depth with disturbed soil samples for determining soil bulk density values. The data collected were analyzed statistically by using analyses of variance, and then continued by using Least Significant Difference (LSD) at 5% level. The result showed that rubber and cacao plantation contributed to better soil ecology value than oil palm and coffee land use. It could be proved from organic carbon (OC) and bulk density (BV) of the soils which were alsmost the same as those from forest land use. Key Words: Land degradation, plantation crops

Soil property indices for assessing short-term changes in soil quality

2008 ◽  
Vol 23 (1) ◽  
pp. 70-79 ◽  
Author(s):  
M.C. Bell ◽  
C.W. Raczkowski
Keyword(s):  
Bulk Density ◽  
Soil Quality ◽  
Entomopathogenic Nematodes ◽  
Management Practices ◽  
Soil Property ◽  
Soil Bulk Density ◽  
Soil Conditions ◽  
Agricultural Systems ◽  
Inorganic N ◽  
Short Term

AbstractSoil quality has been proposed as a prime indicator for characterizing and defining management factors contributing to soil degradation. In this study, biological (soil respiration, fluorescent Pseudomonas bacteria and entomopathogenic nematode populations), chemical (pH, inorganic N, and total C & N), and physical (bulk density and infiltration) indicators were used to determine soil quality. The specific research objective was to determine the capacity of this specific set of indicators to assess soil quality and determine its ability to detect short-term changes in soil conditions and processes. The assessment was comparative because of the lack of specific criteria or guidelines available in the literature for interpretation of most soil property indices measured. The following treatments were chosen from an ongoing farming systems study to achieve a preplanned set of comparisons that would make this type of assessment possible: (1) best management practices/conventional tillage (BMP/CT), (2) BMP/no-tillage (BMP/NT), (3) an organic system, and (4) a successional fallow system. Assessments were made multiple times between 1999 and 2000. Statistical differences between systems were found for all soil quality indicators except for entomopathogenic nematodes. Differences between systems varied across dates, a result that supports other research stating the need to consider the temporal variability of these indices for an unbiased overall soil quality assessment. Differences in total carbon and total nitrogen between systems were most evident in the 2000 sampling dates with BMP/NT showing greater contents on the last sampling date. The soil pH and inorganic N results did not suggest a possible difference in soil function status between any of the three agricultural systems studied. All three agricultural systems, BMP/NT, BMP/CT and organic, had similar pH values and overall low soil inorganic N levels. The non-agricultural successional system had a slightly more acidic soil condition than the three agricultural systems. Soil bulk density increased with time in the untilled BMP/NT and successional systems but the resulting values were not considered detrimental to either productivity or environmental quality. Infiltration was lower in the BMP/NT and successional systems than in the BMP/CT and organic systems. In conclusion, all soil quality indicators except for entomopathogenic nematodes proved to be sensitive to the detection of rapid changes in soil conditions that occur by the influence of soil management. The importance of using soil bulk density to express soil results on a volume basis, as the soil exists in the field before sampling, prevented an average interpretation error of 7–14% as compared to treatment comparisons on a soil weight basis only. This also demonstrates the need to carefully consider field sampling locations (row, between row, or wheel traffic areas) which dramatically influence soil density, physical characteristics, organic matter concentrations, and biological activity. Failure to consider these factors can invalidate even the most careful approaches to establishing baseline soil quality levels in the field as affected by various tillage and residue management practices and associated comparisons in time.

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